你们好,上一期我重点总结了有关类的基本知识,如今简单回顾一下,顺便加上一个建立类时经常使用的东西:slotspython
首先建立一个名人类:Celebritygit
class Celebrity:
# 限定 Celebrity对象只能绑定name, age,domain属性,加速
__slots__ = ['name','age',"domain"]
# Class Attribute
species = 'human'
# Initializer / Instance Attributes
def __init__(self, name, age, domain):
self.name = name
self.age = age
self.domain = domain
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咱们用slots绑定了三个属性给Celebrity,这就是slots的做用:github
如今能够作个实验,首先咱们把slots绑定的domian属性去掉:编程
class Celebrity:
# Class Attribute
species = 'human'
__slots__ = ['name', 'age']
# Initializer / Instance Attributes
def __init__(self, name, age,domain):
self.name = name
self.age = age
self.domain = domain
female_leader = Celebrity("Miss Dong",65,"electrical appliance")
# Access the instance attributes
print("{} is {}.".format(
female_leader.name, female_leader.age))
Out:AttributeError: 'Celebrity' object has no attribute 'domain'
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会发现报错了,即使咱们在init方法中有domain属性,可是因为slots中没有,因此Celebrity类下建立的实例都不能有domainapp
接下来让咱们简单回顾一下如何调用类变量:dom
female_leader = Celebrity("Miss Dong", 65,"electrical appliance")
male_leader = Celebrity("Jack Ma", 55,"internet")
# Access the instance attributes
print("{} is {} and {} is {}.".format(
female_leader.name, female_leader.age, male_leader.name, male_leader.age))
# Is male_leader a human?
if male_leader.species == "human":
print("{0} is a {1}!".format(male_leader.name, male_leader.species))
Out:
Miss Dong is 65 and Jack Ma is 55.
Jack Ma is a human!
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其实args应该和kargs一块儿来讲,可是今天先重点看一下它在对象中的应用,咱们如今给Celebrity类新建3个实例,而且咱们想知道年龄最大的是谁 ?函数
这种状况下*args很好用:学习
a = Celebrity("Miss Dong",65,"electrical appliance")
b = Celebrity("Jack Ma", 55,"internet")
c = Celebrity("Lei Jun", 50,"mobile")
def get_oldest(*args):
return max(args)
print("The big brother is {} years old.".format(get_oldest(a.age, b.age, c.age)))
Out:
The big brother is 65 years old.
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固然,其余的应用场景还有不少,很少列举了spa
首先,咱们在Celebrity类中新增两个方法:code
完成后的结果以下:
class Celebrity:
__slots__ = ['name', 'age',"domain"]
species = 'human'
def __init__(self, name, age, domain):
self.name = name
self.age = age
self.domain = domain
# instance method
def description(self):
return "{} is {} years old, working in the {} industry".format(self.name, self.age,self.domain)
# instance method
def speak(self, sound):
return "{} says {}".format(self.name, sound)
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如今新建两个类InternetBoss,MobileBoss,所有继承于Celebrity类:
# Child class (inherits from Dog() class)
class InternetBoss(Celebrity):
pass
# Child class (inherits from Dog() class)
class MobileBoss(Celebrity):
pass
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若是咱们什么都不作,会自动继承父类的 description和speak方法,咱们作个实验,新建li做为InternetBoss的对象:
li = InternetBoss("Robbin",50,"advertisement")
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调用description和speak方法:
li.description()
li.speak("What's your problem ?")
Out:
Robbin is 50 years old, working in the advertisement industry
Robbin says: What's your problem ?
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再尝试一个MobileBoss的对象:
lei = MobileBoss("leijun", 50,"mobile")
lei.speak("Are you ok ?")
Out:
leijun says: Are you ok ?
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都是同样的
对于类的多态,各类教程说的都太专业了,个人理解仅仅是:
对父类现有方法A,当新增新的子类时,能够根据须要重写A。
在咱们如今的例子中,能够复写description方法:
class InternetBoss(Celebrity):
def description(self):
print("I'm Internet Boss !")
class MobileBoss(Celebrity):
def description(self):
print("I'm Mobile phone Boss !")
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这样InternetBoss类和MobileBoss类生成实例后,会调用本身的description方法:
li = InternetBoss("Robbin",50,"advertisement")
lei = MobileBoss("leijun", 50,"mobile")
li.description()
lei.description()
Out:
I'm Internet Boss !
I'm Mobile phone Boss !
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Python 有两个判断继承的函数:
如今还用咱们的例子说明一下,首先,这是咱们现有的三个类:
class Celebrity:
__slots__ = ['name', 'age',"domain"]
species = 'human'
def __init__(self, name, age, domain):
self.name = name
self.age = age
self.domain = domain
def description(self):
print( "{} is {} years old, working in the {} industry".format(self.name, self.age,self.domain))
def speak(self, sound):
print("{} says: {}".format(self.name, sound))
class InternetBoss(Celebrity):
def description(self):
print("I'm Internet Boss !")
class MobileBoss(Celebrity):
def description(self):
print("I'm Mobile phone Boss !")
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而后咱们分别用不一样的类建立三个实例:
mingzhu = Celebrity("Miss Dong",65,"electrical appliance")
ma= InternetBoss("Pony", 48,"internet")
lei = MobileBoss("leijun", 50,"mobile")
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如今使用issubclass()判断InternetBoss和MobileBoss是否继承自Celebrity:
# True
issubclass(InternetBoss,Celebrity)
# True
issubclass(MobileBoss,Celebrity)
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使用isinstance()查看mingzhu究竟是谁的实例:
# True
isinstance(mingzhu,Celebrity)
# False
isinstance(mingzhu,InternetBoss)
# False
isinstance(mingzhu,MobileBoss)
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同理查看ma究竟是哪一个类的实例:
# True
isinstance(ma,Celebrity)
# True
isinstance(ma,InternetBoss)
# False
isinstance(ma,MobileBoss)
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由于InternetBoss是Celebrity子类,因此ma同时是Celebrity和InternetBoss的实例。
若是咱们混用了issubclass和isinstance,会报错:
issubclass(ma,InternetBoss)
Out:
TypeError: issubclass() arg 1 must be a class
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刚才提到了,若是子类没有写构造函数init(),会自动继承父类的init,但咱们一般须要子类有不一样的初始函数,这样咱们就须要本身复写一下,这里以InternetBoss为例:
class InternetBoss(Celebrity):
def __init__(self,name, age, domain,hometown):
super().__init__(name, age, domain)
self.hometown = hometown
def description(self):
print("I'm Internet Boss !")
def __repr__(self):
return f"This is {self.name} speaking !"
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使用了super()会保留须要的父类初始化参数,再添加本身的就好了,这里的repr我会下次总结,如今再新建实例:
此次我记录了slots用法,*args 的一个使用场景,类的继承,复写父类方法,构造函数等基本概念,剩下的慢慢来,我会一点点补充。。。
Ps: 本文的实例名称均为杜撰,请不要对号入座...
个人其余文章已经放到了Github上,若是感兴趣的朋友能够去看看,连接以下:
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