【英语魔法俱乐部——读书笔记】 3 高级句型-简化从句&倒装句(Reduced Clauses、Inverted Sentences) 【完结】

【英语魔法俱乐部——读书笔记】 3 高级句型-简化从句&倒装句(Reduced Clauses、Inverted Sentences)：(3.1)从属从句简化的通则、(3.2)形容词从句简化、(3.3)名词从句简化、(3.4)副词从句简化、(3.5)简化从句练习、(3.6)倒装句

 

 

3.1 从属从句简化的通则(Generally Reduction Rules of Dependent Clause)

3.1.1 简化从句：英语语法以句子为研究对象，而其句型也分为简单句、复句和合句之分，其中简单句只有5种基本句型变化(sv、svc、svo、svoo、svoc)，而复句(名词从句、形容词从句、副词从句)、合句(对等从句)均由2个以上的从句组成，而且这些从句中每每有重复的元素，于是能够有进一步的精简空间，通过精简后的复句、合句的内容更加精炼，又不失清楚，这就是简化从句。若是说简单句是初级句型，那么复句、合句就是中级句型，而简化从句就是高级句型。因为简化从句浓缩若干句子的意思于一句，同时也符合修辞学上清楚与简洁的要求，是讲究修辞的TIME大量使用的句型。

合句的简化方式：删除对等从句间相对应位置(主语与主语、动词与动词等)的重复部分。

复句的简化方式：包含名词从句、形容词从句、副词从句这3种

从句的简化。传统语法将这三种从句的简化称为"非限定从句(Nonfinite Clause)"，并将其中的Ving(动名词或如今分词)、Ven(过去分词)、toV(不定式)称为"非限定动词(Nonfinite Verbs)"，本文提出"简化从句(Reduced Caluse)"而不主张传统语法的"非限定从句"的概念，由于：a. "非限定从句"的概念，尤为各类非限定的由来，不易让人理解。 b. 非限定从句每每与非限定动词划上等号，而忽略了除toV、Ving、Ven之外的其余的变化。而简化从句这个观念回溯到修辞的根源，以修辞的两个要求，即：清楚(Clear)与简介(concise)做为出发点，讨论完整成句到简化从句(非限定从句)的过程，了解举行变化的道理。

{Nonfinite：[音：'nɒn'faɪnaɪt]；adj：非限定的，非定式的；concise：[音：[kən'saɪs]；adj：简明的，简要的；}

 

3.1.2 从属从句的简化通则：省略主语与be动词(动词的改变均视为be动词的省略)，只保留补语部分。而"省略从属从句的主语后形成主语不清楚"、"补语部分的此类与原从属从句此类不一致"、"链接词是否一并省略"等问题的处理方式不尽相同，需分别讨论，但整体简化通则是一致的。

省略主语的缘由：从属从句的主语如果空洞的字眼(好比：one、everybody、people等)，或者从属从句主语在主要从句中重复出现时，从修辞的角度出发有违精简的原则，所以省略后会更简洁。

省略be动词的缘由：be动词没有意义，省略后不会影响原句的句意。一个句子的主要部分有：主语部分(Subject)和动词引导的部分(Predicate)，其中动词是最重要的叙述对象。在5种基本句型中，sv、svo、svoo、svoc都依靠动词来叙述主语的行为，可是svc句型却否则，其动词没有意义(尤为是be动词)，反而要考补语来作所有的叙述，be动词只有串联主语和补语的功能(因此称为Linking Verb，连缀动词)。所以，若是svc句型是主要从句，那么be动词不可或缺，可是若是其是依附在主要从句上的是从属从句，而且从属从句的主语与主要从句的主语重复出现，那么从属从句的svc结构须要保留的就只有补语而已，由于重复的主语和无心义的be动词都是多余的，当去掉这两部分后，已经不是完整的从属从句了，也就再也不须要链接词，结果，剩下的补语部分的词类若与原来的从属从句没有冲突就能够直接保留下来以取代原先的从属从句，如此便成为简化从句。

没有be动词的从属从句：和上述状况相似，若是从属从句中没有be动词能够省略时，则分为两种状况处理：a. 有助动词时，变为不定式。 b. 无助动词时，变为Ving的形式。助动词变为不定式的缘由是：全部的助动词均可以改写为be动词+不定式的形式，虽然改写后表达的意思不如原来的精确，但这是为简洁所做的牺牲，何况也能够用going to、willing to、able to、likely to、in order to、so as to、free to、bound to等等形式来补充，并且依附于主要从句中又能够靠上下文来暗示，因此不会偏离原意。无助动词时，变为Ving的缘由是：当没有be动词，也无助动词时，能够这样考虑，即"先加个be动词进去，将原来的动词加上-ing，使之成为进行时态"，如此一来就有了be动词，而后就能省略主语和be动词，将Ving以后的部分视为补语而保留下来。

{predicate：[音：'predɪkət]；n：[语法]谓语，述语；v：判定，意味，宣城，基于；adj：谓语的；bound to：必然，不得不，必须，束缚于；so as to：为的是，以便；in order to：prep：为了；free to：v：自由，免费；}

 

3.1.3 从属从句的简化是了解复杂句型的关键，也是进入高级巨星的阶梯。其简化通则是："把主语和be动词(动词的改变)省略，而留下补语"，另外后续的名词从句简化、形容词从句简化、副词从句简化会分别介绍这些词类的从属从句简化时的一些细节变化。

 

3.1 本小节示例及练习：
It is common courtesy to wear black while attending a funeral. (从属从句中的主语是空洞的字眼[one、everybody、people等]或者已在主要从句中出现，则有违修辞上的精简原则，需省略主语，以及无心义的be动词。原句是：It is common courtesy that one should wear black while one attends a funeral. (svc)，本句的主句是it is common courtesy + 链接词that引导的名词从句that one shoule wear black + 链接词while引导的副词从句while one attends a funeral组成，省略两个从属从句中的one这个空洞字眼，即成本句。) {courtesy：n：礼貌，好意；funeral：adj：葬礼(的)；n：葬礼；grave：n：坟墓，死亡；adj：严肃的，严重的，庄重的；v：雕刻，铭记；coffin：n：棺材；}
Whether insured or not, your house, a wooden building, needs a fire alarm. (省略从属从句中空洞、与主要从句重复的主语，以及无心义的be动词。原句是：Whether it is insured or not, your house, which is wooden building, needs a fire alarm. (svo)，其由whether引导的副词从句whetehr it is insured or not + 主要从句your house needs a fire alarm + which引导的形容词从句which is a wooden building组成，省略掉重复的代名词主语it、which，成为本句，句意未改变且结构简明成为优雅的句子。)
Birds fly. (sv，依靠动词来叙述主语的行为)
Birds eat worms. (svo，依靠动词来叙述主语的行为)
Birds give us songs. (svoo，依靠动词来叙述主语的行为)
Birds make the morning beautiful. (svoc，依靠动词来叙述主语的行为)
Birds are lovely. (svc，无心义的be动词用来串联主语和补语，因此其称为连缀动词。be动词无心义，且不须要翻译，具体的叙述功能由补语来表达。若是svc结构是主要从句则be动词不可省略，如果从属从句则能够省略be动词以及重复的主语。)
You must go at once. → You are to go at once.
The train will leave in 10 minutes. → The train is to leave in 10 minutes.
He should do as I say. → He is to do as I say.
You may call me "Sir". → You are to call me "Sir".
Children can't watch this movie. → Children are not to watch this movie.
He studied hard so that he could get a scholarship. {so taht：为了；}
He studied hard to get a scholarship. (从属从句中，没有be动词，但有助动词的能够改为不定式的形式，虽然修改后的意思不如原来精确，但这是为精简所做的牺牲，何况能够依附于主要从句的上下文暗示来保证原意不会被改变。)
He studied hard so as to get a scholarship. (上句改成不定式而带来的句意不精确的问题，能够用going to、willing to、able to、likely to、in order to、so as to、free to、bound to来补充。)
He studied hard in order to get a scholarship. (同上)
John remembers that he say the lady before. (s+v+conjunction+o，本句中重复的he能够省略，可是动词say不是be动词，又没有助动词，没法省略，此时能够将动词变为Ving形态，成为：John remembers that he was seeing the lady before，虽然此句中使用进行式并不恰当，可是省略he was以后就能够避免该问题。)
John remembers seeing the lady before. (svo，从属从句中，没有be动词，也没有助动词时，能够"先加个be动词进去，将原来的动词加上-ing，使之成为进行时态"，而后就能省略主语和be动词了。原句的that he say the lady before是名词从句，省略后变成seeing the lady before的动名词形式，依然是名词类，一样做宾语，符合词类要求，又保留原句意思，因此是合理的简化从句)

View Code

 

 

 

 

3.2 名词从句简化(Reduction of Noun Clause)
3.2.1 名词从句的简化与其余词类的从属从句(形容词从句、副词从句)的简化手法相同，都是省略主语、be动词，只留下补语。省略主语的缘由是：从属从句中的主语与主要从句中的元素重复或者主语是空洞的内容(如：someone、people等)，因此能够将主语省略。省略be动词的缘由是：be动词只是无心义的连缀动词，只是来链接主语和补语的。省略链接词的缘由：当名词从句中，省略了主语、be动词后，就不在须要链接词了，因此链接词that也能够一并省略，可是若名词从句是由疑问句演变而来，其疑问词(who、what、where等)又充当链接词时，那么就不能再省略链接词，由于链接词是具备意义的字眼。

 

3.2.2 名词从句简化后剩下的2种常见的补语形态：Ving(动名词)、to V(不定式)，这两种形态均可以当名词使用，因此能够取代简化前的名词从句，不会有词类上的冲突。可是另外一种常见的补语形式：Ven(过去分词)却不能取代名词从句，由于其是形容词，词类上有冲突，因此名词从句中若是是被动态(be+Ven)，简化时不能省略be动词而只留下Ven，其须要作词类改形成为：being+Ven的形式。另外，介词短语的介词后不能直接跟名词从句形式的宾语，因此必定要先简化名词从句，而后在能放在介词后作宾语，简化方法同上。

简化后剩下Ving形态的补语：若是名词从句是进行式(be+Ving)，则简化后会留下动名词形式的补语部分，其属于名词类，而原来的从句也是名词类，因此词类不冲突，并意思不变，也是成功的简化从句。Ving形态的补语须要注意如下4个方面：a. 注意名词从句无助动词又无be动词的状况：须要把be动词加入原句中，将其改成有be动词的形态(be+Ving)，而后也能够用一样的方法简化。b. 省略名词从句的主语而引发的句意改变或不清楚时的处理：若省略主语后会形成意思不清楚，则能够采用"改造为s+v+o+c的句型"(名词从句必须处于宾语位置，且主要从句的动词适用于svoc结构)、"改造为全部格的形式"(名词从句简化为Ving形态，但不能省略主语时，大多能够用全部格来处理)、"改造为介词短语的形式"(只适合s+v+c+noun clause句型，按理说svc后面并无名词从句存在的空间，但这类型的svc结构每每是主要从句(s+v+c+prep+o[介词短语的宾语]的结构)和形容词从句(which is + noun clause的结构)组成的复句，作了2次简化的结果(第一次：形容词从句简化掉关系词which和be动词，此时的名词从句作先行词[介词短语中的宾语]的同位语；第二次：第一次简化的结果是：名词从句替又代了先行词的位置，即成为s+v+c+noun clause句型，此时进行第二次简化处理：将名词从句简化并经过介词来附加到主要从句上便可)，这三种方法处理。c. 被动态的处理：被动态(be+Ven)中，省略主语和be动词后剩下的Ven形式的补语，其是形容词没法取代名词从句，因此须要修改成：being+Ven的形式，并仍以名词的形式保留下来。 d. 名词从句的动词是单纯的be动词时：其后通常接名词或形容词做补语，则简化时需将be改成being的形式。

简化后剩下to V形态的补语：若是名词从句的动词有助动词存在，则其表示一种"不肯定"的语气，简化后会留下不定式形式的补语部分，其属于"不必定"什么词类(名词、形容词、副词皆可)，而原来的从句是名词类，因此词类不冲突，虽然意思不是很是精确但也很接近句意，因此也是成功的简化从句。to V形态的补语须要注意如下2个方面：a. 省略名词从句主语而引发的句意改变或不清楚的处理：名词从句的主语若是和主要从句不重复，且不是空泛的字眼时，不能省略主语，强制省略会形成意思不清楚，因此能够采用"改造为s+v+o+c的句型"(名词从句处于宾语位置，且主要从句结构适用于svoc结构)、"将主语放到介词短语中以宾语形态出现"(最长用的介词是for)，这两种方法处理。b. 疑问词引导的名词从句的简化：若是名词从句的是由疑问词引导，那么做为链接词的疑问词是有意的的字眼，应该予以保留，而对于Yest/No question，因为没有疑问词，则须要添加whether来制造名词从句。

 

3.2.3 to V和Ving的区别：不定式与动名词均可以看成名词类使用，但区别是：不定式表示"计划作但尚未作"，是发生在未来的"不肯定必定会发生"的事情，这和助动词表示的不肯定性的意味相同，因此助动词能够简化为不定式；而动名词则表示"已经发生或就是具体的事"，是肯定的语气。注意：有时主要从句中虽然没有助动词，可是名词从句中能够判断出有不肯定语气，或者能看出原来就有助动词时，那么，简化时，天然就会成为不定式的形式。

 

