SQL*Loader是Oracle提供的一个很是有用的工具,能够实现批量数据的高速加载,它将数据从外部文件加载到Oracle数据库的表中,本篇将对Oracle 12c的SQL*Loader进行简单的介绍和演示。sql
1 SQL*Loader介绍SQL*Loader的使用,是经过Oracle的命令行指令sqlldr实现,该指令是客户端工具,可经过KEY-VALUE的形式指定对应的选项,或者使用参数文件和控制文件来实现,下面展现的是SQL*Loader的工做原理:数据库
控制文件主要用于控制数据加载的行为,包括在哪里找到数据,如何解析和解释数据,以将数据插入到哪里等等,一般来讲,控制文件包括三部份内容:express
对于数据的加载,SQL*Loader提供了三种方法分别是:session
SQL*Loader经过指令sqlldr实现,输入该命令回车,便可看到该指令对应的选项信息:oracle
[oracle@odd ~]$ sqlldr SQL*Loader: Release 12.1.0.2.0 - Production on Fri May 8 20:08:37 2020 Copyright (c) 1982, 2014, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Usage: SQLLDR keyword=value [,keyword=value,...] Valid Keywords: userid -- ORACLE username/password control -- control file name log -- log file name bad -- bad file name data -- data file name discard -- discard file name discardmax -- number of discards to allow (Default all) skip -- number of logical records to skip (Default 0) load -- number of logical records to load (Default all) errors -- number of errors to allow (Default 50) rows -- number of rows in conventional path bind array or between direct path data saves (Default: Conventional path 64, Direct path all) bindsize -- size of conventional path bind array in bytes (Default 256000) silent -- suppress messages during run (header,feedback,errors,discards,partitions) direct -- use direct path (Default FALSE) parfile -- parameter file: name of file that contains parameter specifications parallel -- do parallel load (Default FALSE) file -- file to allocate extents from skip_unusable_indexes -- disallow/allow unusable indexes or index partitions (Default FALSE) skip_index_maintenance -- do not maintain indexes, mark affected indexes as unusable (Default FALSE) commit_discontinued -- commit loaded rows when load is discontinued (Default FALSE) readsize -- size of read buffer (Default 1048576) external_table -- use external table for load; NOT_USED, GENERATE_ONLY, EXECUTE columnarrayrows -- number of rows for direct path column array (Default 5000) streamsize -- size of direct path stream buffer in bytes (Default 256000) multithreading -- use multithreading in direct path resumable -- enable or disable resumable for current session (Default FALSE) resumable_name -- text string to help identify resumable statement resumable_timeout -- wait time (in seconds) for RESUMABLE (Default 7200) date_cache -- size (in entries) of date conversion cache (Default 1000) no_index_errors -- abort load on any index errors (Default FALSE) partition_memory -- direct path partition memory limit to start spilling (kb) (Default 0) table -- Table for express mode load date_format -- Date format for express mode load timestamp_format -- Timestamp format for express mode load terminated_by -- terminated by character for express mode load enclosed_by -- enclosed by character for express mode load optionally_enclosed_by -- optionally enclosed by character for express mode load characterset -- characterset for express mode load degree_of_parallelism -- degree of parallelism for express mode load and external table load trim -- trim type for express mode load and external table load csv -- csv format data files for express mode load nullif -- table level nullif clause for express mode load field_names -- field names setting for first record of data files for express mode load dnfs_enable -- option for enabling or disabling Direct NFS (dNFS) for input data files (Default FALSE) dnfs_readbuffers -- the number of Direct NFS (dNFS) read buffers (Default 4) PLEASE NOTE: Command-line parameters may be specified either by position or by keywords. An example of the former case is 'sqlldr scott/tiger foo'; an example of the latter is 'sqlldr control=foo userid=scott/tiger'. One may specify parameters by position before but not after parameters specified by keywords. For example, 'sqlldr scott/tiger control=foo logfile=log' is allowed, but 'sqlldr scott/tiger control=foo log' is not, even though the position of the parameter 'log' is correct.3 SQL*Loader示例
加载数据文件,数据文件存放于控制文件中。app
1)建立测试表ide
SQL> create table dept(deptno number(2),dname varchar2(14),loc varchar2(13)); Table created.
