Linux恢复误删除的文件或者目录（转）

linux不像windows有个回收站，使用rm -rf *基本上文件是找不回来的。java

那么问题来了：
对于linux下误删的文件，咱们是否真的没法经过软件进行恢复呢?node

答案固然是否认的，对于误删的文件，咱们仍是能经过软件恢复过来的。对于误删文件还原能够分为两种状况:python

一种是删除之后在进程存在删除信息
一种是删除之后进程都找不到，只有借助于工具还原。

接下来以例子分别解说下两种不一样的误删还原方式：linux

误删除文件进程还在的状况:
这种通常是有活动的进程存在持续标准输入或输出，到时文件被删除后，进程PID依旧存在。这也是有些服务器删除一些文件可是磁盘不释放的缘由。c++

打开一个终端对一个测试文件作cat追加操做：windows

[root@docking ~]# echo "This is DeleteFile test." > deletefile.txt [root@docking ~]# ls deletefile.txt [root@docking ~]# cat >> deletefile.txt Add SomeLine into deletefile for fun.

打开另一个终端查看这个文件能够清楚看到内容：ruby

[root@docking ~]# ls deletefile.txt [root@docking ~]# cat deletefile.txt This is DeleteFile test. Add SomeLine into deletefile for fun.

此时，删除文件rm -f deletefile.txtbash

[root@docking ~]# rm -f deletefile.txt [root@docking ~]# ls #命令查看这个目录，文件已经不存在了，那么如今咱们将其恢复出来。

lsof查看删除的文件进程是否还存在。
如没有安装请自行yum install lsof或者apt-get install lsof
1.相似这种状况，咱们能够先lsof查看删除的文件是否还在

[root@docking ~]# lsof | grep deletefile cat 21796 root 1w REG 253,1 63 138860 /root/deletefile.txt (deleted)

2.恢复cp /proc/pid/fd/1 /指定目录/文件名
进入进程目录，通常是进入/proc/pid/fd/,针对当前状况：服务器

[root@docking ~]# cd /proc/21796/fd [root@docking fd]# ll 总用量 0 lrwx------ 1 root root 64 1月 18 22:21 0 -> /dev/pts/0 l-wx------ 1 root root 64 1月 18 22:21 1 -> /root/deletefile.txt (deleted) lrwx------ 1 root root 64 1月 18 22:21 2 -> /dev/pts/0

恢复操做：tcp

[root@docking fd]# cp 1 ~/deletefile.txt.backup [root@docking fd]# cat ~/deletefile.txt.backup This is DeleteFile test. Add SomeLine into deletefile for fun.

3.恢复完成。

误删除的文件进程已经不存在，借助于工具还原
准备一些文件目录

#准备一份挂载的盘 mkdir backuptest cd backuptest mkdir deletetest mkdir deletetest/innerfolder echo "Delete a folder test." > deletetest/innerfolder/deletefile.txt echo "tcpdump:x:172:72::/:/sbin/nologin" > tmppasswd

最后准备的目录结构以下：

taroballs@taroballs-PC:/media/taroballs/taroballs/backuptest$ cd .. taroballs@taroballs-PC:/media/taroballs/taroballs$ tree backuptest/ backuptest/ ├── deletetest │ └── innerfolder │ └── deletefile.txt └── tmppasswd 2 directories, 2 files

如今开始删除该目录rm -rf backuptest/

taroballs@taroballs-PC:/media/taroballs/taroballs$ rm -rf backuptest/ taroballs@taroballs-PC:/media/taroballs/taroballs$ ls -l 总用量 0

这种状况通常是没有守护进行或者后台进程对其持续输入，因此删除就真的删除了。lsof也看不到，故须要采用工具进行恢复。

如今开始进行误删除文件的恢复。

咱们采用的工具是extundelete第三方工具。恢复步骤以及注意事项以下：

中止对当前分区作任何操做，防止inode被覆盖。inode被覆盖基本就告别恢复了。
夸张一点讲，好比中止所在分区的服务，卸载目录所在的设备，有必要的状况下均可以断网。
经过dd命令对当前分区进行备份，防止第三方软件恢复失败致使数据丢失。
适合数据很是重要的状况，这里是例子，因此就没有备份，如备份能够考虑以下方式：dd if=/path/filename of=/dev/vdc1
经过umount命令，对当前设备分区卸载。或者fuser 命令umount /dev/vdb1
若是提示设备busy，能够用fuser命令强制卸载：fuser -m -v -i -k ./
下载第三方工具extundelete安装，搜索误删除的文件进行还原

extundelete工具安装

extundelete下载地址：http://extundelete.sourceforge.net/

wget https://nchc.dl.sourceforge.net/project/extundelete/extundelete/0.2.4/extundelete-0.2.4.tar.bz2