3.2 本小节示例及练习：
Drinking good wine with friends is my greatest enjoyment. (Reduction of Noun Clause，作主语的名词从句简化后剩下Ving形态的补语，当名词从句中无助动词又无be动词时，须要把be动词加入原句中，将其改成有be动词的形态(be+Ving)，而后在经过省略主语、be动词、链接词的方式来简化。原句为：That I drink good wine with friends is my greatest enjoyment. (s[noun clause]+v+c)，而后改成be+Ving的形式：That I am drinking good wine with friends is my greatest enjoyment.，省略重复的主语、be动词、链接此后成为本句。)
Many husbands enjoy doing the cooking. (Reduction of Noun Clause，作宾语的名词从句简化后剩下Ving形态的补语，当名词从句中无助动词又无be动词时，须要把be动词加入原句中，将其改成有be动词的形态(be+Ving)，而后在经过省略主语、be动词、链接词的方式来简化。原句为：Many husbands enjoy that they do the cooking. (s+v+o[noun clause])，改成be+Ving的形式后，在省略成为本句。)
He got used to working late into the night. (Reduction of Noun Clause，介词短语的介词后不能直接跟名词从句形式的宾语，因此必定要先简化名词从句，而后在能放在介词后作宾语，简化方法同上。原句是由He got used to something. (s+v+c+prep+o)和He worked late into the night.组合而成，省略方式一样是先改成be+Ving的形式，而后省略成本本句。)
His favorite pastime is going fishing on weekends. (Reduction of Noun Clause，作补语的名词从句简化后剩下Ving形态的补语，当名词从句中无助动词又无be动词时，须要把be动词加入原句中，将其改成有be动词的形态(be+Ving)，而后在经过省略主语、be动词、链接词的方式来简化。原句为：His favorite pastime is that he goes fishing on weekends. (s+v+c[noun clause])，改成be+Ving的形式后，在省略成为本句。)
{pastime：[音：'pæstaɪm]；n：消遣，娱乐；}
I imagined a beautiful girl singing to me. (svoc，名词从句简化后剩下Ving形态的补语，当主语不能省略时，改为s+v+o+c句型。原句是：I imagined that a beautiful girl was singing to me. (s+v+o[noun clause])，若直接省略主语、和be动词，则成为错误的句子：I imagined singing to myself. (X)，因此改形成svoc句型(要求：名词从句作宾语，且主要从句适用于svoc句型)，即：把名词从句的主语拿来作主要从句的宾语，把简化的名词从句看成补语，即成本句。)
His calling my girlfriend every day is too much for me. (s[Reduction of Noun Clause]+v+c，名词从句简化后剩下Ving形态的补语，当主语不能省略时，改形成全部格的形式。原句是：That he calls my girlfriend every day is too much for me. (s[noun clause]+v+c)，若直接省略主语、be动词则成错错误句意的句子：Calling my girlfriend every day is too much for me. (svc，X)，因此改形成全部格的形式(大大多数主语不能省略的状况，均可以如此处理)，即：保留名词从句的主语并改形成全部格形式，置于名词从句前面，即成本句。)
I am worried about my son's lying all the time. (s+v+c+prep+o[Reduction of Noun Clause]，名词从句简化后剩下Ving形态的补语，当主语不能省略时，改形成介词短语的形式。简化方法：只适合s+v+c+noun clause句型，按理说svc后面并无名词从句存在的空间，但这类型的svc结构每每是主要从句(s+v+c+prep+o[介词短语的宾语]的结构)和形容词从句(which is + noun clause的结构)组成的复句，作了2次简化的结果(第一次：形容词从句简化掉关系词which和be动词，此时的名词从句作先行词[介词短语中的宾语]的同位语；第二次：第一次简化的结果是：名词从句替又代了先行词的位置，即成为s+v+c+noun clause句型，此时进行第二次简化处理：将名词从句简化并经过介词来附加到主要从句上便可。本句原是：I am worried that my son lies all the time. (s+v+c+noun clause)，svc句型后，本来没有名词存在的空间，因此原句应解释为：I am worried about the fact (which is) that my son lies all the time. (s+v+c+appositive[noun clause])，名词从句其实是the fact的同位语(形容词从句which is that……的第一次简化后留下的补语，便是：同位语)，而后that引导的名词从句又代替了先行词的位置。接着，进行第二次针对名词从句的简化(省略be动词、链接词，因为主语不一样而采用全部格的主语形式)以后，即成为本句。) 
{appositive：adj：同位的，同格的；n：同位语；}
I am worried about my son lying all the time. (s+v+c+prep+o+c，名词从句简化后剩下Ving形态的补语，当主语不能省略时，改形成s+v+o+c的形式也能够。可是上句的语意更合适，由于：原句关心的是"说谎这件事"，而本句更倾向于关心的是"人"，而事情则将为修饰语成分，因此语意稍有出入。)
Being called a liar is the greatest insult. (s[Reduction of Noun Clause]+v+c，名词从句简化后剩下Ving形态的补语，在被动态(be+Ven)中，省略主语和be动词后剩下的Ven形式的补语，其是形容词没法取代名词从句，因此须要修改成：being+Ven的形式，并仍以名词的形式保留下来。原句是：That anyone is called a liar is the greatest insult. (s[noun clause]+v+c)，若是直接省略主语和be动词成为错误的句子：Called a liar is the greatest insult. (svc，X)，因此应保留be动词并改成be+Ving的形式，即成本句。)
{insult：n：侮辱，辱骂，冒犯；vt：侮辱，辱骂，凌辱；}
I am looking forward to being invited to the party. (Reduction of Noun Clause，名词从句简化后剩下Ving形态的补语，在被动态(be+Ven)中，省略主语和be动词后剩下的Ven形式的补语，其是形容词没法取代名词从句，因此须要修改成：being+Ven的形式，并仍以名词的形式保留下来。原句是由：I am looking forward to something.和I am invited to the party.两句组成，若直接省略主语和be动词，则会成为错误句子(介词短语必须是名词类)，I am looking forward to invited to the party. (adjective，X)，因此改成be+Ving的形式再简化成本本句。)
I am looking forward to the invitation to the party. (noun，上句的简化过程当中，若是将形容词补语改成名词类，就能够放在介词短语的宾语位置，即：将invited改成invitation，即成本句。)
{invitation：[音：[ˌɪnvɪ'teɪʃn]；n：邀请，邀请函，招待，招致，引诱；}
Being a teacher requires a lot of patience. (Reduction of Noun Clause，名词从句简化后剩下Ving形态的补语，当名词从句的动词是单纯的be动词，且其后通常接名词或形容词做补语时，则简化时需将be改成being的形式。原句为：That one is a teacher requires a lot of patience. (s[noun clause]+v+o)，简化成为本句。若直接省略主语和be动词后：A teacher requires a lot of patience.，意思就有些不一样了。)
{patience：n：耐心，忍耐，毅力；patient：n：病人；adj：有耐心的，能忍耐的；}
Being busy is no excuse for the negligence. (Reduction of Noun Clause，名词从句简化后剩下Ving形态的补语，当名词从句的动词是单纯的be动词，且其后通常接名词或形容词做补语时，则简化时需将be改成being的形式。原句为：That he was busy is no excuse for the negligence. (s[noun clause]+v+c)，若直接省略主语和be动词，则形容词busy没法挡主语，因此仍然须要改成be+Ving的形势后再次省略，即成本句)
{negligence：[音：'neɡlɪdʒəns]；n：疏忽，不修边幅，渎职；}
The children expect to get presents for Christmas. (o[Reduction of Noun Clause]，简化后剩下to V形态的补语：若是名词从句的动词有助动词存在，则其表示一种"不肯定"的语气，简化后会留下不定式形式的补语部分，其属于"不必定"什么词类(名词、形容词、副词皆可)，而原来的从句是名词类，因此词类不冲突，虽然意思不是很是精确但也很接近句意，因此也是成功的简化从句。原句为：The children expect that they can get presents for Christmas. (s+v+o[noun clause])，将助动词改写为be to的形式，即：The children expect that they are to get presents for Christmas. (noun clause)，而后在省略名词从句中的主语和be动词，即成为本句)
I think it strange to fear ghosts. (Reduction of Noun Clause，简化后剩下to V形态的补语：若是名词从句的动词有助动词存在，则其表示一种"不肯定"的语气，简化后会留下不定式形式的补语。原句为：I think it strange that man should fear ghosts. (s+v+o+c+noun clause)，其中的名词从句不能直接放入宾语位置，由于后面还有个补语，强行放入补语会形成断句困难，因此用虚词it代替宾语，将名词从句挪到最后，省略后即成本句)
I want you to go. (svoc，简化后剩下to V形态的补语，当主语不能省略时，改为s+v+o+c句型。原句是：I want that you should go. (s+v+o[名词从句])，将助动词改成be to的形式：I want that you are to go. (svo)，简化后成为本句。)
For the Clippers to beat the Lakers was quite a marvelous feat. (Reduction of Noun Clause，简化后剩下to V形态的补语，当主语不能省略时，将主语放到介词短语中以宾语形态出现(最长用的介词是for)。原句是：That the Clippers should beat the Lakers was quite a marvelous feat. (s[noun clause]+v+c)，将名词从句的主语改为介词短语的形式后，省略后即成本句。)
{clipper：n：修剪工，大剪刀，理发剪，(19世纪的)快速帆船，移动很快的人或物；Clippers：快船队；Lakers：湖人队；}
I don't know what to do. (s+v+o[Reduction of Noun Clause]，简化后剩下to V形态的补语，由疑问词引导的名词从句，做为链接词的疑问词是有意的的字眼，应该予以保留，除此以外，简化手法不便。原句是：I don't know what I should do. (s+v+o[noun clause])，其是由：What should I do?和I don't know the question. (svo)两句组成，保留链接词并简化后成为本句。)
I can't decide whether to vote for Mary. (Reduction of Noun Clause，简化后剩下to V形态的补语，由疑问词引导的名词从句中，对于Yest/No question，因为没有疑问词，则须要添加whether来制造名词从句。原句是：I can't decide whether I should vote for Mary (or not). (s+v+o[noun clause])，其是由：Should I vote for Mary?和I can't decide the question.组成，whether是由which+either……nor组成，保留链接词并简化后成为本句)
He forgot to see his dentist that day. (Reduction of Noun Clause，to V和Ving的区别：不定式表示"计划作但还没作"，是发生在未来的"不肯定必定会发生"的事情。原句是：He forgot that he should see his dentist that day. (s+v+o[noun clause])，省略后即成本句。)
He forgot seeing the man before. (Reduction of Noun Clause，to V和Ving的区别：表示"已经发生或就是具体的事"，是肯定的语气。原句是：He forgot that he saw the man before. (s+v+o[noun clause])，简化后即成此句)
I love driving on the freeway. (s+v+o[Reduction of Noun Clause]，to V和Ving的区别：表示"已经发生或就是具体的事"，是肯定的语气。原句可还原为：I love that I drive on the freeway.或I love that I am driving on the freeway.都可，简化后即成此句。) 
{freeway：高速公路，也作highway；}
I would love to drive to work in my own car. (s+v+o[Reduction of Noun Clause]，to V和Ving的区别：不定式表示"计划作但还没作"，是发生在未来的"不肯定必定会发生"的事情。本句有强烈的"但愿可以"的暗示，但目前不行，这种不肯定的语气符合不定式的语气，其可还原成：I would love that I can drive to work in my own car. (s+v+o[noun clause])，简化后即成本句。)
I avoid being late to any appointment. (s+v+o[Reduction of Noun Clause]，主要从句中虽然没有助动词，可是名词从句中能够判断出有不肯定语气，或者能看出原来就有助动词时，那么，简化时，天然就会成为不定式的形式。原句为：I avoid that I am late to any appointment. (s+v+o[noun clause])，本句中，把"迟到"看作"一件事"，并无"将要迟到或可以迟到"的语气，简化后即成本句。)
I hope to get to the concert on time. (s+v+o[Reduction of Noun Clause]，主要从句中虽然没有助动词，可是名词从句中能够判断出有不肯定语气，或者能看出原来就有助动词时，那么，简化时，天然就会成为不定式的形式。原句为：I hope that I can get to the concert on time. (s+v+o[noun clause])，本句中"赶不赶的上"并不肯定，可是由浓厚的"但愿可以"的语气，所以设计到助动词can，简化后成为本句。)


That he sends flowers to his girlfriend every day is the only way he can think of to gain her favor.
简化为：Sending flowers to his girlfriend every day is the only way he can think of to gain her favor. {gain：[音：ɡeɪn]；n：得到，收益，增益；v：得到，到达，增长，获利，(钟、表等)走得快；}
■That the legislator was involved in the fraud is rather obvious. (名词从句简化后剩下Ving形态的补语，当主语不能省略时，改形成全部格的形式。)
简化为：The legislator's being involved in the fraud is rather obvious.  或  The legislator's involvement in the fraud is rather obvious. {legislator：[音：'ledʒɪsleɪtər]；n：立法者；involve：vt：包含，使忙于，牵涉，使卷入，使陷入；fraud：n：欺骗，诈骗，骗子；obvious：[音：'ɑːbviəs]；adj：明显的，显然的；}
The student denied that he had cheated in the exam.
简化为：The student denied having cheated in the exam. {cheat：vt：欺骗，骗取；vi：做弊，行骗；n：骗子，欺骗；}
■The researcher is certain that he has found a solution. (名词从句简化后剩下Ving形态的补语，当主语不能省略时，改形成介词短语的形式。)
简化为：The researcher is certain  about having found a solution. {researcher：n：研究人员；}
■The residents were not aware that they were being exposed to radiation. (名词从句简化后剩下Ving形态的补语，当主语不能省略时，改形成全部格的形式。)
简化为：The residents were not aware of being exposed to radiation.  或  The residents were not aware of their exposure to radiation.  {resident：n：居民，住客，住院医生；adj：居住的；aware：ajd：知道的，意识到的；expose：vt：揭露，事曝光，使面临，事暴露；radiation：n：辐射，放射线；exposure：n：暴露，揭露，胶片，曝光时间，(在电视、报纸等媒体上的)亮相；}
■I consider that this is a most unfortunate incident. (名词从句简化后剩下Ving形态的补语，当主语不能省略时，改为s+v+o+c句型。)
简化为：I consider this a most unfortunate incident. {incident：n：事变，事件，插曲；adj：不免的，附带的；}
That John comes to school late every day cannot g on much longer.
简化为：John's coming to school late every day cannot g on much longer.
■That he was named the new CEO came as a surprise to everybody. (名词从句简化后剩下Ving形态的补语，当主语不能省略时，改形成全部格的形式。)
简化为：His being named the new CEO came as a surprise to everybody.
I would like that you can look after the kids for me this evening.
简化为：I would like you to look after the kids for me this evening.
It is a privilege that one can live in these monumental times.
简化为：It is a privilege to live in these monumental times.
{privilege：n：特权，荣幸，特别恩典，基本人权；vt：给特权，免除；monumental：[音：ˌmɑːnju'mentl]；adj：记念碑的，做为记念的，不朽的；}
 
Don't worry; I'll show you B.
[A] that you should do     [B] what to do     [C] what to do it     [D] that to do
注释：空格部分还原为名词从句what you should do，简化为B。
■Ministers are used to C with respect.
[A] treated     [B] treating     [C] being treated     [D] treat
注释：空格部分还原为They are treated with respect，简化为C以维持被动态，并以动名词形状至于介词后。 {minister：n：外交使节，部长，大臣，牧师；v：照顾，给予帮助；}
■B is one thing I cannot stand.
[A] Being lied     [B] Being lied to     [C] To being lied     [D] To be lied
注释：lie(说谎)是不及物动词，"别人对我说谎"应表示为：people lie to me，改成被动态：I am lied to (by people)，而后简化为动名词就是B。
■The boy is worried B.
[A] that will fail in the exam     [B] about failing in the exam     [C] failing in the exam     [D] about being failed in the exam
注释：空格部分还原为：about the possibility that he will fail in the exam，简化为B。
You mustn't forget A before you leave for London.
[A] to give me a call     [B] giving me a call     [C] give me a call     [D] given me a call
注释：原名词从句还原为：that you must give me a call. 简化为A。
They intend A this coming Christmas.
[A] to get married     [B] getting married     [C] get married     [D] got married
注释：原名词从句还原为：that they will get married，简化为A。 {intend：vt：想要，打算；}
■To say you don't remember is B you didn't pay any attention at the time.
[A] saying     [B] to say     [C] say     [D] said
注释：选择不定词to say以求和前面的to say对称，两个to say均可以看作是名词从句that you should say的简化，故选B。
The decision to emigrate does not necessarily mean A in the country.
[A] cutting off all ties     [B] that cuts off all ties     [C] that ties cut off     [D] cut off all ties
注释：原名词从句还原为：that one cuts off all ties……，简化为A。  {emigrate：[音：'emɪɡreɪt]；n：移民，移居；cut off：vt：切断，使隔绝，剪下；vi：中止运转；}
■You can count on A the election even before all the results are in.
[A] winning     [B] to win     [C] won     [D] that you will win
注释：原名词从句还原为D，但是阶段短语后不能跟名词从句，因此简化为A，并放在介词短语后。由于介词后面不能跟不定式，因此助动词will能够省略掉。
I never expected C in this mess.
[A] involving     [B] involved     [C] to be involved     [D] involve
注释：原名词从句还原为that I would be involved……，简化为C。 {mess：n：混乱，混杂，脏乱，一份食品，粪便，(军队的)食堂；v：弄糟，弄乱，妨碍；}

View Code

 

 

 

 

3.3 形容词从句简化(Reduction of Adjective Clause)

3.3.1 形容词从句又称为关系从句，主要从句和从属从句之间必定有重复的元素以创建关系。既然有重复，就能够省略：若是重复的元素(关系词)是关系从句的宾语，则通常性的省略一般是只省略关系词自己，这种通常性的省略后，关系从句中仍有主语、动词，严格来说这种省略不算是正真的简化从句；而若是重复的元素(关系词)是关系从句的主语，那么简化时，省略主语也就势必要省略be动词，这才是典型的形容词简化从句。

 

3.3.2 根据形容词从句简化后所留下的补语的性质，能够有如下5种分类：补语为Ven、补语为Ving、补语为to V、补语为通常形容词、补语为名词。

补语为Ven：若是关系从句是被动态(be+Ven)，则简化后会留下过去分词形式的补语部分，其属于形容词类，而原来的从句也是形容词类，因此词类不冲突，而且意思不变，这就是成功的简化从句。对于具备"补充说明做用"的括弧性质的逗号来括起来的形容词从句也适用于上述简化方式。

补语为Ving：若是关系从句是进行式(be+Ving)，则简化后会留下如今分词形式的补语部分，其属于形容词类，而原来的从句也是形容词类，因此词类不冲突，并意思不变，也是成功的简化从句。注意关系从句无助动词又无be动词的状况：须要把be动词加入原句中，将其改成有be动词的形态(be+Ving)，而后也能够用一样的方法简化，并留下如今分词形式的补语部分。

补语为to V：若是关系从句的动词有助动词存在，则简化后会留下不定式形式的补语部分，其属于"不必定"什么词类(名词、形容词、副词皆可)，而原来的从句是形容词类，因此词类不冲突，虽然意思不是很是精确但也很接近句意，因此也是成功的简化从句。不定词补语to V须要注意如下4个方面：a. 不定词的主动、被动的判断：不定词是主动态仍是被动态，须要根据上下文还原成关系从句来判断，不可一律而论。b. 不定词有无宾语的判断：不定词中若是是及物动词(vt)，其后是否有宾语则须要还原成关系从句来判断，之因此不定词后会没有宾语，是由于宾语就是关系词，省略后而不见宾语。c. 不定词后有无介词的判断：之因此不定式后面会有介词，是由于介词后面的宾语就是关系词，省略之后就只剩介词而不见宾语。d. 不定词主语不清楚时的处理：若省略主语后会形成意思不清楚，则能够将主语放到介词短语中以宾语形态出现，最经常使用的介词是for。

补语为通常形容词：若是关系从句的动词为be动词，而且其后面是单纯的形容词类的补语，则能够直接省略主语(关系词)和be动词，只留下形容词补语部分。因此，形容词只有两种位置：名词短语中、补语位置，若是初看一下两个位置都不是，那么多半是简化形容词从句的残留补语。

补语为名词：虽然关系从句是形容词类，但若是简化主语和be动词后，剩下的是名词补语，则虽然词类与原来的关系从句冲突，但仍然可使用，这在传统语法中称为"同位语"，以避开词类冲突的问题。

 

