望文生义即“反向控制”,它是一种设计思想,大体意思就是把对象控制的全部权交给别人(容器)html
看如下代码,便是自身应用程序主动去获取依赖对象,而且本身建立对象前端
// 常见的依赖
import {A} from './A';
import {B} from './B';
class C {
constructor() {
this.a = new A();
this.b = new B(this.a);
}
}复制代码
咱们看上面的代码发现A被B和C依赖,这种依赖关系随这着应用的增大,愈来愈复杂,耦合度也愈来愈高。因此有人提出了IOC理念,解决对象间的解耦。git
提供了一个container容器来管理,它是依赖注入设计模式的体现,如下代码就使得C和A、B没有的强耦合关系,直接经过container容器来管控github
// 使用 IoC
import {Container} from 'injection';
import {A} from './A';
import {B} from './B';
const container = new Container();
container.bind(A);
container.bind(B);
class C {
A:B
constructor() {
this.a = container.get('a');
this.b = container.get('b');
}
}复制代码
如下是实现IOC容器的最简伪代码:web
class Container {
//存放每一个文件暴露的类和类名
classObjs = {}
get(Module) {
let obj = new Module()
const properties = Object.getOwnPropertyNames(obj);
for(const p of properties) {
if(!obj[p]) {
if(!this.classObjs[p]) {
obj[p] = this.get(this.classObjs[p])
}
}
}
return obj
}
}复制代码
可是业界实现的方式主要是经过装饰器 decorator 和 reflect-metadata来实现的,接下来就聊聊这二者是如何配合实现依赖注入(DI)的。注: DI是IOC的一种实现方式。spring
装饰器是一种函数,是在代码编译的时候对类的行为进行修改,好比:typescript
function helloWord(target: any) {
console.log('hello Word!');
}
@helloWord
class HelloWordClass {
}
//tsc编译后
var __decorate = (this && this.__decorate) || function (decorators, target, key, desc) {
var c = arguments.length, r = c < 3 ? target : desc === null ? desc = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(target, key) : desc, d;
if (typeof Reflect === "object" && typeof Reflect.decorate === "function") r = Reflect.decorate(decorators, target, key, desc);
else for (var i = decorators.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) if (d = decorators[i]) r = (c < 3 ? d(r) : c > 3 ? d(target, key, r) : d(target, key)) || r;
return c > 3 && r && Object.defineProperty(target, key, r), r;
};
function helloWord(target) {
console.log('hello Word!');
}
let HelloWordClass = class HelloWordClass {
};
HelloWordClass = __decorate([
helloWord
], HelloWordClass);复制代码
装饰器主要有这几种: 类装饰器,方法、属性装饰器、参数装饰器。当装饰器运行的时候,函数会接收三个参数:target, key ,descriptor, 修饰不一样的类型 target、key、descriptor 有所不一样,详细请看文档后端
Reflect Metadata 是 ES7 的一个提案, 它本质是一个WeakMap对象,数据结构以下:设计模式
WeakMap {
target: Map {
propertyKey: Map {
metadataKey: metadataValue
}
}
}复制代码
因此 Reflect.defineMetadata(metadataKey, metadataValue, target[, propertyKey]) 简化版实现以下:bash
const weakMap = new WeakMap()
const defineMetadata = (metadataKey, metadataValue, target, propertyKey) => {
const metadataMap = new Map();
metadataMap.set(metadataKey, metadataValue)
const targetMap = new Map();
targetMap.set(propertyKey, metadataMap)
weakMap.set(target, targetMap)
}复制代码
Reflect-Metadata通常结合着decorators一块儿用,为类和类属性添加元数据。
基于Typescript的依赖注入就是经过这二者结合来实现的。
type Constructor<T = any> = new (...args: any[]) => T;
const Injectable = (): ClassDecorator => target => {};
class OtherService {
a = 1;
}
@Injectable()
class TestService {
constructor(public readonly otherService: OtherService) {}
testMethod() {
console.log(this.otherService.a);
}
}
const Factory = <T>(target: Constructor<T>): T => {
// 获取全部注入的服务
const providers = Reflect.getMetadata('design:paramtypes', target); // [OtherService]
const args = providers.map((provider: Constructor) => new provider());
return new target(...args);
};
Factory(TestService).testMethod(); // 1复制代码