解压该文件tar jxvf extundelete-0.2.4.tar.bz2

若报这种错误

[root@docking ~]# tar jxvf extundelete-0.2.4.tar.bz2 tar (child): bzip2：没法 exec: 没有那个文件或目录 tar (child): Error is not recoverable: exiting now tar: Child returned status 2 tar: Error is not recoverable: exiting now

则使用yum -y install bzip2进行解决

[root@docking ~]# tar jxvf extundelete-0.2.4.tar.bz2 extundelete-0.2.4/ extundelete-0.2.4/acinclude.m4 extundelete-0.2.4/missing extundelete-0.2.4/autogen.sh extundelete-0.2.4/aclocal.m4 extundelete-0.2.4/configure extundelete-0.2.4/LICENSE extundelete-0.2.4/README ...................................................

cd extundelete-0.2.4 ./configure

若这步骤报错

[root@docking extundelete-0.2.4]# ./configure Configuring extundelete 0.2.4 configure: error: in `/root/extundelete-0.2.4': configure: error: C++ compiler cannot create executables See `config.log' for more details

则使用yum -y install gcc-c++解决.

若执行上一步仍然报错，

[root@docking extundelete-0.2.4]# ./configure Configuring extundelete 0.2.4 configure: error: Can't find ext2fs library

则使用yum -y install e2fsprogs e2fsprogs-devel来解决。
#Ubuntu的解决办法为sudo apt-get install e2fslibs-dev e2fslibs-dev

不出意外的话到这里应该configure可以顺利完成.

[root@docking extundelete-0.2.4]# ./configure Configuring extundelete 0.2.4 Writing generated files to disk [root@docking extundelete-0.2.4]#

最后make而后 make install

[root@docking extundelete-0.2.4]# make make -s all-recursive Making all in src extundelete.cc: 在函数‘ext2_ino_t find_inode(ext2_filsys, ext2_filsys, ext2_inode*, std::string, int)’中: extundelete.cc:1272:29: 警告：在 {} 内将‘search_flags’从‘int’转换为较窄的类型‘ext2_ino_t {aka unsigned int}’ [-Wnarrowing] buf, match_name2, priv, 0}; ^ [root@docking extundelete-0.2.4]# make install Making install in src /usr/bin/install -c extundelete '/usr/local/bin'

extundelete安装完成.

扫描误删除的文件：

使用df -lh查看挂载：

taroballs@taroballs-PC:~$ df -lh 文件系统 容量 已用 可用 已用% 挂载点 udev 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /dev tmpfs 387M 1.8M 385M 1% /run /dev/sda2 92G 61G 26G 71% / tmpfs 1.9G 49M 1.9G 3% /dev/shm tmpfs 5.0M 4.0K 5.0M 1% /run/lock tmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup /dev/sda3 104G 56G 44G 57% /home tmpfs 387M 40K 387M 1% /run/user/1000 /dev/sda4 70G 20G 47G 30% /media/taroballs/d8423f8c-d687-4c03-a7c8-06a7fb57f96d /dev/sdb1 6.8G 4.1G 2.8G 60% /media/taroballs/taroballs /dev/sr0 4.0G 4.0G 0 100% /media/taroballs/2018-01-16-12-36-00-00 taroballs@taroballs-PC:~$ cd /media/taroballs/taroballs/ taroballs@taroballs-PC:/media/taroballs/taroballs$

能够看到，咱们的目录/media/taroballs/taroballs
挂载到/dev/sdb1 这个文件系统中.

umount咱们的挂载盘
好比：

taroballs@taroballs-PC:~$ df -lh | grep /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdb1 6.8G 4.1G 2.8G 60% /media/taroballs/taroballs

umount这个目录

taroballs@taroballs-PC:~$ umount /media/taroballs/taroballs taroballs@taroballs-PC:~$ df -lh | grep /dev/sdb1 taroballs@taroballs-PC:~$ #记得删除必定要后umount哦，否则二次写入谁也帮不了你呢。

经过inode节点恢复

taroballs@taroballs-PC:~$ mkdir recovertest taroballs@taroballs-PC:~$ cd recovertest/ taroballs@taroballs-PC:~/recovertest$