3.3 本小节示例及练习：
The man you asked about is here. (relative clause，重复元素(关系词)是关系从句的宾语时，一般只省略关系词。原句是：The man whom you asked about is here. (relative clause)，其由The man is here. (svc)和You asked about him. (sv+prep+o)两句组成。)
Beer chilled to 6 ℃ is most delicious. (Reduced Clause of Adjective，重复元素(关系词)是关系从句的主语时，且关系从句是被动态，简化后只留下过去分词的补语部分。原句是：Beer which is chilled to 6 ℃ is most delicious. (relative clause)，其由Beer is most delicious. (s)和It is chilled to 6 ℃. (s)两句组成)
{chill：v：使变冷，使扫兴，[冶]冷淬；n：寒冷，扫兴，寒心，着凉；adj：冷淡的，寒冷的；}
You brother John, wounded in war, will soon be sent home. (Reduced Clause of Adjective，重复元素(关系词)是关系从句的主语时，且关系从句是被动态，简化后只留下过去分词的补语部分，具备"补充说明做用"的括弧性质的逗号括起来的形容词从句也是适用的。原句是：Your brother John, who as wounded in war, will soon be sent home. (antecedent+relative clause)，本句中的先行词your brother John是专有名词，后面的内容为补充说明性质，简化方式不变。)
The ship coming to shore is from Gaoxiong. (Reduced Clause of Adjective，重复元素(关系词)是关系从句的主语时，且关系从句是进行式，简化后只留下如今分词形式的补语部分。原句是：The ship which is coming to shore is from Gaoxiong. (antecedent+relative clause)。)
{shore：n：岸，滨；}
My old car, breaking down every other week, won't last much longer. (Reduced Clause of Adjective，重复元素(关系词)是关系从句的主语时，可是关系从句中既没有助动词也没有be动词，所以须要加入be动词而改成Ving形式，而后再简化，只留下如今分词形式的补语部分。原句是：My old car, which breaks down every other week, won't last much longer. (antecedent+relative clause))
{break down：分解，发生故障，失败，毁掉，将……分类，衰弱，体力不支，制服，镇压；every other week：每隔一个星期；}
John is the one to go this time. (Reduced Clause of Adjective，若是关系从句的动词有助动词存在，则简化后会留下不定式形式的补语部分，其属于"不必定"什么词类(名词、形容词、副词皆可)，而原来的从句是形容词类，因此词类不冲突。本句可还原为：John is the one who should go this time. (antecedent+relative clause))
John is not a man to trust. (Reduced Clause of Adjective，若是关系从句的动词有助动词存在，则简化后会留下不定式形式的补语部分。不定词是主动态仍是被动态，须要还原成关系从句来判断。本句可还原为：John is not a man (whom) one can trust. (antecedent+relative clause)，其由John is not a man. (o)和One can trust the man. (svo)组成)
John is not a man to be trust. (Reduced Clause of Adjective，若是关系从句的动词有助动词存在，则简化后会留下不定式形式的补语部分。不定词是主动态仍是被动态，须要还原成关系从句来判断。本句可还原为：John is not a man who can be trusted. (antecedent+relative clause)，其由John is not a man. (o)和The man can be trusted. (sv)组成)
This is exactly the thing to do. (Reduced Clause of Adjective，若是关系从句的动词有助动词存在，则简化后会留下不定式形式的补语部分。不定词中若是是及物动词(vt)，其后是否有宾语则须要还原成关系从句来判断。本句可还原为：The is exactly the thing which we should do. (antecedent+relative clause)，其由This is exactly the thing. (o)和We should do the thing. (svo)两句组成，之因此本句中没有宾语的缘由：关系词which就是宾语，在简化过程当中被省略掉了。)
This is exactly the time to do it. (Reduced Clause of Adjective，若是关系从句的动词有助动词存在，则简化后会留下不定式形式的补语部分。不定词中若是是及物动词(vt)，其后是否有宾语则须要还原成关系从句来判断。本句可还原为：This is exactly the time (when) we should do it. (Reduced Clause of Adjective)，其由This is exactly the time. (o)和We should do it at this time. (svo+ adverbial of time)两句组成，其中关系副词when能够径行省略。)
He will be the toughest guy to deal with. (Reduced Clause of Adjective，若是关系从句的动词有助动词存在，则简化后会留下不定式形式的补语部分。之因此不定式后面会有介词，是由于介词后面的宾语就是关系词，省略之后就只剩介词而不见宾语。本句可还原为：He will be the toughest guy (whom) you must deal with. (Reduced Clause of Adjective)，其是由He will be the toughest guy.和You must deal with the guy. (sv+prep+o)两句组成。)
{tough：adj：强硬的，棘手的，艰苦的，严厉的，牢固的，强壮的，坚韧的；adv：以强硬的态度，强硬地，顽强地；n：暴徒，恶棍；}
I have a job for your brother to do. (Reduced Clause of Adjective，若是关系从句的动词有助动词存在，则简化后会留下不定式形式的补语部分。若省略主语后会形成意思不清楚，则能够将主语放到介词短语中以宾语形态出现，最经常使用的介词是for。本句可还原为：I have a job (that) your brother can do. (Reduced Clause of Adjective)，由于具备明确的指示做用，因此关系词用that，而且句中的主语your brother不宜省略，省略后动做的主语就发生了变化，因此用介词短语for来解决省略后主语不清楚的问题。)
Hilary Clinton, pretty and intelligent, is a popular First Lady. (Reduced Clause of Adjective，若是关系从句的动词为be动词，而且其后面是单纯的形容词类的补语，则能够直接省略主语(关系词)和be动词，只留下形容词补语部分。因此，形容词即不是名词短语位置又不是补语位置，则多半是简化形容词从句的残留补语。本句可还原为：Hilary Clinton, who is pretty and intelligent, is a popular First Lady. (antecedent+relative clause))
{Hilarly Clinton：[音：i]；希拉里·克林顿；intelligent：adj：聪明的，只能的；}
Bill Clinton, President of the U.S., is a Baby Boomer. (Reduced Clause of Adjective，虽然关系从句是形容词类，但若是简化主语和be动词后，剩下的是名词补语，但仍然可使用，在传统语法中称为"同位语"。本句可还原为：Bill Clinton, who is President of the U.S., is a Baby Boomer. (Reduced Clause of Adjective) )
{Baby Boomer：生育高峰期出生的孩子；}
 
 
Medieval suits of armor, which were developed for protection during battle, are now placed in castles for decoration.
简化：Medieval suits of armor, developed for protection during battle, are now placed in castles for decoration.
{medieval：[音：ˌmedi'iːvl]；adj：中世纪的；suit：n：套装，诉讼，请求；v：适合，方便，知足；armor：n：盔甲，装甲；develop：发展，发育，开发，冲洗(照片)；decoration：n：装饰，装饰品；}
The change of style in these paintings should be obvious to anyone that is familiar with the artist's works.
简化：The change of style in these paintings should be obvious to anyone familiar with the artist's works.
{obvious：adj：明显的，显然的；}
Islands are actually tips of underwater mountain peaks that rise above water.
简化：Islands are actually tips of underwater mountain peaks rising above water.
{actually：adv：实际上，事实上，居然(表示惊讶)；tip：n：小费，小建议，轻拍，尖端，顶端，倾斜，翻倒；v：给小费，装顶端，倾斜，翻倒；peak：n：尖端，山顶，顶峰；v：达到顶峰，使处于顶点，vi：消瘦；}
John Milton, who was author of Paradise Lost, was a key member of Oliver Cromwell's cabinet.
简化：John Milton, author of Paradise Lost, was a key member of Oliver Cromwell's cabinet.
{Paradise Lost：n：《失乐园》；Oliver Cromwell：n：克伦威尔[英]；cabinet：[音：'kæbɪnət]；n：橱柜，内阁；adj：内阁的，秘密的；}
The secretary thought that it might not be the best time that she should ask her boss for a raise.
简化：The secretary thought that it might not be the best time to ask her boss for a raise.
{secretary：n：部长，秘书，书记，大臣，写字台；raise：n：上升，增高，高地；vt：升起，举起，饲养，提出，引发，筹集，募集；}
Gold is one of the heaviest metals that are known to man.
简化：Gold is one of the heaviest metals known to man.
Here are some books that your brother can use.
简化：Here are some books for your brother to use.
Sexual harassment, which is a hotly debated issue in the work place, will be the topic of the intercollegiate debate next week.
简化：Sexual harassment, a hotly debated issue in the work place, will be the topic of the intercollegiate debate next week.
{sexual：adj：性的，性欲的，有性生殖的，性别的；harassment：n：骚扰，困扰；hotly：adv：发怒地，激烈地，坚决地；debate：n：辩论，讨论；vt：争论，思考；vi：辩论；issue：n：议题，问题，期刊号，一次发行额，发型，[法]子女；v：发表，公布，正式发给，发行，流出；intercollegiate：[音：ˌɪntərkə'liːdʒiət]；adj：大学间的，大学间联合的，大学间对抗的；}
There's nothing left that I can say now.
简化：There's nothing left to say now.
People that live along the waterfront must be evacuated before the storm hits.
简化：People living along the waterfront must be evacuated before the storm hits.
{waterfront：n：水边地，滨水区；evacuate：v：疏散，撤出，排泄；}
 
C often found in the fruit and vegetables.
[A] Vitamin C, a trace element that is     [B] For vitamin C, a trace element to be     [C] Vitamin C, a trace element, is     [D] Vitamin C, is that trace element
注释：选C，原句是Vitamin C, which is a trace element is often found in fruit and vegetables的简化，省略主语和be动词成为结果。
The most important fossil A in East Africa was that of an ancient female, dubbed Lucy.
[A] excavated     [B] was excavated     [C] to excavate    [D] excavating
注释：空格部分还原为关系从句：that was excavated in East Africa，简化后为A。 {fossil：[音：'fɑːsl]；n：化石，食古不化的人，守旧的事物；ancient：adj：古老的，古代的；n：古人；dub：v：配音，轻点，起绰号，授予称号，打击；dubbed：adj：命名的，配音的，译制的；excavate：[音：'ekskəveɪt]；v：挖掘，挖开，发掘(古物)；}
■Steve Jobs vision of the personal computer greatly expanded the number of people C the computer for business and for pleasure.
[A] actively used     [B] were using actively     [C] actively using     [D] who actively using
注释：空格部分还原为关系从句：who were actively using the computer……，简化为C。 {vision：n：视力，视觉，幻觉，眼光，洞察力，想象力；v：幻想，设想；expand：v：使……膨胀，详述，扩张，增长，张开；actively：adv：积极地，活跃地，勤奋地；pleasure：n：愉快，高兴，快事，(用于回答对方的感谢)荣幸；vt：使高兴，vi：高兴，想收快乐；}
The Amazon rain forests, A the earth's lungs, convert carbon dioxide in the atmosphere back into oxygen.
[A] functioning as     [B] which functioning as     [C] functions as     [D] functioned as
注释：空格部分还原为关系从句：which functions as the earth's lungs，简化为A。 {lungs：[音：'lʌŋz]；n：肺；carbon：n：碳，复写纸，复本，碳精棒；dioxide：n：二氧化物；oxygen：n：氧气；}
Through a process D coalescence, water droplets in clouds grow to a size large enough to fall to earth.
[A] calls     [B] to be called     [C] calling     [D] called
注释：空格部分还原为关系从句：that is called coalescence，简化为D。{coalescence：[音：ˌkəʊə'lesns]；n：接合，结合，合并；droplet：小滴，微滴；}
■If you are looking for investment advice, I know just the place B.
[A] going     [B] to go     [C] you to go     [D] for you going
注释：空格部分还原为关系从句：where you can go，简化为B。 {investment：n：投资，投资额，投入；}
Penicillin, D in the early 20th century, brought in the golden age of chemotherapy.
[A] to be discovered     [B] discovering     [C] discovery was     [D] discovered
注释：空格部分还原为关系从句：which was discovered in the early 20th century，简化为D。 {penicillin：青霉素；chemotherapy：[音：ˌkiːmoʊ'θerəpi]；化学疗法；bring in：介绍，带进，引入，赚取，判决；}
■Those are not words A.
[A] to be taken seriously     [B] to take them seriously     [C] taking seriously     [D] are taken seriously
注释：空格部分还原为关系从句：that should be taken seriously，简化为A。{seriously：adv：严肃地，认真地，严重地；}
The mouse, like the keyboard, is a control device A to a computer.
[A] connected     [B] to connect it     [C] and connect     [D] that connect
注释：空格部分还原为关系从句：that is connected to a computer，简化为A。
An amendment to the Constitution C in Harry Truman's tenure limits the US presidency to two terms.
[A] passing     [B] to pass     [C] passed     [D] was passed
注释：空格部分还原为关系从句：that was passed in Harry Truman's tenure，简化为C。 {amendment：n：修正，修正案，改进；constitution：n：宪法，组织，体质； tenure：[音：'tenjər]；n：终身职位，任期，保有；presidency：n：总统(总裁、主席等)的职位或任期；}

View Code

 

 

 

 

3.4 副词从句简化(Reduction of Adverbial Clause)
3.4.1 简化从句的通则：全部从句的简化原则都是：省略从属从句中的主语、be动词，只留下补语。省略主语为的是避免重复，但省略后若会形成句意模糊的，则主语要另行处理；省略be动词是由于其自己无心义。传统语法将副词从句的简化称为"分词构句"、"独立短语"等，这些特定的名词无非是对没法解释的语法状况的"特殊标注"，不但不够周延也不够深刻。

 

3.4.2 从简化从句的角度出发，副词从句的简化能够分为：简化为Ving补语、简化为Ven补语、简化为to V补语、简化为介词短语4种状况。

补语为Ving：若是副词从句是进行式(be+Ving)的形式，那么省略主语、be动词后，即简化为如今分词形式的补语。若副词从句中，即没有可省略的be动词，也没有可改写的助动词，则须要先改写为进行式(be+Ving)，而后再简化。副词从句简化为Ving补语时须要注意如下11个问题：a. 链接词是否保留：副词从句的链接词除了语法功能以外，还有词义的功能，因此其保留与否取决于修辞上的否清楚性，在句子足够清楚的状况下，副词从句的链接词能够省略。通常说来表示"当……之时"的链接词(while、when等)、表示"由于"的链接词(because、as、since等)，省略后并不妨碍句子的清楚性，因此一般能够省略，但仍是要看具体的句子来判断。 b. 所谓的"分词构句"只不过是副词从句的简化：其链接词是否省略看如何表达，若注重句子的清楚性就保留，若注重句子的简洁性就省略。 c. 副词从句中没有be动词、助动词(can、must、may)时，须要先改写为(be+Ving)的形式，而后再省略(有时改写为be+Ving形式，只是为了作词类变化，而不必定是进行式)。 d. 能够省略的链接词：当表示"缘由"的链接词(because、as、since等)和表示"当……之时"的链接词(while、when等)，因为这种简化句型自己就有强烈的因果关系的暗示，因此一般能够省略链接词，加上链接词反而显得累赘。 e. 应该保留的链接词：当省略后会形成句意不清(当读者看不到链接词，每每会联想到because或者when)，则应该保留(如：although(表示一种"相反"的逻辑关系)、as if(表示一种"条件"的逻辑关系)，虽然语法上能够省略，但为了表达其内在逻辑关系而须要保留，若是必定要省略，用别的方式来表示这种逻辑关系也何尝不可，如：用still来替代although表示的逻辑关系)。f. 副词从句中的动词是单纯的be动词时(主从句的主语相同)：其简化后通常只剩下单纯的名词或形容词补语，则简化时，要么改成链接词+补语的形式，要么省略链接词并将be改成being的形式，不然就省略的过头了。 g. 兼做介词的链接词(before、after、since)：身兼链接词与介词的双重词类，简化时，若是直接省略链接词，虽然语法上正确，可是句意上缺失了逻辑关系，可是保留链接词则须要注意到其会被视为介词，其后只能跟名词类，因此要么将before后面的内容改成名词类，要么借用无心义的be动词改成being形式来作词类变化。 h. 时态问题与与逻辑顺序问题：副词从句的链接词有时用来区分主要从句和从属从句的前后顺序(如：after)，简化时省略主语、be动词后，要么保留链接词以维持原句的前后逻辑顺序关系，要么省略链接词，将顺序靠前的句子改为如今完成式(Having+Ven)的形式，来表达前后顺序(Having+Ven在前，Ved在后，其中had是时态助动词，而不是表示条件的不肯定性的助动词，因此简化为Having+Ven)。 i. 悬荡修饰语(Dangling Modifier)：主要从句与从属从句的主语相同时才能省略(如前面所述的7条规则，本条规则开始讲述主从句主语不一样的状况)，不然会产生语法、修辞的错误，即：Dangling Modifiers，其简化方法，要么是改变主要从句的结构，让主要从句和从属从句的主语形同，要么在副词从句中保留不一样的主语。j. 所谓的"独立主语"也是副词从句的简化：副词从句简化时，若副词从句的主语和主要从句的主语不一样，就不能随便省略，此时能够选择保留副词从句的主语，只省略be动词和链接词，形成在副词从句的主语后面跟着如今分词或过去分词的形式的补语(传统语法把副词从句的补语部分看作是形容词短语看待，来修饰副词从句的主语，但该主语却没法归入主要从句中来诠释，因而创造了"独立主语"这个名词来与之对应)，因此当副词从句的主语和主要从句主语相同时，简化时就能够省略主语，不然就要保留主语，只把be动词、链接词省略。 k. 副词从句简化时，主从句主语不一样时，保留主语后的必须注意2点事项："必须省略掉链接词"(若保留主语，又保留链接词，只省略be动词，并无达到省略的效果，反而看起来像是写错了，漏掉了be动词)，而且"副词从句的主语后必须配合如今分词或过去分词形式的补语"(只有副词从句的主语后面跟分词补语(必要时能够借助be动词)，才能明显区分是省略be动词后留下的简化从句，这种保留主语和分词补语之间的关联性，也就是传统语法把"独立主语"视为"分词构句"的变化的缘由)。