2)建立控制文件函数
[oracle@odd loader]$ cat test01.ctl load data --告诉SQL*Loader将执行数据加载操做 infile * --指定要加载的数据文件,若文件在控制文件中,需指定为* into table dept --指定要将数据加载到的表 fields terminated by ',' optionally enclosed by '"' --指定字段分割字符 (deptno,dname,loc) --指定要加载到表里的字段名称 begindata --表示下面是要加载的数据,即数据在控制文件里时,须要使用begindata 12,RESEARCH,"SARATOGA" 10,"ACCOUNTING",CLEVELAND 11,"ART",SALEM 13,FINANCE,"BOSTON" 21,"SALES",PHILA. 22,"SALES",ROCHESTER 42,"INT'L","SAN FRAN"
说明:工具
into向表里加载数据有四种选项,分别为:insert、append、replace和truncate。测试
file能够指定infile、badfile、discardfile。
若是使用直接路径加载,需指定选项DIRECT=TRUE。
3)加载数据
[oracle@odd loader]$ sqlldr alen/alen@odd control=test01.ctl log=test01.log SQL*Loader: Release 12.1.0.2.0 - Production on Mon May 11 20:12:57 2020 Copyright (c) 1982, 2014, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Path used: Conventional Commit point reached - logical record count 7 Table DEPT: 7 Rows successfully loaded. Check the log file: test01.log for more information about the load.
4)查看数据
SQL> select * from dept; DEPTNO DNAME LOC ---------- -------------- ------------- 12 RESEARCH SARATOGA 10 ACCOUNTING CLEVELAND 11 ART SALEM 13 FINANCE BOSTON 21 SALES PHILA. 22 SALES ROCHESTER 42 INT'L SAN FRAN 7 rows selected.
若是数据在数据文件里,则在控制文件不须要指定数据。
1)建立数据文件
[oracle@odd loader]$ cat test02.dat 12,RESEARCH,"SARATOGA" 10,"ACCOUNTING",CLEVELAND 11,"ART",SALEM 13,FINANCE,"BOSTON" 21,"SALES",PHILA. 22,"SALES",ROCHESTER 42,"INT'L","SAN FRAN"
2)建立控制文件
[oracle@odd loader]$ cat test02.ctl load data infile 'test02.dat' --指定数据文件,能够时单独的文件名,也能够带有目录的文件名 into table dept fields terminated by ',' optionally enclosed by '"' (deptno,dname,loc)
3)加载数据
[oracle@odd loader]$ sqlldr alen/alen@odd control=test02.ctl log=test02.log SQL*Loader: Release 12.1.0.2.0 - Production on Mon May 11 20:23:28 2020 Copyright (c) 1982, 2014, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Path used: Conventional Commit point reached - logical record count 7 Table DEPT: 7 Rows successfully loaded. Check the log file: test02.log for more information about the load.
若是数据文件中,有列头,那么进行数据加载时,可能会出错,生成一个bad文件,若是跳过,能够指定SKIP。
1)建立数据文件
[oracle@odd loader]$ cat test03.dat deptno,dname,loc 12,RESEARCH,"SARATOGA" 10,"ACCOUNTING",CLEVELAND 11,"ART",SALEM 13,FINANCE,"BOSTON" 21,"SALES",PHILA. 22,"SALES",ROCHESTER 42,"INT'L","SAN FRAN"
2)建立控制文件
[oracle@odd loader]$ cat test03.ctl load data field names all files ignore --指定该配置,可忽略字段头信息 infile 'test03.dat' into table dept fields terminated by ',' optionally enclosed by '"' (deptno,dname,loc)
3)数据加载
[oracle@odd loader]$ sqlldr alen/alen@odd control=test03.ctl log=test03.log SQL*Loader: Release 12.1.0.2.0 - Production on Mon May 11 20:33:07 2020 Copyright (c) 1982, 2014, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Path used: Conventional Commit point reached - logical record count 7 Table DEPT: 7 Rows successfully loaded. Check the log file: test03.log for more information about the load.
