RoR - Introduction to Active Record

Active Record: 

ORM ( Object-relational Mapping)
Bridges the gap between relational databases ,

which are designed around mathematical Set Theory and Object

Oriented programming languages that deal with objects and their behavior

* Greatly simplifies writing code for accessing the database

*In rails, the model(usually) uses some ORM framwork.

 

Active Record is also the name of Rails' default ORM

1. Actuve Record has to know how to find your databse(When Rails is loaded,  this info is read from config/database.yml file)

2.(Convention) There is a table with a plural name that corresponds to ActiveRecord::Base subclass with singular name

3.(Converntion) Expects the table to have a primary key named id

Model and Migration:

rails g model person first_name last_name    --- generate model 

reload! --- After rake db:migrate 

 

Active Record conventions: 

*Class name is singular 

*DB table name is plural 

*Need to have an id primary key

 

Active Record CRUD: 

Create:  

有3种方法 在数据库中Create a record 

1. 用空的构造器和(ghost) attributes 去设置数据而后call save 保存

2.传hash of attribute到构造器中而后call save 保存

3.用create方法，用hash去建立一个对象而后把它保存到数据库中（只需1步）

#1
p1=Person.new; p1.first_name = "Joe"; p1.last_name ="Smith"
p1.save 

#2 
p2 = Person.new(first_name: "John", last_name:"Doe");
p2.save

#3
p3=Person.create(first_name:"Jane",last_name:"Doe")

Retrieve/Read :

1. find(id) or find(id1, id2)

 若是没找到 抛出 RecordNotFound exception 

2. first, last, take, all 

返回你指望的结果或者nil 若是不存在

3. order(:column) or order(column: :desc)

排序返回的结果，升序或者降序

4.pluck 

*allows to narrow down thich fields are coming back

*Need to call at the end!

Person.take 2 随机从数据库中抽出2个对象

Person.all.map { |person| person.first_name } map返回全部的first_name

Person.pluck(:first_name)  用法同上，不过是在database level

 

where(hash) 

Person.where(last_name: "Doe") 返回名字里有Doe

Person.where(last_name: "Doe").first 第一个返回名字里有Doe的

Person.where(last_name: "Doe").pluck(:firtst_name)   pluck is not active record

 

find_by(conditions_hash)

Person.find_by(last_name: "Doe")  只给一个record

Person.find_by(last_name: "xxx")    #=>  nil

Person.find_by!(last_name: "xxx")   ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound: Couldn't find Person

limit: 限制返回多少条records

 

offset（n）：跳过前面n条records

Person.count   =>3

Person.all.map {|person| "#{person.first_name} #{person.last_name" }
=> ["Joe smithson", "John Doe", "Jane smithie"] 

Person.offset(1).limit(1).map  {|person| "#{person.first_name} #{person.last_name "}
=>["John Doe"]

 

Update: 

1. 取出record，对它进行编辑而后save

2.检索你想要编辑的record，call update method 传新的变量的hash进去

Delete:

destory(id) 或者 destory 

从数据库里移除特定的instance

先实例化一个对象，而后在移除以前执行回调

delete(id)

从数据库中删除特定行

delete_all 

删除全部数据