补语为Ven：若是副词从句是被动态(be+Ven)的形式，那么省略主语、be动词后，即简化为过去分词(Ven)形态的补语。副词从句简化为Ven补语时须要注意如下4个问题：a. 链接词是否保留：副词从句的链接词除了语法功能以外，还有词义的功能，因此其保留与否取决于修辞上的否清楚性，在句子足够清楚的状况下，副词从句的链接词能够省略(例如：表示"前后顺序"的链接词(after)，因为Ven自己就有"已经、完成"的意思，因此能够省略，而表示"相反"关系的链接词(although)，省略会意思会有出入，因此不能省略，若是必定要省略的话，能够用其余方式来表示句中的"相反"的逻辑关系，如still)。 b. 兼做介词的链接词(before、after、since)：身兼链接词与介词的双重词类，简化时，若是直接省略链接词，虽然语法上正确，可是句意上缺失了逻辑关系，可是保留链接词则须要注意到其会被视为介词，其后只能跟名词类，因此要么将before后面的内容改成名词类，要么借用无心义的be动词改成being形式来作词类变化。c. have been的处理：当副词从句是have been的形式时，主语、链接词当然能够省略，可是been动词含有"已经……"的意味，于是须要保留下来，因此简化时，在主语和时态助动词(非不肯定意味的助动词)have之间，须要加入be动词，改造为be+having的形式，此时省略主语、be动词后，成为having been的形式。若是having been后面的补语是表示"过去、已经"意味的过去分词，那么having been和过去分词补语都有"已经"的暗示，因此省略having been只留下过去分词的补语也是能够的。d. 副词从句中的动词是单纯的be动词时(主从句的主语相同)：其简化后通常只剩下单纯的名词、形容词、介词短语形式的补语(当保留副词从句的链接词后，其是副词从句简化而成的特色明确，因此省略掉主语、be动词后，其后的名词、形容词、副词均可以保留下来)，因此简化的规则是，要么改成链接词+补语的形式，要么省略链接词将be改成being的形式，不然就省略的过头了。e. 兼做介词的链接词(before、after、since)：身兼链接词与介词的双重词类，简化时，若是直接省略链接词，虽然语法上正确，可是句意上缺失了逻辑关系，可是保留链接词则须要注意到其会被视为介词，其后只能跟名词类，因此要么将before后面的内容改成名词类，要么借用无心义的be动词改成being形式来作词类变化。f.  主语不一样时(此前的规则描述主语相同状况，此条开始描述主语不一样的状况)：副词从句的主语和主要从句的主语不一样时，要保留从句的主语，则"必须省略掉链接词"(若保留主语，又保留链接词，只省略be动词，并无达到省略的效果，反而看起来像是写错了，漏掉了be动词)，而且"副词从句的主语后必须配合如今分词或过去分词形式的补语"(只有副词从句的主语后面跟分词补语(必要时能够借助be动词)，才能明显区分是省略be动词后留下的简化从句，这种保留主语和分词补语之间的关联性，也就是传统语法把"独立主语"视为"分词构句"的变化的缘由)。

简化为to V：若是副词从句中有带有不肯定语气的助动词(can、should、must等)存在，则简化后会留下不定式形式的补语部分，其属于"不必定"什么词类(名词、形容词、副词皆可)，而原来的从句是形容词类，因此词类不冲突，虽然意思不是很是精确但也很接近句意，因此也是成功的简化从句。

简化为介词短语：表示缘由的链接词(because、since)简化时一般不能原样保留，须要把链接词改成意义近似的介词短语，而把整个从句简化为名词从句后做为介词短语中的宾语(如：有表示缘由的链接词(because、since)简化为介词短语(because of、as a result of)、表示"当……时"的链接词(when)简化为(on/upon)、表示"虽然、尽管"的链接词(although)简化为(despite/in spite of)、表示"若是"的链接词if简化为(in case of)，副词从句的动词一般能够改成Ving的动名词形式，而介词后只剩下一个名词空间来装下整个从句，因此要大量精简。若副词从句中本来就有宾语，则简化为介词短语时，须要把原来的宾语改成全部格的形式，由于简化为介词短语时，由于只有一个宾语的位置，因此要大刀阔斧的修改，副词从句中的虚词(it)、动词(have been)均可以省略，只保留有意义的名词。另外，当副词从句的主语和主要从句的主语不一样时，能够将副词从句的主语改写为"介词+主语"的形式，而省略be动词后，简化后剩余的补语正好成为介词短语的补语，也是一种合乎逻辑的简化为介词的方法)。

{dangling：v：摇晃，悬垂，挂着，追求；n：摇摆，摇摆物；dangling modifier：没有明确对象的修饰语，悬荡修饰语；}

 

3.4 本小节示例及练习：
While lying on the couch, the boy fell asleep. (Reduction of Adverbial Clause，(be+Ving)形式的补语，省略主语、be动词后简化为Ving形式。原句为：While he was lying on the couch, the boy fell asleep. (adverbial clause+s+v+c)，省略主语、be动词后，简化为本句)
{couch：n：长椅，睡椅，长沙发，兽穴；vt：表达，躺下；vi：埋伏，躺下；}
Lying on the couch, the boy fell asleep. (Reduction of Adverbial Clause，简化为Ving补语时，链接词是否保留：副词从句的链接词是有表示逻辑关系的意义，因此其保留与否取决于修辞上的否清楚性，在句子足够清楚的状况下，副词从句的链接词能够省略。通常说来表示"当……之时"的链接词(while、when等)、表示"由于"的链接词(because、as、since等)，省略后并不妨碍句子的清楚性，因此一般能够省略，但仍是要看具体的句子来判断。上句中省略链接此后成为本句)
Having nothing to do here, we might as well go home. (Reduction of Adverbial Clause，简化为Ving补语时，副词从句中没有be动词、助动词(can、must、may)时：须要先改写为(be+Ving)的形式，而后再省略，原句为：Because we have nothing to do here, we might as well as go home. (adverbial clause+s+v)，因为没有be动词、助动词(have是时态助动词，而非不肯定意味的助动词)，因此改成be having的形式后，再身省略主语、be动词、链接词后成为本句)
{as well：也，又，还不如；}
Although having nothing to do here, we can't leave early. (Reduction of Adverbial Clause，简化为Ving补语时，链接词应该保留的状况：当省略后会形成句意不清(当读者看不到链接词，每每会联想到because或者when)，则应该保留(如：although(表示一种"相反"的逻辑关系)、as if(表示一种"条件"的逻辑关系)，虽然语法上能够省略，但为了表达其内在逻辑关系而须要保留)。原句为：Although we have nothing to do here, we can't leave early. (adverbial clause+s+v)，添加be动词并改成be+Ving的形式，省略主语、be动词后而保留逻辑关系的链接词although后成为本句。)
Having noting to do ere, we still can't leave early. (上句中，若是用别的方式来表示这种逻辑关系也何尝不可，如：用still来替代although表示的逻辑关系，成为本句。)
He raised his hand, as if trying to hit her. (Reduction of Adverbial Clause，简化为Ving补语时，链接词应该保留的状况：当省略后会形成句意不清(当读者看不到链接词，每每会联想到because或者when)，则应该保留(如：although(表示一种"相反"的逻辑关系)、as if(表示一种"条件"的逻辑关系)，虽然语法上能够省略，但为了表达其内在逻辑关系而须要保留)。原句为：He raised his hand, as if he was trying to hit her. (s+v+o+adverbial clause)，省略主语、be动词成为本句，若是省略链接词，则成为He raised his hand, trying to hit her. (X，Reduction of Adverbial Clause)，表示"由于要打她"，与原文的"好像要打她"的意思不一样，由于当缺少链接词时，每每会联想到常见的because、when。)
As a student, I can't afford to get married. (Reduction of Adverbial Clause，简化为Ving补语时，副词从句中的动词是单纯的be动词时：其简化后通常只剩下单纯的名词或形容词补语，则简化时，要么改成链接词+补语的形式，要么省略链接词并将be改成being的形式，不然就省略的过头了。原句是：As I am a student, I can't afford to get married. (Adverbial Clause+s+v+o)，省略主语、be动词，成为本句，若是链接词也省略，剩下的a student可能会被误认为是主语。)
Being a student, I can't afford to get married. (Reduction of Adverbial Clause，简化为Ving补语时，副词从句中的动词是单纯的be动词时：其简化后通常只剩下单纯的名词或形容词补语，则简化时，要么改成链接词+补语的形式，要么省略链接词并将be改成being的形式。)
Before being in school, he used to be a naughty child. (Reduction of Adverbial Clause，简化为Ving补语时， 兼做介词的链接词(before、after、since)：身兼链接词与介词的双重词类，简化时，若是直接省略链接词，虽然语法上正确，可是句意上缺失了逻辑关系，可是保留链接词则须要注意到其会被视为介词，其后只能跟名词类，因此要么将before后面的内容改成名词类，要么借用无心义的be动词改成being形式来作词类变化。原句为：Before he was in school, he used to be a naughty child. (Adverbial Clause+s+v+c)，本句若省略链接词、主语、be动词后，成为：In school, he used to be a naughty child，则句意上缺失了表示前后顺序的逻辑关系，可是留下链接词后却成为错误语法：Before in school, he used to be a naughty child. (X)，因此要么在介词后跟名词类成为before school，可是意思有有所欠缺，要么改成being的形式来作词类变化，即成本句。)
After writing the letter, he put it to mail. (Reduction of Adverbial Clause，简化为Ving补语时，时态问题与与逻辑顺序问题：副词从句的链接词有时用来区分主要从句和从属从句的前后顺序(如：after)，简化时省略主语、be动词后，要么保留链接词以维持原句的前后逻辑顺序关系，要么省略链接词，将顺序靠前的句子改为如今完成式(Having+Ven)的形式，来表达前后顺序(Having+Ven在前，Ved在后，其中had是时态助动词，而不是表示条件的不肯定性的助动词，因此简化为Having+Ven)。原句为：After he wrote the letter, he put it to mail. (Adverbial Clause)，省略主语、be动词，并以链接词来保持前后顺序的逻辑关系，成为本句。若直接省略链接词成为：Writing the letter, he put it to mail. (X)，则会让读者联想到when，即"正在写信的时候，去寄"。)
Having written the letter, he put it to mail. (Reduction of Adverbial Clause，简化为Ving补语时，时态问题与与逻辑顺序问题：副词从句的链接词有时用来区分主要从句和从属从句的前后顺序(如：after)，简化时省略主语、be动词后，要么保留链接词以维持原句的前后逻辑顺序关系，要么省略链接词，将顺序靠前的句子改为如今完成式(Having+Ven)的形式，来表达前后顺序(Having+Ven在前，Ved在后，其中had是时态助动词，而不是表示条件的不肯定性的助动词，因此简化为Having+Ven)。本句中，使用完成时来表示先后顺序的逻辑关系，原子可还原为：When he had written the letter, he put it to mail. (Adverbial Clause)，加入be动词改写为be+Ving的形式后，简化成为本句。)
Already sleeping soundly in bed, the child did not know it when her mother came to kiss her goodnight. (Reduction of Adverbial Clause+s+v，简化为Ving补语时，主要从句与从属从句的主语相同时才能省略，不然会产生语法、修辞的错误，即：Dangling Modifiers，因此当主从句的主语不一样时，要么是改变主要从句的结构，让主要从句和从属从句的主语形同，要么在副词从句中保留不一样的主语。本句还原为：When the child was already sleeping soundly in bed, her mother came to kiss her goodnight. (Adverbial Clause+s+v)，若直接省略主语、be动词，则成为Already sleeping soundly in bed, her mother came to kiss her goodnight. (X，悬荡主语[Dangling Modifier])，从句缺失主语，会让读者觉得副词从句的主语和主要从句的主语相同，都是her mother从而发生错误，由于副词从句时形容词类，却找不到被修饰对象，犹如"悬荡在空中"，因此被称为"悬荡主语的错误"。本句改变主要从句的结构，使主从句的主语相同，从而成为本句。)
The child already sleeping soundly in bed, her mother came to kiss her goodnight. (Reduction of Adverbial Clause+s+v，简化为Ving补语时，主要从句与从属从句的主语相同时才能省略，不然会产生语法、修辞的错误，即：Dangling Modifiers，因此当主从句的主语不一样时，要么是改变主要从句的结构，让主要从句和从属从句的主语形同，要么在副词从句中保留不一样的主语。本句中保留副词从句和主要从句的主语，而成为本句。)
When the child already sleeping soundly in bed, her mother came to kiss her goodnight. (X，副词从句简化时，保留主语后的必须注意2点事项："必须省略掉链接词"(若保留主语，又保留链接词，只省略be动词，并无达到省略的效果，反而看起来像是写错了，漏掉了be动词)、"副词从句的主语后必须配合如今分词或过去分词形式的补语"(只有副词从句的主语后面跟分词补语，才能明显区分是省略be动词后留下的简化从句，这种保留主语和分词补语之间的关联性，也就是传统语法把"独立主语"视为"分词构句"的变化的缘由)。)
{soundly：adv：彻底地，健全地，坚牢地，香甜地；}
 