对于数据列,能够指定字段的数据类型。
1)建立控制文件,指定字段类型
[oracle@odd loader]$ cat test03.ctl load data field names all files ignore infile 'test03.dat' into table dept fields terminated by ',' optionally enclosed by '"' (deptno integer external, --指定字段类型 dname char, --指定字段类型 loc char) --指定字段类型
2)建立控制文件,指定常量值
[oracle@odd loader]$ cat test03.ctl load data field names all files ignore infile 'test03.dat' into table dept fields terminated by ',' optionally enclosed by '"' (deptno integer external, dname char, loc char, ext1 constant 'alen') --指定常量值
3)建立控制文件,指定当前时间
[oracle@odd loader]$ cat test03.ctl load data field names all files ignore infile 'test03.dat' into table dept fields terminated by ',' optionally enclosed by '"' (deptno integer external, dname char, loc char, ext1 sysdate) --指定当前时间
4)建立控制文件,指定使用序列
[oracle@odd loader]$ cat test03.ctl load data field names all files ignore infile 'test03.dat' into table dept fields terminated by ',' optionally enclosed by '"' date format 'yyyy-mm-dd' (deptno integer external, dname char, loc char, ext1 sequence (1,1)) --指定序列
序列参数:
5)建立控制文件,使用函数加载数据
[oracle@odd loader]$ cat test03.ctl load data field names all files ignore infile 'test03.dat' into table dept fields terminated by ',' optionally enclosed by '"' date format 'yyyy-mm-dd' (deptno integer external, dname char, loc char "lower(:loc)", --将该字段转为小写 ext1 sequence (1,1))
指定选项EXTERNAL_TABLE=GENERATE_ONLY,能够生成外部表。
[oracle@odd loader]$ sqlldr alen/alen@odd control=test03.ctl external_table=generate_only log=test03.log SQL*Loader: Release 12.1.0.2.0 - Production on Mon May 11 22:16:43 2020 Copyright (c) 1982, 2014, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Path used: External Table [oracle@odd loader]$ cat test03.log SQL*Loader: Release 12.1.0.2.0 - Production on Mon May 11 22:16:43 2020 Copyright (c) 1982, 2014, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Control File: test03.ctl Data File: test03.dat Bad File: test03.bad Discard File: none specified (Allow all discards) Number to load: ALL Number to skip: 0 Errors allowed: 50 Continuation: none specified Path used: External Table Table DEPT, loaded from every logical record. Insert option in effect for this table: INSERT Column Name Position Len Term Encl Datatype ------------------------------ ---------- ----- ---- ---- --------------------- DEPTNO FIRST * , O(") CHARACTER DNAME NEXT * , O(") CHARACTER LOC NEXT * , O(") CHARACTER SQL string for column : "lower(:loc)" EXT1 SEQUENCE (1, 1) CREATE DIRECTORY statements needed for files ------------------------------------------------------------------------ CREATE DIRECTORY SYS_SQLLDR_XT_TMPDIR_00000 AS '/home/oracle/loader' sequences created to simulate SEQ in control file: ------------------------------------------------------------------------ CREATE SEQUENCE SYS_SQLLDR_X_SEQ_000 MINVALUE 1 START WITH 1 INCREMENT BY 1 CREATE TABLE statement for external table: ------------------------------------------------------------------------ CREATE TABLE "SYS_SQLLDR_X_EXT_DEPT" ( "DEPTNO" NUMBER(2), "DNAME" VARCHAR2(14), "LOC" VARCHAR2(255) ) ORGANIZATION external ( TYPE oracle_loader DEFAULT DIRECTORY SYS_SQLLDR_XT_TMPDIR_00000 ACCESS PARAMETERS ( RECORDS DELIMITED BY NEWLINE CHARACTERSET US7ASCII BADFILE 'SYS_SQLLDR_XT_TMPDIR_00000':'test03.bad' LOGFILE 'test03.log_xt' READSIZE 1048576 FIELD NAMES ALL FILES IGNORE FIELDS TERMINATED BY "," OPTIONALLY ENCLOSED BY '"' LDRTRIM DATE_FORMAT DATE MASK 'yyyy-mm-dd' REJECT ROWS WITH ALL NULL FIELDS ( "DEPTNO" CHAR(255) TERMINATED BY "," OPTIONALLY ENCLOSED BY '"', "DNAME" CHAR(255) TERMINATED BY "," OPTIONALLY ENCLOSED BY '"', "LOC" CHAR(255) TERMINATED BY "," OPTIONALLY ENCLOSED BY '"' ) ) location ( 'test03.dat' ) )REJECT LIMIT UNLIMITED INSERT statements used to load internal tables: ------------------------------------------------------------------------ INSERT /*+ append */ INTO DEPT ( DEPTNO, DNAME, LOC, EXT1 ) SELECT "DEPTNO", "DNAME", lower("LOC"), SYS_SQLLDR_X_SEQ_000.nextval FROM "SYS_SQLLDR_X_EXT_DEPT" statements to cleanup objects created by previous statements: ------------------------------------------------------------------------ DROP TABLE "SYS_SQLLDR_X_EXT_DEPT" DROP SEQUENCE SYS_SQLLDR_X_SEQ_000 DROP DIRECTORY SYS_SQLLDR_XT_TMPDIR_00000 Run began on Mon May 11 22:16:43 2020 Run ended on Mon May 11 22:16:44 2020 Elapsed time was: 00:00:00.22 CPU time was: 00:00:00.01