望文生义即“反向控制”,它是一种设计思想,大体意思就是把对象控制的全部权交给别人(容器)html
看如下代码,便是自身应用程序主动去获取依赖对象,而且本身建立对象前端
// 常见的依赖 import {A} from './A'; import {B} from './B'; class C { constructor() { this.a = new A(); this.b = new B(this.a); } }复制代码
咱们看上面的代码发现A被B和C依赖,这种依赖关系随这着应用的增大,愈来愈复杂,耦合度也愈来愈高。因此有人提出了IOC理念,解决对象间的解耦。git
提供了一个container容器来管理,它是依赖注入设计模式的体现,如下代码就使得C和A、B没有的强耦合关系,直接经过container容器来管控github
// 使用 IoC import {Container} from 'injection'; import {A} from './A'; import {B} from './B'; const container = new Container(); container.bind(A); container.bind(B); class C { A:B constructor() { this.a = container.get('a'); this.b = container.get('b'); } }复制代码
如下是实现IOC容器的最简伪代码:web
class Container { //存放每一个文件暴露的类和类名 classObjs = {} get(Module) { let obj = new Module() const properties = Object.getOwnPropertyNames(obj); for(const p of properties) { if(!obj[p]) { if(!this.classObjs[p]) { obj[p] = this.get(this.classObjs[p]) } } } return obj } }复制代码
可是业界实现的方式主要是经过装饰器 decorator 和 reflect-metadata来实现的,接下来就聊聊这二者是如何配合实现依赖注入(DI)的。注: DI是IOC的一种实现方式。spring
装饰器是一种函数,是在代码编译的时候对类的行为进行修改,好比:typescript
function helloWord(target: any) { console.log('hello Word!'); } @helloWord class HelloWordClass { } //tsc编译后 var __decorate = (this && this.__decorate) || function (decorators, target, key, desc) { var c = arguments.length, r = c < 3 ? target : desc === null ? desc = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(target, key) : desc, d; if (typeof Reflect === "object" && typeof Reflect.decorate === "function") r = Reflect.decorate(decorators, target, key, desc); else for (var i = decorators.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) if (d = decorators[i]) r = (c < 3 ? d(r) : c > 3 ? d(target, key, r) : d(target, key)) || r; return c > 3 && r && Object.defineProperty(target, key, r), r; }; function helloWord(target) { console.log('hello Word!'); } let HelloWordClass = class HelloWordClass { }; HelloWordClass = __decorate([ helloWord ], HelloWordClass);复制代码
装饰器主要有这几种: 类装饰器,方法、属性装饰器、参数装饰器。当装饰器运行的时候,函数会接收三个参数:target, key ,descriptor, 修饰不一样的类型 target、key、descriptor 有所不一样,详细请看文档后端
Reflect Metadata 是 ES7 的一个提案, 它本质是一个WeakMap对象,数据结构以下:设计模式
WeakMap {
target: Map {
propertyKey: Map {
metadataKey: metadataValue
}
}
}复制代码
因此 Reflect.defineMetadata(metadataKey, metadataValue, target[, propertyKey]) 简化版实现以下:bash
const weakMap = new WeakMap()
const defineMetadata = (metadataKey, metadataValue, target, propertyKey) => {
const metadataMap = new Map();
metadataMap.set(metadataKey, metadataValue)
const targetMap = new Map();
targetMap.set(propertyKey, metadataMap)
weakMap.set(target, targetMap)
}复制代码
Reflect-Metadata通常结合着decorators一块儿用,为类和类属性添加元数据。
基于Typescript的依赖注入就是经过这二者结合来实现的。
type Constructor<T = any> = new (...args: any[]) => T; const Injectable = (): ClassDecorator => target => {}; class OtherService { a = 1; } @Injectable() class TestService { constructor(public readonly otherService: OtherService) {} testMethod() { console.log(this.otherService.a); } } const Factory = <T>(target: Constructor<T>): T => { // 获取全部注入的服务 const providers = Reflect.getMetadata('design:paramtypes', target); // [OtherService] const args = providers.map((provider: Constructor) => new provider()); return new target(...args); }; Factory(TestService).testMethod(); // 1复制代码