Shot in the knee, he couldn't fight. (Reduction of Adverbial Clause，被动态(be+Ven)的形式的补语，省略主语、be动词后，简化为过去分词(Ven)形式。副词从句的链接词有词义的功能，因此其保留与否取决于修辞上的否清楚性，在句子足够清楚的状况下，副词从句的链接词能够省略(例如：表示"前后顺序"的链接词(after)，因为Ven自己就有"已经、完成"的意思，因此能够省略)。原句是：After he was shot in the knee, he couldn't fight. (Adverbial Clause)，省略链接词、主语、be动词后成为本句。)
Although shot in the knee, he killed three more enemy soldiers. (Reduction of Adverbial Clause，简化为Ven补语时，主语是否省略：副词从句的链接词除了语法功能以外，还有词义的功能，因此其保留与否取决于修辞上的否清楚性，在句子足够清楚的状况下，副词从句的链接词能够省略(例如：表示"前后顺序"的链接词(after)，因为Ven自己就有"已经、完成"的意思，因此能够省略，而表示"相反"关系的链接词(although)，省略会意思会有出入，因此不能省略，若是必定要省略的话，能够用其余方式来表示句中的"相反"的逻辑关系，如still)。本句还原为：Although he was shot in the knee, he killed three more enemy soldiers. (Adverbial Clause)，省略主语、be动词后成为本句。)
Shot in the knee, he still killed three more enemy soldiers. (上句中，若必定要省略链接词although，则能够改写为用still来表示这种"相反"的逻辑关系的形式。)
Before being redecorated, the house was in had shape. (Reduction of Adverbial Clause，简化为Ven补语时，兼做介词的链接词(before、after、since)：身兼链接词与介词的双重词类，简化时，若是直接省略链接词，虽然语法上正确，可是句意上缺失了逻辑关系，可是保留链接词则须要注意到其会被视为介词，其后只能跟名词类，因此要么将before后面的内容改成名词类，要么借用无心义的be动词改成being形式来作词类变化。原句可还原为：Before it was redecorated, the house was in bad shape. (Adverbial Clause)，若直接省略链接词、主语、be动词后成为：Redecorated, the house was in bad shape. (X)，则剩下的具备"完成暗示"的过去分词就表示"在装修完后，很糟糕"，不符合句意，若保留链接词成为Before redecorated则犯了介词短语后接形容词类的语法错误，因此本句中借用无心义的be动词作词类变换，即成为本句。)
Before redecoration, the house was in bad shape. (prepositional phrase，上句也能够把副词从句的内容改成名词类，即成本句。)
{decorate：v：装饰，布置，装修，授予某人奖章或奖状；redecorate：v:从新装饰；shape：n：形状，形式，身材，定形；vt：塑造，定形，使……成形；}
Having been warned, they proceeded carefully. (Reduction of Adverbial Clause，简化为Ven补语时， have been的处理：当副词从句是have been的形式时，主语、链接词当然能够省略，可是been动词含有"已经……"的意味，于是须要保留下来，因此简化时，在主语和时态助动词(非不肯定意味的助动词)have之间，须要加入be动词，改造为be+having的形式，此时省略主语、be动词后，成为having been的形式。若是having been后面的补语是表示"过去、已经"意味的过去分词，那么having been和过去分词补语都有"已经"的暗示，因此省略having been只留下过去分词的补语也是能够的。原句为：Because they had been warned, they proceeded carefully. (Adverbial Clause)，加入be动词并改形成be+Having的形态后，省略链接词、主语、be动词后成为本句。)
Warned, they proceeded carefully. (Reduction of Adverbial Clause，上句中的过去分词warned已经表示"过去、已经"的意味，因此省略掉having been也是能够的。)
{proceed：vi：继续进行，开始，着手；}
The coffin (have been) interred, the minister said a few comforting words. (Reduction of Adverbial Clause，简化为Ven补语时，主语不一样时：副词从句的主语和主要从句的主语不一样时，要保留从句的主语，则"必须省略掉链接词"(若保留主语，又保留链接词，只省略be动词，并无达到省略的效果，反而看起来像是写错了，漏掉了be动词)、"副词从句的主语后必须配合如今分词或过去分词形式的补语"(只有副词从句的主语后面跟分词补语，才能明显区分是省略be动词后留下的简化从句)。原句为：When the coffin had been interred, the minister said a few comforting words. (Adverbial Clause)，若直接省略链接词、主语、be动词，成为：(Having been) interred, the minister said a few comforting words. (X)，则会让读者误觉得从属从句的主语和主要从句的相同，形成"牧师被埋葬后说了几句安慰的话"这种逻辑错误，因此须要保留主语，而且主语后配合如今分词或过去分词的补语，成为本句，由于have been的的已经包含在过去分词中了，因此能够省略。)
{inter：vt：埋葬；bury：vt：埋葬，隐匿，专心致志，抛弃；confort：n：温馨，安逸，安慰，慰藉；vt：安慰，使温馨；minister：n：外交使节，部长，大臣，牧师；v：照顾，给予帮助；}
When under attack, you must take cover immediately. (Reduction of Adverbial Clause，简化为Ven补语时，副词从句中的动词是单纯的be动词时：其简化后通常只剩下单纯的名词、形容词、介词短语形式的补语(当保留副词从句的链接词后，其是副词从句简化而成的特色明确，因此省略掉主语、be动词后，其后的名词、形容词、副词均可以保留下来)，因此简化的规则是，要么改成链接词+补语的形式(若保留链接词，则主从句的主语须要一致)，要么将be改成being的形式，不然就省略的过头了。原句为：When you are under attack, you must take cover immediately. (Adverbial Clause)，简化为链接词+补语的形式，即成本句。)
{take cover：隐蔽；}
While small in size, the company is very competitive. (Reduction of Adverbial Clause，简化为Ven补语时，副词从句中的动词是单纯的be动词时：其简化后通常只剩下单纯的名词、形容词、介词短语形式的补语(当保留副词从句的链接词后，其是副词从句简化而成的特色明确，因此省略掉主语、be动词后，其后的名词、形容词、副词均可以保留下来)，因此简化的规则是，要么改成链接词+补语的形式(若保留链接词，则主从句的主语须要一致)，要么将be改成being的形式。原句为：While it is small in size, the company is very competitive. (Adverbial Clause)，简化为链接词+补语的形式，即成本句。)
{competitive：adj：竞争的，有竞争力的，赛过或超过他人的；}
Although a doctor by training, Asimov became a writer. (Reduction of Adverbial Clause，简化为Ven补语时，副词从句中的动词是单纯的be动词时：其简化后通常只剩下单纯的名词、形容词、介词短语形式的补语(当保留副词从句的链接词后，其是副词从句简化而成的特色明确，因此省略掉主语、be动词后，其后的名词、形容词、副词均可以保留下来)，因此简化的规则是，要么改成链接词+补语的形式(若保留链接词，则主从句的主语须要一致)，要么将be改成being的形式。原句为：Although he was a doctor by training, Asimov became a writer. (Adverbial Clause)，简化为链接词+补语的形式，即成本句。)
{Asimov：n：阿西莫夫；}
He studied hard in order to get a scholarship. (Reduction of Adverbial Clause，简化为to V：若是副词从句中有带有不肯定语气的助动词(can、should、must等)存在，则简化后会留下不定式形式的补语部分，其属于"不必定"什么词类(名词、形容词、副词皆可)，而原来的从句是形容词类，因此词类不冲突，虽然意思不是很是精确但也很接近句意，因此也是成功的简化从句。原句是：He studied hard in order that he could get a scholarship. (Adverbial Clause)，将助动词could改成be to的形式，而后省略链接词、be主语、be动词后成为本句。)
{scholarship：n：奖学金，学问，学识；}
I'll only be glad to help. (Reduction of Adverbial Clause，简化为to V：若是副词从句中有带有不肯定语气的助动词(can、should、must等)存在，则简化后会留下不定式形式的补语部分。原句为：I'll only be too glad if I can help. (Adverbial Clause)，将助动词can改成be to的形式后，省略链接词、主语、be动词后即成本句。)
Upon arriving at the party, she found all the people gone. (prepositional phrase，简化为介词短语：把链接词when改成意义近似的介词短语on/upon，而把整个从句简化为名词从句后做为介词短语中的宾语，副词从句的动词一般能够改成Ving的动名词形式，而介词后只剩下一个名词空间来装下整个从句，因此要大量精简。原句为：When she arrived at the party, she found all the people gone. (Adverbial Clause)，将链接词when改成介词短语upon的形式，并把动词改成动名词形式，省略主语后，即成本句。)
Upon her arrival at the party, she found all the people gone. (prepositional phrase，上句也能够将副词从句动词改成名词形式的arrival，既符合词类要求且意思不变。)
Upon completing the project, she was promoted. (prepositional phrase，简化为介词短语：把链接词when改成意义近似的介词短语on/upon，而把整个从句简化为名词从句后做为介词短语中的宾语，副词从句的动词一般能够改成Ving的动名词形式，而介词后只剩下一个名词空间来装下整个从句，因此要大量精简。原句为：When she completed the project, she was promoted. (Adverbial Clause)，即成本句。)
Upon completion of the project, she was promoted. (prepositional phrase，上句中，若副词从句中本来就有宾语，则简化为介词短语时，须要把原来的宾语改成全部格的形式，由于简化为介词短语时，由于只有一个宾语的位置，因此要大刀阔斧的修改，副词从句中的虚词(it)、动词(have been)均可以省略，只保留有意义的名词。若直接将介词短语后的动词改成名词completion后成为：Upon completion the project, she was promoted. (X)，该句中宾语位置被completion占用，副词从句原来的宾语则找不到归宿，因此要为全部格的形式后，即成此句。)
The construction work was delayed because of raining. (prepositional phrase，简化为介词短语：把链接词because改成意义近似的介词短语because of，而把整个从句简化为名词从句后做为介词短语中的宾语，副词从句的动词一般能够改成Ving的动名词形式，而介词后只剩下一个名词空间来装下整个从句，因此要大量精简。若副词从句中本来就有宾语，则简化为介词短语时，须要把原来的宾语改成全部格的形式，由于简化为介词短语时，由于只有一个宾语的位置，因此要大刀阔斧的修改，副词从句中的虚词(it)、动词(have been)均可以省略，只保留有意义的名词。原句为：The construction work was delayed because it had been raining. (Adverbial Clause)，将副词从句改成链接词改成"介词+主语"的形式后，虚词it、动词have been均可以省略掉。)
Despite his opposition, the plan was carried out. (prepositional phrase，简化为介词短语：把链接词although改成意义近似的介词短语despite/inspite of，而把整个从句简化为名词从句后做为介词短语中的宾语，副词从句的动词一般能够改成Ving的动名词形式，而介词后只剩下一个名词空间来装下整个从句，因此要大量精简。若副词从句中本来就有宾语，则简化为介词短语时，须要把原来的宾语改成全部格的形式，由于简化为介词短语时，由于只有一个宾语的位置，因此要大刀阔斧的修改，副词从句中的虚词(it)、动词(have been)均可以省略，只保留有意义的名词。原句为：Although he opposed it, the plan was carried out. (Adverbial Clause)，链接词改成介词despite后，只能有一个宾语，里面要放下he oppose，且主从句主语不一样，因此改成全部格的形式，即成本句。)
{despite：prep：尽管，无论；n：憎恨，轻视；carry out：vt：实施，实现；}
In case of a fire, the sprinkler will be started. (prepositional phrase，简化为介词短语：把链接词if改成意义近似的介词短语in case of，而把整个从句简化为名词从句后做为介词短语中的宾语，副词从句的动词一般能够改成Ving的动名词形式，而介词后只剩下一个名词空间来装下整个从句，因此要大量精简。若副词从句中本来就有宾语，则简化为介词短语时，须要把原来的宾语改成全部格的形式，由于简化为介词短语时，由于只有一个宾语的位置，因此要大刀阔斧的修改，副词从句中的虚词(it)、动词(have been)均可以省略，只保留有意义的名词。原句为：If there should be a fire, the sprinkler will be started. (Adverbial Clause)，副词从句的链接词改成介词短语后，只剩下一个名词空间来装下整个从句，因此要大量精简，只保留主要的名词类内容fire，即成本句。)
{sprinkler：洒水装置，洒水车；}
With the exam only a week away, I have no time to waste. (prepositional phrase+o+c，简化为介词短语：另外，当副词从句的主语和主要从句的主语不一样时，能够将副词从句的主语改写为"介词+主语"的形式，而省略be动词后，简化后剩余的补语正好成为介词短语的补语，也是一种合乎逻辑的简化为介词的方法)。原句为：Because the exam is only a week away, I have no time to waste. (Adverbial Clause[s+v+c])，将主语改成"介词+主语"的形式后，则副词从句简化后的补语正好成为介词短语的补语，即成本句。)
 
 
While he was watching TV, the boy heard a strange noise coming from the kitchen.
简化：省略重复的主语、be动词后(链接词省略不省略都可，省略更注重从属从句的简洁性，保留更注重从属从句的清楚性)，成为：(While) watching TV, the boy heard a strange noise coming from the kitchen.
Because she lives with her parents, the girl can't stay out very late.
简化：将从句改成be+Ving形式后，省略链接词、主语、be动词，成为：Living with her parents, the girl can't stay out very late.
■If you have finished your work, you can help me with mine.
简化：省略重复的主语、be动词(链接词具备表示"条件"的逻辑关系，因此不能省略)，成为：If having finished your work, you can help me with mine.
As he is a law-enforcement officer, he cannot drink on duty.
简化：当副词从句的动词是单纯的be动词时，省略重复的主语、be动词后，要么改成"链接词+补语"的形式，要么省略链接词将be动词改成"being"的形式，即：As/Being a law-enforcement officer, he cannot drink on duty. {enforcement：n：执行，强制，实施；law-enforcement：n：执法；}
■The actor has been in a state of excitement ever since he was nominated for the Oscar.
简化： 兼做介词的链接词(before、after、since)：身兼链接词与介词的双重词类，其链接词表示"某种"逻辑关系，且其会被视为介词，其后只能跟名词类，因此要么将before后面的内容改成名词类，要么借用无心义的be动词改成being形式来作词类变化。本句中，借用be动词来作此类变化，成为：The actor has been in a state of excitement ever since being nominated for the Oscar. {excitement：n：激动，兴奋；nominate：vt：提名，指派，登记赛马参加比赛；nominated：adj：被提名的，被任命的；ever since：从那时起，自那时以来；}
■After he addressed the congregation, the minister left in a hurry.
简化：时态问题与与逻辑顺序问题：副词从句的链接词有时用来区分主要从句和从属从句的前后顺序(如：after)，简化时省略主语、be动词后，要么保留链接词以维持原句的前后逻辑顺序关系(注意，此处的链接词兼做介词，其链接词表示"前后"的逻辑顺序关系，其后只能跟名词类)，要么省略链接词，将顺序靠前的句子改为如今完成式(Having+Ven)的形式。 本句将after后面的内容改成名词类，成为：After addressing the congregation, the minister left in a hurry. 
          或  Having addressed the congregation, the minister left in a hurry.  {congregation：n：教堂会众，人群，(物)群，集合；}
■As it was rather warm, we decided to go for a swim.
简化：悬荡修饰语(Dangling Modifier)：主要从句与从属从句的主语相同时才能省略，不然会产生语法、修辞的错误，即：Dangling Modifiers，其简化方法，要么是改变主要从句的结构，让主要从句和从属从句的主语形同，要么在副词从句中保留不一样的主语。注意：副词从句是单纯的be动词，要么改成"链接词+补语"，要么省略链接词，改成"being"的形式。本句中，保留不一样主语，且留意到单纯be动词的问题，成为：It being rather warm, we decided to go for a swim.
When the students have all left, the teacher started looking over their examination sheets.
简化：时态问题与与逻辑顺序问题：副词从句的链接词有时用来区分主要从句和从属从句的前后顺序(如：after)，简化时省略主语、be动词后，要么保留链接词以维持原句的前后逻辑顺序关系，要么省略链接词，将顺序靠前的句子改为如今完成式(Having+Ven)的形式。 本句中，省略链接词、主语和添加的be动词，成为：The students having all left, the teacher started looking over their examination sheets.
■I know all about corn farming because I grew up in a Southern farm.
简化：时态问题与与逻辑顺序问题：副词从句的链接词有时用来区分主要从句和从属从句的前后顺序(如：after)，简化时省略主语、be动词后，要么保留链接词以维持原句的前后逻辑顺序关系，要么省略链接词，将顺序靠前的句子改为如今完成式(Having+Ven)的形式。本句中，省略链接词、主语，成为：I know all about corn farming, having grown up in a Southern farm.
■As the door remained shut, the servant could not hear what was going on inside.
简化：副词从句简化时，保留主语后的必须注意2点事项："必须省略掉链接词"(若保留主语，又保留链接词，只省略be动词，并无达到省略的效果，反而看起来像是写错了，漏掉了be动词)、"副词从句的主语后必须配合如今分词或过去分词形式的补语"(只有副词从句的主语后面跟分词补语，才能明显区分是省略be动词后留下的简化从句)。本句专用，保留不一样主语，则省略链接词而且后面须要跟如今分词，或过去分词形式的补语。The door remained shut, the servant could not hear what was going on inside.
 
■After he was told to report to his supervisor, the clerk left in a hurry.
简化：时态问题与与逻辑顺序问题：副词从句的链接词有时用来区分主要从句和从属从句的前后顺序(如：after)，简化时省略主语、be动词后，要么保留链接词以维持原句的前后逻辑顺序关系，要么省略链接词，将顺序靠前的句子改为如今完成式(Having+Ven)的形式。 本句中，省略链接词，并使用Have+done的形式来表示前后顺序，而且过去分词told已经有"过去、完成"的意思，因此省略掉haveing been也是能够的，即： (Having been) told to report to his supervisor, the clerk left in a hurry. {supervisor：n：监督人，主管人，管理人，督学，检查员，导师；}
Although he was ordered to leave, the soldier did not move an inch.
简化：省略重复的主语、be动词后，而链接词具备表示"相反"的逻辑关系，不能省略。因此成为：Although ordered to leave, the soldier did not move an inch.
■The plan must be modified before it is put into effect.
简化： 兼做介词的链接词(before、after、since)：身兼链接词与介词的双重词类，其链接词具备表示逻辑关系的功能，可是保留链接词则须要注意到其会被视为介词，其后只能跟名词类，因此要么将before后面的内容改成名词类，要么借用无心义的be动词改成being形式来作词类变化。本句中，借用being来作此类变换，成为：The plan must be modified before being put into effect. {put into：输入，使进入，把……译成，表达；}
■Because it had been bombed twice in the previous week, the village was a total wreck.
简化：当副词从句是have been的形式时，主语、链接词当然能够省略，可是been动词含有"已经……"的意味，于是须要保留下来，因此简化时，在主语和时态助动词(非不肯定意味的助动词)have之间，须要加入be动词，改造为be+having的形式，此时省略主语、be动词后，成为having been的形式。若是having been后面的补语是表示"过去、已经"意味的过去分词，那么having been和过去分词补语都有"已经"的暗示，因此省略having been只留下过去分词的补语也是能够的。本句中，省略主语、be动词后成为本句，其中having been也能够省略，即： (Having been) bombed twice in the previous week, the village was a total wreck. {wreck：v：使……失事，使……遇难，破坏；n：遇难，残害，破坏，(船)失事下沉；}
When all things are considered, I cannot truly say that this was an accident.
简化：主语不一样时：副词从句的主语和主要从句的主语不一样时，要保留从句的主语，则"必须省略掉链接词"(若保留主语，又保留链接词，只省略be动词，并无达到省略的效果，反而看起来像是写错了，漏掉了be动词)、"副词从句的主语后必须配合如今分词或过去分词形式的补语"(只有副词从句的主语后面跟分词补语，才能明显区分是省略be动词后留下的简化从句)。本句省略后，成为：All things considered, I cannot truly say that this was an accident.
■When the job was done, the secretary went home. {secretary：n：部长，秘书，书籍，大臣，写字台；}
简化：主语不一样时，须要保留主语，因此必须省略链接词，且后跟如今分词或过去分词的补语，即成为：The job done, the secretary went home.
■He took on two extra jobs so that he could feed his family.
简化：助动词，简化为不定式的形式，其中的：so as能够省略。He took on two extra jobs (so as) to feed his family. {so as to：为的是，以便；}
■If you are in doubt, you should look up the word in the dictionary.
简化：省略主语、be动词，后仅剩下介词短语形式补语，成为：If in doubt, you should look up the word in the dictionary. {doubt：n：怀疑，疑惑，悬而未定；vt：怀疑，不信任；vi：不肯定；}
■Because pork is so expensive, I'm buying beef instead.
简化：当副词从句的主语和主要从句的主语不一样时，能够将副词从句的主语改写为"介词+主语"的形式，而省略be动词后，简化后剩余的补语正好成为介词短语的补语，也是一种合乎逻辑的简化为介词的方法) 或者 副词从句中的动词是单纯的be动词时，要么改成链接词+补语的形式，要么将be改成being的形式。本句要么改成"介词短语+补语"的形式，或者改成将单纯be动词的副词从句，省略掉链接词，改成being的形式，即：With pork so expensive, I'm buying beef instead. 
          或 Pork being so expensive, I'm buying beef instead. 
When we consider his handicap, he has done very well indeed.
简化：副词从句中，加入be动词改成be+Ving的形式后，省略链接词、主语、be动词后成为：Considering his handicap, he has done very well indeed. {handicap：n：障碍；vt：妨碍；}
 