执行恢复extundelete /dev/sdb1 --inode 2

taroballs@taroballs-PC:/media/taroballs/taroballs$ sudo extundelete /dev/sdb1 --inode 2 NOTICE: Extended attributes are not restored. Loading filesystem metadata ... 8 groups loaded. Group: 0 Contents of inode 2: . .省略N行 File name | Inode number | Deleted status . 2 .. 2 deletetest 12 Deleted tmppasswd 14 Deleted

经过扫描发现了咱们删除的文件夹，如今执行恢复操做。
（1）恢复单一文件tmppasswd

taroballs@taroballs-PC:~/recovertest$  extundelete /dev/sdb1 --restore-file passwd   
NOTICE: Extended attributes are not restored. Loading filesystem metadata ... 8 groups loaded. Loading journal descriptors ... 46 descriptors loaded. Successfully restored file tmppasswd

恢复文件是放到了当前目录RECOVERED_FILES。
查看恢复的文件：

taroballs@taroballs-PC:~/recovertest$ cat tmppasswd tcpdump:x:172:72::/:/sbin/nologin

（2）恢复目录deletetest

extundelete /dev/sdb1 --restore-directory  deletetest
NOTICE: Extended attributes are not restored. Loading filesystem metadata ... 8 groups loaded. Loading journal descriptors ... 46 descriptors loaded. Searching for recoverable inodes in directory deletetest ... 5 recoverable inodes found. Looking through the directory structure for deleted files ...

（3）恢复全部

taroballs@taroballs-PC:~/recovertest$ extundelete /dev/sdb1 --restore-all NOTICE: Extended attributes are not restored. Loading filesystem metadata ... 8 groups loaded. Loading journal descriptors ... 46 descriptors loaded. Searching for recoverable inodes in directory / ... 5 recoverable inodes found. Looking through the directory structure for deleted files ... 0 recoverable inodes still lost. taroballs@taroballs-PC:~/recovertest$ tree backuptest/ ├── deletetest │ └── innerfolder │ └── deletefile.txt └── tmppasswd 2 directories, 2 files

（4）恢复指定inode

taroballs@taroballs-PC:~/recovertest$ extundelete /dev/sdb1 --restore-inode 14 NOTICE: Extended attributes are not restored. Loading filesystem metadata ... 8 groups loaded. Loading journal descriptors ... 46 descriptors loaded. taroballs@taroballs-PC:~/recovertest$ cat file.14 tcpdump:x:172:72::/:/sbin/nologin #注意恢复inode的时候，恢复 出来的文件名和以前不同，须要单独进行更名。

最后附上extundelete的用法:

$ extundelete --help
Usage: extundelete [options] [--] device-file
Options:
  --version, -[vV]       Print version and exit successfully. --help, Print this help and exit successfully. --superblock Print contents of superblock in addition to the rest. If no action is specified then this option is implied. --journal Show content of journal. --after dtime Only process entries deleted on or after 'dtime'. --before dtime Only process entries deleted before 'dtime'. Actions: --inode ino Show info on inode 'ino'. --block blk Show info on block 'blk'. --restore-inode ino[,ino,...] Restore the file(s) with known inode number 'ino'. The restored files are created in ./RECOVERED_FILES with their inode number as extension (ie, file.12345). --restore-file 'path' Will restore file 'path'. 'path' is relative to root of the partition and does not start with a '/' The restored file is created in the current directory as 'RECOVERED_FILES/path'. --restore-files 'path' Will restore files which are listed in the file 'path'. Each filename should be in the same format as an option to --restore-file, and there should be one per line. --restore-directory 'path' Will restore directory 'path'. 'path' is relative to the root directory of the file system. The restored directory is created in the output directory as 'path'. --restore-all Attempts to restore everything. -j journal Reads an external journal from the named file. -b blocknumber Uses the backup superblock at blocknumber when opening the file system. -B blocksize Uses blocksize as the block size when opening the file system. The number should be the number of bytes. --log 0 Make the program silent. --log filename Logs all messages to filename. --log D1=0,D2=filename Custom control of log messages with comma-separated Examples below: list of options. Dn must be one of info, warn, or --log info,error error. Omission of the '=name' results in messages --log warn=0 with the specified level to be logged to the console. --log error=filename If the parameter is '=0', logging for the specified level will be turned off. If the parameter is '=filename', messages with that level will be written to filename. -o directory Save the recovered files to the named directory. The restored files are created in a directory named 'RECOVERED_FILES/' by default.