经过如下编译后的代码发现,Typescriopt 经过__decorate将OtherService注入到了TestService类里面,而后经过new target(...args)将OtherService赋值到实例属性上
var __decorate = (this && this.__decorate) || function (decorators, target, key, desc) { var c = arguments.length, r = c < 3 ? target : desc === null ? desc = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(target, key) : desc, d; if (typeof Reflect === "object" && typeof Reflect.decorate === "function") r = Reflect.decorate(decorators, target, key, desc); else for (var i = decorators.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) if (d = decorators[i]) r = (c < 3 ? d(r) : c > 3 ? d(target, key, r) : d(target, key)) || r; return c > 3 && r && Object.defineProperty(target, key, r), r; }; var __metadata = (this && this.__metadata) || function (k, v) { if (typeof Reflect === "object" && typeof Reflect.metadata === "function") return Reflect.metadata(k, v); }; const Injectable = () => target => { }; class OtherService { constructor() { this.a = 1; } } let TestService = class TestService { constructor(otherService) { this.otherService = otherService; } testMethod() { console.log(this.otherService.a); } }; TestService = __decorate([ Injectable(), __metadata("design:paramtypes", [OtherService]) ], TestService); const Factory = (target) => { // 获取全部注入的服务 const providers = Reflect.getMetadata('design:paramtypes', target); // [OtherService] const args = providers.map((provider) => new provider()); return new target(...args); }; Factory(TestService).testMethod(); // 1复制代码
咱们在后端的框架里看到不少这种注解的写法,其实也是这样实现的
@Controller('/test') class SomeClass { @Get('/a') someGetMethod() { return 'hello world'; } @Post('/b') somePostMethod() {} }复制代码
首先咱们先利用自定义metaKey生成装饰器
const METHOD_METADATA = 'method'; const PATH_METADATA = 'path'; const Controller = (path: string): ClassDecorator => { return target => { Reflect.defineMetadata(PATH_METADATA, path, target); } } const createMappingDecorator = (method: string) => (path: string): MethodDecorator => { return (target, key, descriptor) => { Reflect.defineMetadata(PATH_METADATA, path, descriptor.value); Reflect.defineMetadata(METHOD_METADATA, method, descriptor.value); } } const Get = createMappingDecorator('GET'); const Post = createMappingDecorator('POST');复制代码
而后在装饰器里经过Reflect.getMetadata获取到刚刚存入(Reflect.defineMetadata)的元数据,
最后在将这些元数据重组生成一个map数据结构。
function mapRoute(instance: Object) { const prototype = Object.getPrototypeOf(instance); // 筛选出类的 methodName const methodsNames = Object.getOwnPropertyNames(prototype) .filter(item => !isConstructor(item) && isFunction(prototype[item])); return methodsNames.map(methodName => { const fn = prototype[methodName]; // 取出定义的 metadata const route = Reflect.getMetadata(PATH_METADATA, fn); const method = Reflect.getMetadata(METHOD_METADATA, fn); return { route, method, fn, methodName } }) };复制代码
有了以上的方法,经过如下调用,再将生成的Routes绑定到koa上就ok了
Reflect.getMetadata(PATH_METADATA, SomeClass); // '/test' mapRoute(new SomeClass()); /** * [{ * route: '/a', * method: 'GET', * fn: someGetMethod() { ... }, * methodName: 'someGetMethod' * },{ * route: '/b', * method: 'POST', * fn: somePostMethod() { ... }, * methodName: 'somePostMethod' * }] * */复制代码
最后你会发现不少spring后端框架的一些思想,其实都慢慢的被运用到了前端,好比如今比较流行的web框架Midway
参考