C on the sofa, we began to watch television.
[A] Sat     [B] Seat     [C] Seated     [D] Set
注释：seat是及物动词，本句可还原为：we were seated on the sofa.
Returning to the room, B.
[A] the book was lost     [B] I found the book missing     [C] missing was book     [D] the book was missing
注释：Returning to room是简化从句，其主语必须与主要从句相同，能表明人的主语，只有B。
■The average age of the Lishan apples C today is about fifty years.
[A] grow     [B] grown     [C] growing     [D] to grow
注释：空格部分，可还原为：that are growing today的简化，growing today表示"今天在长"的。而B中的grown表示"今天种下去的"，根据句中50岁的描述，选B合适语意。
Underground money lenders make most of their income from interest B on loans.
[A] earn     [B] earned     [C] to earn     [D] was earned
注释：空格部分还原为：that is earned on loans.，简化为B。 {income：n：收入，所得，收益；loan：n：贷款，借出；v：借，供应货款；}
■B the driveway, the house appeared to be much smaller that it had seemed to us as children many years ago.
[A] Standing in     [B] Seen from     [C] Crossing     [D] Driving down
注释：4个选项都是以副词从句的简化，可是要求从属从句的主语与主句相同，因此只有A和B。空格部分的宾语是"车道"，房子不能站在里面，因此只能是B，其实When it was seen from的简化。 {the driveway：车道；}
After finishing my degree, D.
[A] my education will be employed by the university
[B] employment will be given to me by the university
[C] the university will employ me
[D] I will be employed by the university
注释：After finishing my degree是After I finish my degree的简化，因此主要从句只能用I做主语，故D。
The man B the paper is my father.
[A] reads     [B] reading     [C] is reading     [D] read
注释：空格部分可还原为：who is reading the paper的简化。
B, he washed the cup and put it away.
[A] Drinking the coffee     [B] Having drunk the coffee     [C] Having drank the coffee     [D] After drank the coffee
注释：A看起来是when he was drinking the coffee的简化，喝的同时洗杯子，不合适，因此应该用完成时的B。 {put away：收拾，放好，存储，吃，放弃，打消，<口>关押；}
■D to the south of China, not far away from the coast of Mainland, Hainan Island has long played an imprtant role in China's tourism.
[A] Its location     [B] Locating     [C] Is located     [D] Located
注释：空格部分是Hainan Island is located to the south……这句的简化，故选D。
John Williams wrote his first novel B.
[A] while he worked a porter at a hotel in Paris     [B] while working as a porter at a hotel in Paris     [C] while worked as a porter at a hotel in Paris     [D] while he was worked as a porter a hotel in Paris
注释：空格部分是while he was working as a porter……的简化，A中的while he worked a proter看成worked的宾语，把不及物的work看成及物动词使用，因此错误。加入be并改造为be+Ving的形式，省略后即为B。 {porter：n：搬运工，(列车)服务员，杂务工，<旧>黑啤酒；波特(人名)；}
 
■A not a big star, the actor played in hundreds of films.
[A] Although     [B] He was     [C] Because     [D] Despite
注释：空格部分，可还原为：Although he was not a big star的简化。
Eisenhauer was president of Columbia University B President of the USA.
[A] before he becomes     [B] before becoming     [C] before     [D] before became
注释：空格部分是before he became President of the USA的简化。 {Eisenhauer：n：埃森豪尔；}
Gold remains stable even D to extremely high temperatures.
[A] when is heated     [B] it is heated     [C] when to heat     [D] when heated
注释：空格部分是even when it is heated……的简化。
A, the stock market crashed.
[A] With investor confidence gone     [B] When investor confidence gone     [C] When investors lose confidence     [D] With investors lost confidence
注释：空格部分可还原为：Because investor confidence was gone简化成介词短语。 {investor：confidence：}
A monkey's brain is small C with the human brain.
[A] when they are compared     [B] when compare     [C] compared     [D] to compare them
注释：空格部分可还原为：when it is compared……。
■Picasso did many of his abstract paintings C living in Paris.
[A] that he was     [B] during     [C] while     [D] and
注释：空格部分可还原为：while he was living……。 {Picasso：n：毕加索；}
A at correct angles, diamonds reflect light brilliantly.
[A] When carved     [B] If it is carved     [C] Carving     [D] If carving
注释：空格部分可还原为：when they are carved……。 {reflect：v：反映，反射，检讨，归咎，显示；brilliant：adj：卓越的，灿烂的，美妙的，杰出的，才华横溢的；n：宝石；}
D, the children gradually learned to be independent.
[A] Because their father gone     [B] Their father was gone     [C] Due to their father was gone     [D] With their father gone
注释：空格部分还原为：Because their father was gone简化为介词短语。 {independent：adj：独立的，自主的，独自的，无偏见的；n：无党派者，独立派人士；}
She broke into tears A the news.
[A] upon hearing     [B] because hearing     [C] when heard     [D] when she hears
注释：空格部分还原为：as soon as she heard the news简化为介词短语。 {break into：闯入，忽然发出，迸发，打断，打扰，侵占，占用；}
A the truth, I know nothing about it.
[A] To tell you     [B] Telling you     [C] I tell you     [D] I told you
注释：空格部分还原为If I can tell you the truth的简化。

View Code

 

 

 

3.5 简化从句练习(Practicing of Reduction Sentence)
3.5.1 简化从句，亦在通常语法书中被称为"非限定从句(Non-finite Clauses)"，其自己是高度精简的句型，也较具备挑战性。

简化从句的两大原则：a. 对等从句中，相对应的位置(主语与主语、动词与动词)若是重复，能够省略。b. 从属从句(名词从句、形容词从句、副词从句)中，省略主语、be动词，只留下补语。若主语非重复或空洞的元素，则应设法保留，以避免句意改变。

动词简化的通用原则：a. 有be动词即省略be动词。 b. 有语气助动词(can(could)、must、should、will(would)、may(might)等，且非have这种事态助动词)则改成不定式。 c. 初以上2点以外的动词，一概加上-ing保留下来。

 

3.5 本小节示例及练习：
例1：
The patient had not responded to the standard treatment.
This fact greatly puzzled the medical team.
简化步骤：
1). 藉由句1整句和句2的the fact创建联系，能够考虑修改成形容词从句(从属从句是主语的修饰内容)或名词从句(从属从句就看成主语自己)。
          若改成形容词从句：The patient had not responded to the standard treatment, which greatly puzzled the medical team. （句2做为形容词来修饰整个句1，但这句存在修辞问题，即：which引导的形容词从句便可以修饰前面的整句，也能够修饰逗号前的名词the standard treatment，形成模棱两可(ambiguous)的毛病。)
          若改成名词从句：That the patient had not responded to standard treatment greatly puzzled the medical team. (直接用that+从句并放到主语位置，便可)
2). 对以上句子进行简化，主语不一样没法省略，因此以全部格的形式出现、没有be动词，将原来的动词变成be+Ving形式、删除无心义的链接词，成为：The patient's not having responded to standard treatment greatly puzzled the medical team. 固然，也能够把从句的动词改写为名词类，使之成为名词短语后作主语，成为：The patient's failure to responded to standard treatment greatly puzzled the medical team.
{puzzle：n：难题，谜，迷惑，拼图游戏；vt：使为难，使困惑；vi：苦思，迷惑；ambiguous：adj：模棱两可的，含糊不清的；failure：n：失败，失败者，不及格，疏忽，失灵，未能，悲惨的事；}
 
例2：
The summer tourists are all gone.
The resort town has resumed its air of tranquility.
简化步骤：
1). 两句没有重复元素，但有前后时间的逻辑关系或者是表示缘由的逻辑关系，因此改形成副词从句，选择链接词(after、because、now that等)。加上表示缘由的副词，成为：Now that the summer tourists are all gone, the resort town has resumed its air of tranquility.
2). 对以上句子简化，主语不一样需保留、去掉be动词留下主语和补语后，副词从句的结构就不存在了，于是能够省略链接词now that，成为：(With) the summer tourists all gone, the resort town has resumed its air of tranquility.，本句中，用介词来取代链接词，并把the tourists放在其后作介词宾语，而all gone依然做为补语，这样的作法比较口语化，而直接省略be动词不加with就显的文诌诌的，不够口语化。
{tourist：n：旅游者，二等舱；adj：观光的，乘坐二等舱的；tourism：n：旅游业，观光；resort：[音：rɪ'zɔːrt]；n：(度假)胜地，手段，凭借；vi：诉诸，常去；resume：v：从新开始，再继续；n：简历，履历，摘要；tranquil：[音：'træŋkwɪl]；adj：安静的，宁静的，稳定的，不变的；tranquility：[音：træŋ'kwɪlətɪ]；n：宁静，平静，稳定；}
 
例3：
a. Confucius must have written on pieces of bamboo.
b. Confucius lived in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.
c. Paper was not available until the Eastern Han Dynasty.
简化步骤：
1). 句1和句2的交叉点confucius，籍由关系词who来链接为关系从句(形容词从句)，成为：(a+b). Confucius, who lived in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, must have written on pieces of bamboo.
2). 对上句进行简化，加入be动词并改写为be+Ving的形势后，简化为：Confucius, living  in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, must have written on pieces of bamboo.
3). 句3的内容表示缘由，因此籍由链接词because以副词从句的方式来链接，成为：(a+b+c). Confucius, living in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, must have written on pieces of bamboo, because paper was not available until the Eastern Han Dynasty.
4). 对上句进行简化，保留不重复的主语、动词为单独的be动词，要么改成"链接词+补语"、要么省略链接词改成"being"的形式，此处改成being的形式，成为：(a+b+c). Confucius, living in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, must have written on pieces of bamboo, paper not being available until the Eastern Han Dynasty.
{Confucius：[音：kən'fjuʃəs]；n：孔子；dynasty：n：朝代，王朝；}
 
例4：
a. The movable-type press was invented by Gutenberg.
b. The movable-type press was introduced to England in 1485.
c. This event marked the end of the Dark Ages there.
简化步骤：
1). 句1和句2的交差点the movable-typre press，籍由关系词which来链接为关系从句(形容词从句)，成为：(a+b). The movable-type press, which was invented by Gutenberg, was introduced to England in 1485.
2). 对上句进行简化，省略主语、be动词后，成为：The movable-type press, invented by Gutenberg, was introduced to England in 1485.
3). 句3中的Event就是上面整句话，由于整句比较长，能够尝试添加个同位语an event，成为：(a+b+c). The movable-type press, invented by Gutenberg, was introduced to England in 1485, an event which marked the end of the Dark Ages there.
4). 对上句进行简化，省略重复部分an event、加入be动词改成be+Ving的形式后，省略关系词which、be动词，成为：The movable-type press, invented by Gutenberg, was introduced to England in 1485, marking the end of the Dark Ages there.
{The movable-type press：活版印刷；invent：v：发明，捏造；the Dark Ages：n：英国的黑暗时期；}
 
例5：
a. Ben Kook was educated in an art college.
b. Ben Kook acts unusual at times.
c. Ben Kook deals with economic matters at these times.
1). 句1和句2没有重复，但有表示因果的逻辑关系，籍由关系词because链接成的副词从句：(a+b). Because he was educated in an art college, Ben Kook acts unusual at times.
2). 对上句进行简化，省略重复主语、be动词，成为：Educated in an art college, Ben Kook acts unusual at times.
3). 句3中的at these time与上句中的at times重复，籍由链接词when连击为副词从句，成为：(a+b+c). Educated in an art college, Ben Kook acts unusual (at times) when he deals with economic matters.
4). 对上句进行简化，处于次要地位的at times是副词类，且跟when重复，能够先行省略，而后在省略主语、加入be动词改成be+Ving结构后省略be动词，可是when表明的重复内容已经省略，因此这里不适合省略when，也能够将when引导的关系从句看作名词从句，成为：Educated in an art college, Ben Kook acts unusual when dealing with economic matters.
{at times：有时；unusual：adj：异常的，独特的，不同凡响的；economic：adj：经济学的，经济的，有利可图的；}
 
例6：
a. I'd like something.
b. You will meet some people.
c. Then you can leave.
简化步骤:
1). 句1中的宾语something表明整个句2，因此句2加上that成为名词从句并代替something的位置，成为：(a+b). I'd like that you (will) meet some people. (注意，句1和句2合并后，that从句含有祈使语气，因此助动词用will应省略或保持原形。)
2). 对上句进行简化，保留不重复的主语，省略链接词that、助动词改写为toV形式，成为：I'd like you to meet some people.
3). 句3和上句没有重复，但有表示时间的逻辑关系，藉由关系词before链接成为副词从句，成为：(a+b+c). I'd like you to meet some people before you (can) leave.
4). 对上句进行简化，省略重复主语you、而且注意到before是介词性质的链接词，因此改成Ving的形式，成为：I'd like you to meet some people before leaving.
 
例7：
a. I have not practiced very much.
b. I should have practiced very much.
c. I am worried about something.
d. I might forget something.
e. What should I say during the speech contest?
简化步骤：
1). 句1和句2虽然有重复的单词"have practiced very much"，但两句表示的是一种"本该作确没作"的"条件或让步"的逻辑关系，因此藉由链接词as much as链接的副词从句，即：(a+b). I have not practiced as much as I should (have practiced).，其中的重复部分have practiced能够省略。也能够把as看作副词来修饰形容词much，然后一个as来引导一个副词从句。
2). 句3和上句没有重复，但有表示因果的逻辑关系，藉由链接词because来链接成副词从句，成为：(a+b+c). Because I have not practiced as much as I should, I am worried about something.
3). 对上句进行省略，省略掉链接词、重复主语、加入be动词改成Ving的形式后，成为：Not having practiced as much as I should, I am worried about something.
4). 上句中的about something"担忧的事情"就是句4的内容，可是由于something是放在介词后面，因此要连成复句的话，能够先改写成about the possibility，在把句4加上that，造成名词从句来作posibility的同位语，即：(a+b+c+d). Not having practiced as much as I should, I am worried (about the possibility) that I might forget something.
5). 对上句进行简化，由于介词短语about the possibility和that重复，因此能够省略，但其后的名词从句的简化(要省略掉that)，则要把介词about保留下来以安放简化后的名词从句。省略重复主语I、that链接词、助动词应该为toV的形式(但因为介词about的缘由，要改成Ving的动名词形式)，即：Not having practiced as much as I should, I am worried about forgetting something.
6). 上句中的something就是句5的整个内容，因此把疑问句直接改成非疑问的名词从句，并却带something，成为：(a+b+c+d+e). Not having practiced as much as I should, I am worried about forgetting what I should say during the speech contest.
7). 对上句进行简化，省略重复主语、助动词改成toV形式，成为：Not having practiced as much as I should, I am worried about forgetting what to say during the speech contest.
{contest：[音：'kɑːntest]；n：竞赛，比赛；vt：驳斥，争取；vi：奋斗；}
 
例8：
a. A. Fries was the leader of the College football team then.
b. A. Fries is the director of a football club now.
c. A. Fries say something.
d. The college football team lost in the important game.
e. A. Fries offered something.
f. He would assume responsibility.
g. He would tender his resignation.
简化步骤：
1). 句1和句2分别描述A.Fries当时与如今的身份，且两句在内容和句型上对仗工整，适合以对等从句(合句)的方式来表现，所以，藉由对等链接词and链接成为对等从句，即：(a+b). A. Fries was the leader of the College football team then and he is the director of a football club now.
2). 对上句进行简化，省略对等位置的重复部分，成为：A. Fries was the leader of the College football team then and the director of a football club now.
3). 句3中的something就是整个句4的内容，因此适合连接为藉由that引导的名词从句，整个句4放入something的位置，即：(c+d). A. Fries saw that the College football team lost in the important game.
4). 对上句进行简化，省略链接词that、保留非重复主语后，成为：A. Fries saw the College football team's loss in the important game.
5). 句5中的something，就是句6中"要负起的责任"，因此把整个句6改成名词从句放入something的位置，即：(e+f). A. Fries offered that he (would) assume responsibility.
6). 对上句进行简化，省略链接词、重复主语、助动词改成toV形式，成为：A. Fries offered to assume responsibility.
7). 2)中的句子描述的是具体的职位，有补充说明的功能，因此可改成关系从句并与6)句创建链接关系，成为：(e+f+a+b). A. Fries, who was the leader of the College football team then and the director of a football club now, offered to assume responsibility.
8). 对上句进行简化，省略主语who、be动词，只留下补语类，成为：A. Fries, the leader of the College football team then and the director of a football club now, offered to assume responsibility.
9.) 上句中"要付的责任"和4)中的句子虽没有重复，可是有因果逻辑关系，藉由链接词because改写为副词从句，成为：(e+f+a+b+c+d). Because he saw the College football team's loss in the important game, A. Fries, the leader of the College football team then and the director of a football club now, offered to assume responsibility.
10). 对上句进行简化，省略链接词because、重复主语、加入be改成be+Ving的形式并省略后，成为：Seeing the College football team's loss in the important game, A. Fries, the leader of the College football team then and the director of a football club now, offered to assume responsibility.
11). 句7中的"打算辞职"的内容，是为了说明上句中"负责的方式"，也就是句7应该修饰上句中的动词assume，"以……方式"最好用介词by表示，即：by the way，因此句7改造为名词从句并直接放入by后面做介词的宾语，成为： Seeing the College football team's loss in the important game, A. Fries, the leader of the College football team then and the director of a football club now, offered to assume responsibility by that he would tender his resignation.
12). 对上句进行简化，省略链接词、重复主语，且介词by后须要动名词Ving，最后成为：(e+f+a+b+c+d+g). Seeing the College football team's loss in the important game, A. Fries, the leader of the College football team then and the director of a football club now, offered to assume responsibility by tendering his resignation.
{director：n：董事，经理，导演，主管，总监，指挥者；assume：[音：ə'suːm]；vt：假定，设想，承担，(想固然的)认为，伪装；resignation：n：辞职，辞呈，顺从；}
 
 
a. Been Book was educated in an art college. (because)
b. Ben Book acts unusual.
c. Ben Book deals with economic matters. (while)
■简化步骤：
1). 句1和句2，组成副词从句，即：Because Been Book was educated in an art college, Ben Book acts unusual.(简化为：Educated in an art college, Ben Book acts unusual.)
2). 句3中用while来表示"时间、地点"，将句3看作是副词从句，即：Educated in an art college, Ben Book acts unusual while he deals with economic matters.，简化后成为：Educated in an art college, Ben Book acts unusual while dealing with economic matters.
 