经过如下编译后的代码发现,Typescriopt 经过__decorate将OtherService注入到了TestService类里面,而后经过new target(...args)将OtherService赋值到实例属性上
var __decorate = (this && this.__decorate) || function (decorators, target, key, desc) {
var c = arguments.length, r = c < 3 ? target : desc === null ? desc = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(target, key) : desc, d;
if (typeof Reflect === "object" && typeof Reflect.decorate === "function") r = Reflect.decorate(decorators, target, key, desc);
else for (var i = decorators.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) if (d = decorators[i]) r = (c < 3 ? d(r) : c > 3 ? d(target, key, r) : d(target, key)) || r;
return c > 3 && r && Object.defineProperty(target, key, r), r;
};
var __metadata = (this && this.__metadata) || function (k, v) {
if (typeof Reflect === "object" && typeof Reflect.metadata === "function") return Reflect.metadata(k, v);
};
const Injectable = () => target => { };
class OtherService {
constructor() {
this.a = 1;
}
}
let TestService = class TestService {
constructor(otherService) {
this.otherService = otherService;
}
testMethod() {
console.log(this.otherService.a);
}
};
TestService = __decorate([
Injectable(),
__metadata("design:paramtypes", [OtherService])
], TestService);
const Factory = (target) => {
// 获取全部注入的服务
const providers = Reflect.getMetadata('design:paramtypes', target); // [OtherService]
const args = providers.map((provider) => new provider());
return new target(...args);
};
Factory(TestService).testMethod(); // 1复制代码
咱们在后端的框架里看到不少这种注解的写法,其实也是这样实现的
@Controller('/test')
class SomeClass {
@Get('/a')
someGetMethod() {
return 'hello world';
}
@Post('/b')
somePostMethod() {}
}复制代码
首先咱们先利用自定义metaKey生成装饰器
const METHOD_METADATA = 'method';
const PATH_METADATA = 'path';
const Controller = (path: string): ClassDecorator => {
return target => {
Reflect.defineMetadata(PATH_METADATA, path, target);
}
}
const createMappingDecorator = (method: string) => (path: string): MethodDecorator => {
return (target, key, descriptor) => {
Reflect.defineMetadata(PATH_METADATA, path, descriptor.value);
Reflect.defineMetadata(METHOD_METADATA, method, descriptor.value);
}
}
const Get = createMappingDecorator('GET');
const Post = createMappingDecorator('POST');复制代码
而后在装饰器里经过Reflect.getMetadata获取到刚刚存入(Reflect.defineMetadata)的元数据,
最后在将这些元数据重组生成一个map数据结构。
function mapRoute(instance: Object) {
const prototype = Object.getPrototypeOf(instance);
// 筛选出类的 methodName
const methodsNames = Object.getOwnPropertyNames(prototype)
.filter(item => !isConstructor(item) && isFunction(prototype[item]));
return methodsNames.map(methodName => {
const fn = prototype[methodName];
// 取出定义的 metadata
const route = Reflect.getMetadata(PATH_METADATA, fn);
const method = Reflect.getMetadata(METHOD_METADATA, fn);
return {
route,
method,
fn,
methodName
}
})
};复制代码
有了以上的方法,经过如下调用,再将生成的Routes绑定到koa上就ok了
Reflect.getMetadata(PATH_METADATA, SomeClass); // '/test'
mapRoute(new SomeClass());
/**
* [{
* route: '/a',
* method: 'GET',
* fn: someGetMethod() { ... },
* methodName: 'someGetMethod'
* },{
* route: '/b',
* method: 'POST',
* fn: somePostMethod() { ... },
* methodName: 'somePostMethod'
* }]
*
*/复制代码
最后你会发现不少spring后端框架的一些思想,其实都慢慢的被运用到了前端,好比如今比较流行的web框架Midway
参考