a. I'd like something.
b. You will meet some people. (that)
简化步骤：
1). 句1和句2没有重复内容，整个句2是句1中的something，因此适合改成名词从句：I'd like that you will meet some people.
2). 对上句进行简化，保留非重复主语、省略链接词、助动词改成toV，成为：I'd like that you to meet some people(one).
 
a. I'm not sure.
b. What should I do?
简化步骤：
1). 句1和句2没有重复内容，整个句2是句1中的不肯定的内容，因此适合改成名词从句：I'm not sure what I should do. (将疑问句改成非疑问的形式)
2). 对上句进行简化，保留非重复主语、有意义的链接词，并将助动词改成toV，成为：I'm not sure what to do.
 
a. He worked late into the night.
b. He was trying to finish the report. (because)
■简化步骤：
1). 句1和句2没有重复内容，但句1和句2有表示因果的逻辑关系，因此藉由链接词because链接成为副词从句，即：He worked late into the night, because he was trying to finish the report.
2). 对上句进行简化，省略重复主语、be动词后，成为：He worked late into the night trying to finish the report.
 
a. The soldier was wounded in the war. (after)
b. He was sent home.
■简化步骤：
1). 句1和句2没有重复内容，但句1和句2有表示时间前后的逻辑关系，因此藉由链接词after链接成为副词从句，即：After the soldier was wounded in the war, he was sent home.
2). 对上句进行简化，主从句主语相同，且从句的动词为单纯的be动词，因此要么改成"链接词+补语"的形式，要么省略链接词改成"being"的形式，因此改成being的形式，保留有意义的链接词，成为：(After/being) wounded in the war, the soldier was sent home. (其中wounded已经有"完成、已经"的意思，因此After/being也能够省略)。
 
a. He used to smoke a lot.
b. He got married. (before)
简化步骤：
1). 句1和句2没有重复内容，但句1和句2有表示时间前后的逻辑关系，因此藉由链接词before链接成为副词从句，即：He used to smoke a lot before he got married.
2). 对上句进行简化，省略重复主语、加入be动词改成be+Ving的形式后(介词后也要求名词类的宾语)，成为：He used to smoke a lot before getting married.
 
a. I am afraid.
b. The Democratic Party might win a majority. (that)
■简化步骤：
1). 句1和句2没有重复内容，整个句2是句1中的afraid的内容(可是afraid后面的宾语位置须要配合介词of来使用，即：I am afraid of something)，因此适合改成名词从句：I am afraid of that the Democratic Party might win a majority.
2). 对上句进行简化，保留非重复主语并改成全部格、省略链接词、助动词改成toV，可是因为介词of的存在，因此应该为名词类的动名词Ving，成为：I am afraid of the Democratic Party's winning a majority.
{democracy：[音：dɪ'mɑːkrəsi]；n：民主国家，民主，民主制；democratic：[音：ˌdemə'krætɪk]；adj：民主的，民主党的，大众的；The Democratic Party：n：民主党；majority：n：大多数，多数，多数党，多数派；}
 
a. I have nothing better to do. (when)
b. I enjoy something.
c. I play poker. (that)
■■简化步骤：
1). 句2和句3没有重复内容，整个句3是句2中的something，因此适合改成名词从句：I enjoy that I play poker.
2). 对上句进行简化，省略重复主语、省略链接词、加入be动词改成be+Ving形式后，省略成为：I enjoy playing poker.
3). 句1和上句没有重复内容，但有表示"时间、地点"的逻辑关系，因此藉由链接词when链接为副词从句，即：When I have nothing better to do, I enjoy playing poker .
4). 对上句进行简化，省略重复主语、保留有意义的链接词、加入be动词改成be+Ving形式后，省略成为：When having nothing better to do, I enjoy playing poker. 本句虽然简化完成，但在口语化的句型中，一般能够牺牲一部分简洁性以换取句子的清楚性，即，再口语化的句子中，简化为：When I have nothing better to do, I enjoy playing poker. 就已是成功的简化句了。因此，简化从句也要根据不一样的应用状况作出调整。
 
a. Mike won the contest. (when)
b. Mike was awarded then thousand dollars.
■简化步骤：
1). 句1和句2没有重复内容，但句1和句2有表示"时间、地点"的逻辑关系，因此藉由链接词when链接成为副词从句，即：Mike was awarded then thousand dollars when he won the contest,.
2). 对上句进行简化，省略重复主语、保留有意义的链接词、加入be动词改成be+Ving形式后，成为：Mike was awarded then thousand dollars when winning the contest. 
另外，还有对于副词从句，还有种特殊的简化方法，即：把链接词改成意义近似的介词短语，而把整个从句简化为名词从句后做为介词短语中的宾语(由于整个从句简化为只有1个宾语，因此须要大量简化)，故也能够简化为：(Upon) winning the contest, Mike was awarded ten thousand dollars.
{contest：n：竞赛，比赛；vt：驳斥，争取；vi：奋斗；award：n：奖品，奖；v：授予，给予，判给；}
 
a. The motorcyclist was pulled over by the police car.
b. The motorcyclist did not wear a safety helmet. (who)
简化步骤：
1). 句1和句2的交叉点是motorcyclist，籍由关系词who来链接为关系从句(形容词从句)，成为：The motorcyclist who did not wear a safety helmet was pulled over by the police car.
2). 对上句进行简化，省略重复主语、省略链接词、加入be动词改成be+Ving形式后(忽略表示否认的时态助动词)，省略成为：The motorcyclist not wearing a safety helmet was pulled over by the police car.
{motorcyclist：n：骑摩托车的人；helmet：[音：'helmɪt]；n：头盔，安全帽；pull over：路边停车；}
 
a. The mayor declined.
b. The mayor was a very busy person. (who)
c. The mayor was asked to give a speech at the opening ceremony. (when)
■简化步骤：
1). 句1和句2的交叉点是The mayor，籍由关系词who来链接为关系从句(形容词从句，由于已经指明是市长，因此没有进一步修饰的空间，因此是补充说明性质的，用括弧性质的逗号隔开)，成为：The mayor, who was a very busy person, declined something.
2). 对上句进行简化，省略重复主语、省略链接词、省略be动词只留下补语部分，成为：The mayor, a very busy person, declined.
3). 句1和上句没有重复内容，但有表示"时间、地点"的逻辑关系，因此藉由链接词when链接为副词从句，即：The mayor, a very busy person, declined when the mayor was asked to give a speech at the opening ceremony.
4). 对上句进行简化，主从句的主语相同，省略重复主语、保留有意义的链接词、从句的动词为单独的be动词，要么改成"链接词+补语"的形式，要么省略链接词改成"being"的形式，此处不能省略链接词，故而改成"链接词+补语"的形式，即：The mayor, a very busy person, declined when asked to give a speech at the opening ceremony.
{mayor：[音：'meɪər]；n：市长；decline：v：降低，减小，变弱，拒绝，倾斜；n：衰微，跌落，晚年；ceremony：n：仪式，礼节，典礼；}
 
a. Tax rates are already very high. (although)
b. Tax rates might be raised further to rein in inflation.
简化步骤：
1). 句1和句2没有重复内容，但句1和句2有表示"相反"的逻辑关系，因此藉由链接词although链接成为副词从句，即：Although tax rates are already very high, tax rates might be raised further to rein in inflation.
2). 对上句进行简化，主从句的主语相同，省略重复主语、保留有意义的链接词(或者用still替换)、从句的动词为单独的be动词，要么改成"链接词+补语"的形式，要么省略链接词改成"being"的形式，此处保留链接词，故而改成"链接词+补语"的形式，成为：Although  already very high, tax rates might be raised further to rein in inflation.
{rate：n：比率，速度，价格，费用，等级；v：认为，估价，定等级，值得，怒斥，责骂；rein：[音：reɪn]；n：缰绳，驾驭，控制；vt：控制，驾驭；vi：驾驭；inflation：n：通货膨胀，膨胀；}
 
a. The resort town is crowded.
b. There has been an influx of tourists for the holiday season. (because)
■■简化步骤：
1). 句1和句2没有重复内容，但句1和句2有表示因果的逻辑关系，因此藉由链接词because链接成为副词从句，即：The resort town is crowded because there has been an influx of tourists for the holiday season.
2). 对上句进行简化，省略链接词、保留非重复主语、省略无心义的there be结构，只剩下名词类补语部分，可是本句已是svc结构，后面没有名词的空间，因此能够考虑将补语改成介词短语的形式，成为：The resort town is crowded with an influx of tourists for the holiday season.
{resort：[音：rɪ'zɔːrt]；n：(度假)胜地，手段，凭借；vi：诉诸，常去；influx：[音：'ɪnflʌks]；n：流入，河口，聚集，涌入；tourist：n：旅游者，二等舱；adj：观光的，乘坐二等舱的；}
 
a. The student had failed in two tests. (though)
b. The student was able to pass the course.
简化步骤：
1). 句1和句2没有重复内容，但句1和句2有表示"相反"的逻辑关系，因此藉由链接词though链接成为副词从句(though比较口语化，而although比较书面化)，即：Though the student had failed in two tests, the student was able to pass the course.
2). 对上句进行简化，省略重复主语、保留有意义的链接词(或者用still替换)、加入be动词改成beVing的形式后，省略成为：Though having failed in two tests, the student was able to pass the course. 或 用still表示though，成为：Having failed in two tests, the student was still able to pass the course.
 
a. The president avoided the issue. (that)
b. This was obvious to the audience.
■简化步骤：
1). 句1和句2没有重复内容，整个句1是句2中的主语，因此适合改成名词从句：That the president avoided the issue was obvious to the audience. 或 It was obvious to the audience that the President avoided the issue.
2). 对上句进行简化，保留链接词、保留非重复主语并改成全部格、加入be动词并给位be+Ving的形式后，省略成为：The president's avoiding the issue was obvious to the audience. 或着把从句改成名词类看成主要从句的主语来使用，成为：The President's avoidence of the issue was obvious to the audience.
{avoid：vt：避免，逃避，[律]使无效，撤销；issue：n：议题，问题，期刊号，一次发行额，发行，[律]子女；v：发表，公布，正式发给，发行，流出；audience：n：听众，观众，读者，倾听，拥护者，正式会见；obvious to：对……来讲是明显的；}
 
a. Anyone could tell he was upset.
b. He had the look on his face. (because)
■■简化步骤：
1). 句1和句2没有重复内容，但句1和句2有表示因果的逻辑关系，因此藉由链接词because链接成为副词从句，即：Anyone could tell he was upset because he had the look on his face.
2). 对上句进行简化，乍一看比较难简化，其实句1是Anyone could tell something. + That he was upset (with something).两句结合成的名词从句，直接省略链接词、保留非重复主语并改成全部格的形式、加入be动词改成beVing的形式后，省略成为：Anyone could tell he was upset his having the look on his face.，看起来比较怪异的缘由，就是upset后面的with something被省略掉，因此若用副词从句的另外一种特殊的简化方法，即：把链接词改成意义近似的介词短语，而把整个从句简化为名词从句后做为介词短语中的宾语，后成为：Anyone could tell he was upset, with the look on his face.
{upset：adj：心烦的，苦恼的，不安的，不适的；v：推翻，翻倒，颠覆，打乱，使心烦；n：混乱，推翻；}
 
a. Michael Crichton is in town.
b. He is author of Jurassic Park. (who)
c. He could promote his new novel. (so that)
■简化步骤：
1). 句1和句2的交叉点是Michael Crichton，籍由关系词who来链接为关系从句(形容词从句)，由于Michael Crichton已是具体的人，没有更进一步说明的空间，因此看成专有名词看待，成为： Michael Crichton, who is author of Jurassic Park, is in town.
2). 对上句进行简化，省略链接词、be动词，只留下补语，成为：Michael Crichton, author of Jurassic Park, is in town.
3). 句3和上句没有重复内容，但有表示"目的"的逻辑关系，因此藉由链接词so that链接为副词从句，即：Michael Crichton, author of Jurassic Park, is in town so that he could promote his new novel.
4). 对上句进行简化，省略重复主语、助动词改成toV的形式、so that +to，可变为so as to，成为：Michael Crichton, author of Jurassic Park, is in town (so as) to promote his new novel.
{Michael Crichton：[音：ai]；n：克莱顿；promote：vt：促进，提高，升迁，发起，促销，推销；}
 
a. I am a conservative. (although)
b. I'd like to see something.
c. The conservative party is chastised in the next election. (that)
■简化步骤：
1). 句1和句2没有重复内容，但句1和句2有表示"相反"的逻辑关系，因此藉由链接词though链接成为副词从句(though比较口语化，而although比较书面化)，即：Although I am a conservative, I'd like to see something.
2). 对上句进行简化，省略重复主语、be动词(主语相同不用改变，当主语同时须要变为省略主语的"链接词+补语"形式或保留主语的"Being"形式)、保留有意义的链接词(或者用still替换)，省略成为：Although (being) a conservative, I'd like to see something. 或 用still表示though，成为：Being a conservative, I'd still like to see something.
3). 句3和上句没有重复内容，整个句3是上句中的something，因此适合改成名词从句：Although (being) a conservative, I'd like to see that the conservative party is chastised in the next election.
4). 对上句进行简化，保留非重复的主语、省略链接词that、be动词，只留下补语，成为：Although (being) a conservative, I'd like to see the conservative party chastised in the next election.
{conservative：[音：kən'sɜːrvətɪv]；adj：保守的，守旧的；n：保守派(党)，保守的人；chastise：[音：tʃæ'staɪz]；v：严惩，责难，鞭笞[chi]；election：n：选举，当选，选举权；}
 
a. The man found a fly in his soup. (when)
b. The man called to the waiter.
简化步骤：
1). 句1和句2没有重复内容，但句1和句2有表示"当……的时候"的逻辑关系，因此藉由链接词when链接成为副词从句，即：The man called to the waiter when the man found a fly in his soup.
或 When the man found a fly in his soup, the man called to the waiter.
2). 对上句进行简化，保留有意义的链接词、省略重复主语、加入be动词改成beVing的形式后，省略成为：The man called to the waiter when finding a fly in his soup. 或 Finding a fly in his soup, the man called to the waiter.
 
a. It is a warm day. (because)
c. We will go to the beach.
■■简化步骤：
1). 句1和句2没有重复内容，但句1和句2有表示因果的逻辑关系，因此藉由链接词because链接成为副词从句，即：Because it is a warm day, we will go to the beach.
2). 对上句进行简化，省略链接词，可是主语不一样时，因此须要保留主语，那么须要省略掉链接词(不然会看作遗漏动词)，而且主语后直接跟如今分词或过去分词形式的补语(必要时能够借助be动词)，本句中没有分词补语，因此借用be动词的分词形式，即：It being a warm day, we will go to the beach.

View Code

 

 

 

 

3.6 倒装句(Inversion Sentence)

3.6.1 倒装句：广义的倒装句是指把动词(或助动词)移到主语前面的句型，因此通常的疑问句均可以算做是倒装句。抛开这种只有语法功能的倒装句不谈，标准意义的倒装句是指具备修辞功能的倒装句，其用来强调语气、加强清楚性与简洁性，并可以更流畅的衔接先后的句子。

 

3.6.2 七种重要的倒装句：比较级的倒装、关系从句的倒装、假设语气的倒装、引用句的倒装、相似there is/are的倒装、否认副词开头的倒装、简单倒装。

比较级的倒装：比较级的句型一般会牵涉到两个从句的比较，而两个从句有重复的部分才能比较，因为一旦有重复就有省略的空间，所以省略不当就会伤害句子的清楚性。比较级须要用到倒装句的情形大都是：从属从句中的助动词或do动词不易省略，且从属从句的主语后面的修饰语较长。

关系从句的倒装：关系从句的关系词(关系代名词、关系副词)用来修饰先行词，若是不是原先就处于从句句首的位置，则要将其移到从句的句首以让他发挥链接词的功能(若关系词存在于介词短语中，则由于介词短语中内含关系词，因此要将整个介词短语移至先行词后面)。注意，当关系词移动到从句句首时，形成顺序的反常，才有倒装的可能；若是关系词没有移动就不能倒装。

假设语气的倒装：在假设语气的副词从句(每每由if引导)中，若是有be动词、助动词就能够考虑这种单纯的倒装句，若是没有则不能使用倒装。其具体作法是：省略掉链接词(如if)后，把be动词或助动词移到主语前面来取代链接词的功能。

引用句的倒装：在直接引用句(双引号括起来)和间接引用句(不用引号)中，均可以使用倒装句来突出引用句的内容。其具体作法是：引用句每每出如今宾语位置，为了强调引用句的内容而把它挪到句首，这样，与其紧密相关的动词也能够移到主语前，从而成为倒装句。注意，直接引用句中，主语和动词能够保持原来的顺序而不必定要倒装过来，可是间接引用句则须要倒装过来。

相似there is/are的倒装：这中倒装句的作法是：把地点副词(here、there、In……具体地名)挪到句首，句型和there is/are句型很接近，修辞功能在于强调语气和衔接上下文(例如：地点副词能够强调其后的动词、主语、甚至地点副词自己；也能够以地点副词to the west of……和to the east of……来衔接上下文)。

否认副词开头的倒装：表示否认意味的副词(not、never、hardly、barely)挪到句首来强调语气时，须要使用倒装句。这些否认副词，有时是和助动词一块儿来表示否认的(如：don't、will not等)、有时是来修饰动词的，因此倒装时其助动词或动词也须要迁移来保证否认副词和助动词或动词的紧密贴合。可是，本来就处于句首位置的否认副词(如：修饰位于句首的主语)，则是正常位置，不须要倒装。另外，当only+adv表示强烈的否认意味时，也须要采用倒装句型。

not only……but also……的相关词组(correlative)中，but是对等链接词，要求省略号部分的严格对称。当把not only移到句首来强调语气时，由于not only是有否认功能的副词(not only和but also都是focusing adverbs，都是具备强调功能的副词)，因此要采用倒装句型，且not only和but also对等的省略号部分也要求倒装(有时but also会拆开，倒装时其also不该该强调主语，而是应该和only同样强调动词)。

{barely：adv：几乎不，刚刚，勉强，少许地；}

简单倒装句：So引导的表示与前句内容相同的句子(如：Mary is pretty. So is her sister.)，以及某些相似祈使句的不经常使用的倒装句(如：Long live the King!)。

 

3.6 本小节示例及练习：
Girls like cats more than boys. (ambiguous，模棱两可不清楚。本句既能够理解为：Girls like cats more than boys do.又能够理解为：Girls like cats more than they like boys.)
Girls like cats more than do boys, who as a rule are a cruel a lot. (Inversion Sentence，比较级倒装产生的缘由：从属从句中的助动词或do动词不易省略，且主语后面的修饰语太长。上句中若是要表达"女孩比男孩更喜欢猫"的说法，则do动词不能省略(省略后没法判断boys是主语仍是宾语，不清楚是被喜欢对象，仍是喜欢猫的人)，成为：Girls like cats more than boys, who as a rule are cruel lot, do. 该句修辞效果不佳，句中的do不能省略，但它又和他的主语距离太远，会伤害句子的清楚性，此外do表明的like cats也由于距离太远而不清楚，因此改成倒装句后，成为本句。在修辞效果上，一来do和主语放在了一块儿，二来do和其表明的like cats的距离也缩减到最小。)
{inversion：n：倒转，反向，倒置，[语]到装法；cruel：adj：残酷的，残忍的，引发痛苦的；}
The President is a man on whom falls a heavy responsibility, whether he likes it or not. (Inversion Sentence，关系从句的倒装：关系从句的关系词(关系代名词、关系副词)用来修饰先行词，若是不是原先就处于从句句首的位置，则要将其移到从句的句首以让他发挥链接词的功能。注意，当关系词移动到从句句首时，形成顺序的反常，才有倒装的可能；若是关系词没有移动就不能倒装。本句是由：The President is a man.和A heavy responsibility, whether he likes it or not, falls on him.组成为关系从句：The President is a man on whom a heavy responsibility, whether he likes it or not, falls. (relative+s+v修辞不佳，介词短语on whom由于内含有关系词，因此要一并移到句首的位置)，on whom介词短语看成副词来修饰动词fall，移动后与被修饰对象距离太远，并且主语与动词的距离也很远，因此改成倒装句成为本句。修辞效果上，依赖关系词whom和先行词在一块儿，二来介词短语on whom做为副词也和其修饰的动词在一块儿。)
The President is a man who bears a lot of responsibility. (relative clause，关系从句的倒装，关系词没有移动就不能倒装。本句中的关系从句可还原为：He bears a lot of responsibility，he改形成who后自己就在句首，无需倒装。)
Had I been there, I could have done something to help. (Inversion Sentence，假设语气的倒装：在假设语气的副词从句(每每由if引导)中，若是有be动词、助动词就能够考虑这种单纯的倒装句，若是没有则不能使用倒装。其具体作法是：省略掉链接词(如if)后，把be动词或助动词移到主语前面来取代链接词的功能。本句可还原为：If I had been there, I could have done something to help. (adverbial clause)，省略掉if，并把be动词或助动词移到句首来取代if的假设语气，成为本句。)
"None was killed in the accident," said the police. (o+v+s，引用句的倒装：在直接引用句(双引号括起来)和间接引用句(不用引号)中，均可以使用倒装句来突出引用句的内容。其具体作法是：引用句每每出如今宾语位置，为了强调引用句的内容而把它挪到句首，这样，与其紧密相关的动词也能够移到主语前，从而成为倒装句。注意，直接引用句中，主语和动词能够保持原来的顺序而不必定要倒装过来，可是间接引用句则须要倒装过来。原句的正常顺序为：The police said, "None was liked in the accident." (s+v+o[direct quotation])，为了强调引用句的内容，将内容提早，对于直接引用句，主语和动词能够倒装也能够不倒装。)
{quotation：n：语录，饮用，行情，引语，报价；}
Cholera, warns the WHO, is coming back. (v+s，引用句的倒装，为了强调引用句的内容，将内容提早，对于间接引用句，主语和动词须要一并倒装。原句的正常顺序为：The WHO warns that cholera is coming back. (s+v+o[indirect quotation])，将间接引用的内容提早，并主语和动词倒装后成为本句。)
{WHO：n：世界卫生组织(World Health Organization)；cholera：[音：'kɑːlərə]]；n：霍乱；}
There goes the train! (adverb of place+v+s，相似there is/are的倒装：这中倒装句的作法是：把地点副词(here、there、In……具体地名)挪到句首，句型和there is/are句型很接近，修辞功能在于强调语气和衔接上下文(例如：地点副词能够强调其后的动词、主语、甚至地点副词自己；也能够以地点副词to the west of……和to the east of……来衔接上下文)。本句中，地点副词用来强调动词go。)
Here is your ticket for the opera! (adverb of place+v+s，相似there is/are的倒装。本句中，地点副词用来强调主语ticket。)
In Loch Ness dwells a mysterious monster. (adverb of place+v+s，相似there is/are的倒装。本句中，地点副词In Loch Ness用来强调地点Loch Ness和主语monster。)
{Loch Ness：[音：lɑːk nis]；n：尼斯湖；dwell：[音：dwel]；vi：居住，存在，冥想，详细阐述；mysterious：[音：mɪ'stɪriəs]；adj：神秘的，难以想象的；}
To the west of Taiwan lies Southern China. To the east spreads the expanse of the Pacific. (相似there is/are的倒装。本句中，地点副词to the west和to the east用来衔接上下文。)
{spread：v：传播，展开，散布，铺开，伸展，涂撒；n：范围，传播，差额，幅度，盛宴；expanse：[音：ɪk'spæns]；n：宽阔的区域；}
Not every day do we have such luck. (否认副词开头的倒装：表示否认意味的副词(not、never、hardly、barely)挪到句首来强调语气时，须要使用倒装句。这些否认副词，有时是和助动词一块儿来表示否认的(如：don't、will not等)、有时是来修饰动词的，因此倒装时其助动词或动词也须要迁移来保证否认副词和助动词或动词的紧密贴合。可是，本来就处于句首位置的否认副词(如：修饰位于句首的主语)，则是正常位置，不须要倒装。另外，当only+adv表示强烈的否认意味时，也须要采用倒装句型。本句的正常顺序为：We don't have such luck every day.，为了强调"不是天天"将not every day至于句首，not是否认意味的副词，因此须要倒装为本句。注意助动词do是和not表达否认觉得的，因此助动词也要前移来配合否认的须要)。
Not until you are married will I stop waiting for you. (否认副词开头的倒装，原句的正常顺序为：I will not stop waiting for you until you are marred.，not和will共同表示否认，当把not until you……提到句首来强调时，助动词will也须要倒装，从而成为本句。)
Hardly had I sat down to work when the phone rang. (否认副词开头的倒装：表示否认意味的副词(not、never、hardly、barely)挪到句首来强调语气时，须要使用倒装句。本句的正顺序为：I had hardly sat down to work when the phone rang.，本句中的否地意味的幅度，如not、never、hardly、barely等，移到句首时，也要倒装成为本句。)
Hardly anyone knew him. (否认副词开头的倒装：本来就处于句首位置的否认副词(如：修饰位于句首的主语)，则是正常位置，不须要倒装。本句中hardly做为副词修饰主语anyone，其自己就在句首是正常顺序，不须要倒装。)
Only I saw him yesterday. (否认副词开头的倒装：本来就处于句首位置的否认副词(如：修饰位于句首的主语)，则是正常位置，不须要倒装。本句中only做为副词修饰主语I，其自己就在句首是正常顺序，不须要倒装。)
Only yesterday did I see him. (否认副词开头的倒装：当only+adv表示强烈的否认意味时，也须要采用倒装句型。本句的正常顺序为：I saw him only yesterday. ，only yesterday表示"仅仅就是昨天，而不是更早之前的时间"，其也有隐含的否认觉得，因此也须要倒装成为本句。)
(没有否认觉得的副词处于句首，自己就不须要倒装。)
Only gradually did they become close friends. (否认副词开头的倒装：当only+adv表示强烈的否认意味时，也须要采用倒装句型。当不带有only时，句子：Gradually they became close friends. ，句首的副词自己没有否认觉得是正常顺序，可是加上only后就有了强烈的否认意味了，这时就须要倒装成为本句。)
{gradually：adv：逐渐地；}
Not only did he pass the exam but he also scored at the top. (否认副词开头的倒装：not only……but also……的相关词组(correlative)中，but是对等链接词，要求省略号部分的严格对称。当把not only移到句首来强调语气时，由于not only是有否认功能的副词(not only和but also都是focusing adverbs，都是具备强调功能的副词)，因此要采用倒装句型，且not only和but also对等的省略号部分也要求倒装(有时but also会拆开，倒装时其also不该该强调主语，而是应该和only同样强调动词。原句是：He not only passed the exam but also scored at the top.，当把not only移动到句首强调时，成为：Not only did he pass the exam but also scored at the top. (X)，这句中出现了对等链接词左右不对称的问题，前半句的倒装是正确的，but also的左边是从句he pass the exam，但右边倒是动词短语scored at top，因此首先要修改成准确的结构，即：Not only did he pass the exam but also he scored at the top. (不许确)，这样语法没问题，可是修辞效果不佳。also和only都是focusing adverbs，都有强调的功能，only用来强调did……，因此also也有用来强调动词scored，因此but also应该拆开来成为but he also scored……，这样not only did……和but he also scored……才能左右呼应而成为本句。)
Mary is pretty. So is her sister. (v+s，简单倒装句：So引导的表示与前句内容相同的句子。)
Long live the King! (v+s，单倒装句：某些相似祈使句的不经常使用的倒装句。)
 
 
■The students were warned that on no account B to cheat.
[A] they were     [B] were they     [C] they should     [D] they can
注释：on on account是否认副词短语，移至that从句(名词从句)句首须要倒装。 {cheat：vt：欺骗，骗取；vi：做弊，行骗；n：骗子，欺骗；}
C make up for lost time.
[A] Only by working hard we can     [B] By only working hard we can     [C] Only by working hard can we     [D] By only working hard can we
注释：only by working hard引诱only修饰，表示"只有……而非其余"，因此须要到倒装。 {make up：弥补，和解，编造，整理，化妆，拼凑成；}
Rarely B such nonsense.
[A] I have heard     [B] have I heard     [C] I do hear     [D] don't hear
注释：rarely具备否认功能，须要倒装。 {rarely：adv：不多，可贵；nonsense：n：废话，胡说，荒唐；}
C perched a large black bird.
[A] Often     [B] Suddenly     [C] On the wire     [D] It
注释：地点副词位于句首，相似there is/are的句型，须要倒装。 {perch：n：栖木，高位，杆，河鲈鱼；v：栖息，就位，位于；}
Only just now B to him about the thing to heed while riding a motorcycle.
[A] I talked     [B] was I talking     [C] talked I     [D] I was talked
注释：only再句首，且有否认的意味，须要到倒装。 {heed：v：注意，留心；n：注意，留心；}
■John was as confused about the rules A.
[A] as were the other contestants     [B] as the other contestants had     [C] than were the other contestants     [D] than the other contestants had
注释：前面是as confused，因此有也应为as。且前面是is，因此在as……as的对称接口中也用be动词，不能用had。并且，后面的as的主语较长，若是were至于最后会形成其描述的补语与动词相聚太远，因此采用比较级的倒装句式。 {confuse：vt：使困惑，使混乱，混淆；contestant：n：竞争者，参赛者；}
An IBM PC 286 is as powerful D on NASA's Voyager II.
[A] than the mainframe computer is     [B] than is the mainframe computer     [C] as the mainframe computer is powerful     [D] as is the mainframe computer
注释：句中采用as……as的句式，C中的is powerful重复了，因此选D。 {NASA：National Aeronautics and Space Administration(美国国家航空和航天管理局)；aeronautics：[音：ˌerə'nɔːtɪks]；n：航空学；voyager：[音：'vɔɪɪdʒər]；n：航海者，航行者；mainfram：n：主机，大型计算机；}
■The New Testament is a book B the life and teachings of Jesus.
[A] which can be found     [B] in which can be found     [C] which can find     [D] in which can find
注释：原句是The life and teachings of Jesus can be found in the book，改为关系从句后在倒装，便是B。 {testament：n：证实，自白，[律]遗嘱，<古>圣约；圣经旧约，圣经新约；The New Testament：圣经新约；teaching：n：教学，教义；adj：教学的；}
■Not until the doctor was sure everything was all right C the emergency room.
[A] he left     [B] left he     [C] did he leave     [D] he did leave
注释：not uitil在句首须要倒装。
D, man could die out.
[A] World War III should ever break out
[B] If should World War III ever break out
[C] If World War III should have broken out
[D] Should World War III ever break out
注释：原句是If World War III should ever break out……，省略if后倒装成为D。 {break out：(战争、火灾等)爆发，逃脱；}
■The results, A, the leading journal of science, indicate that the experimental procedure is flawed.
[A] says Nature     [B] Nature says     [C] which says Nature     [D] which Nature says
注释：原句是间接引用句，Nature says the result……改为倒装句成为A，比不倒装的B好，由于空格后的the leading journal of sciences是Nature的同位语，挨在一块儿比较好。 {nature：n：天然界，性质，天然，天然状态，本性，类型；journal：n：日志，日记，期刊；indicate：v：指示，象征，显示，暗示，预示，代表，指明；experimental：adj：实验的，实验性的，试验性的；flaw：[音：flɔː]；n：瑕疵，缺陷，破绽，裂缝；v：使破裂，有瑕疵；}
Across the street from the station A.
[A] stood an old drugstore     [B] it stood an old drugstore     [C] where an old drugstore    [D] which stood an old drugstore
注释：定点副词移到句首须要倒装，相似there is/are的句型。
I tired to call some friends but A.
[A] none could I reach     [B] could I reach none     [C] I could none reach     [D] I none could reach
注释：I could reach none的倒装。 {reach：v：到达，伸出，达成，取的联系，延伸，(伸手)去够；n：范围，影响力，河段，等级；}
A trouble you again.
[A] Never will I     [B] Not I will ever     [C] Will not ever I     [D] Never I will
注释：I will never trouble you again的倒装。
Not until you paint your first oil color D the difference between theory and practice.
[A] you find out     [B] and find out     [C] finding out     [D] do you find out
注释：not until在句首须要倒装。 {theory：[音：'θɪri]；n：学说，理论，原理，意见；}
■B a baby deer is born, it struggles to stand on its own feet.
[A] No sooner     [B] As soon as     [C] So soon as     [D] Not sooner that
注释：A答案须要采用倒装，而C、D都不是正确的而链接词，因此B能引导后面那个没有倒装的从句。 {struggle：vi：努力，奋斗，斗争，挣扎；n：斗争，竞争，奋斗；}
■B the invention of the movable print, books were mostly copied by hand and cost far more than ordinary people could afford.
[A] After     [B] Until     [C] Not Until     [D] Because of
注释："活版印刷发明前，书都是用手抄，通常人根本买不起"，从句意来看，只有B符合。 {invention：n：发明，虚构，发明物；ordinary：adj：平凡的，普通的，平淡的；}
B did I find out that he was dead.
[A] A moment ago     [B] Only a moment ago     [C] An only moment ago     [D] For a moment
注释：下文是倒装，因此空格部分只能选用B。
Henry James is B is his philosopher brother William.
[A] famous and also     [B] as famous as     [C] famous so     [D] equally famous
注释：比较级后面已经倒装了。 {philosopher：[音：fə'lɑːsəfər]；n：哲学家，思想家啊，达观者；}
A does the recluse venture out of his hermitage.
[A] Seldom     [B] Often     [C] Occasionally     [D] Sometimes
注释：下文是倒装，因此选用须要倒装的Seldom。 {recluse：[音：'rekluːs]；n：隐士；n：venture：n：冒险(事业)，风险，投机，企业；v：冒险，勇于，冒昧地说；hermitage：n：隐居之处，隐士生活，修道院，罗纳葡萄酒；seldom：adv：不多，可贵；occasion：n：场合，时机，理由，机会，盛大场面；vt：引发，导致；occasional：adj：偶然的，临时的，不时的；occasionally：adv：偶尔地；}

View Code