用 JavaScript 实现基于类的枚举模式

做者:Dr. Axel Rauschmayer

翻译:疯狂的技术宅html

原文:https://2ality.com/2020/01/en...前端

未经容许严禁转载git

在本文中,咱们将会研究在 JavaScript 中实现基于类的枚举模式。还会研究一下 Enumify 这个可以帮助咱们使用枚举模式的库程序员


实现枚举:第一次尝试

枚举是由一组值组成的类型。例如 TypeScript 中有内置的枚举,咱们能够经过它们来定义本身的布尔类型:github

enum MyBoolean {
  false,
  true,
}

或者能够定义本身的颜色类型:面试

enum Color {
  red,
  orange,
  yellow,
  green,
  blue,
  purple,
}

这段 TypeScript 代码会被编译为如下 JavaScript 代码(省略了一些详细信息,以便于理解):segmentfault

const Color = {
  red: 0,
  orange: 1,
  yellow: 2,
  green: 3,
  blue: 4,
  purple: 5,
};

这种实现有几个问题:安全

  1. 日志输出:若是你输出一个枚举值,例如 Color.red,是看不到它的名称的。
  2. 类型安全:枚举值不是惟一的,它们会其余数字所干扰。例如,数字 1 可能会误认为 Color.green,反之亦然。
  3. 成员资格检查:你没法轻松检查给定的值是否为 Color 的元素。

用普通 JavaScript,咱们能够经过使用字符串而不是数字做为枚举值来解决问题 1:服务器

const Color = {
  red: 'red',
  orange: 'orange',
  yellow: 'yellow',
  green: 'green',
  blue: 'blue',
  purple: 'purple',
}

若是咱们用符号做为枚举值,还可以得到类型安全性:微信

const Color = {
  red: Symbol('red'),
  orange: Symbol('orange'),
  yellow: Symbol('yellow'),
  green: Symbol('green'),
  blue: Symbol('blue'),
  purple: Symbol('purple'),
}
assert.equal(
  String(Color.red), 'Symbol(red)');

符号存在的一个问题是须要将它们明确转换为字符串,而不能强制转换(例如,经过 + 或内部模板文字):

assert.throws(
  () => console.log('Color: '+Color.red),
  /^TypeError: Cannot convert a Symbol value to a string$/
);

尽管能够测试成员资格,但这并不简单:

function isMember(theEnum, value) {
  return Object.values(theEnum).includes(value);
}
assert.equal(isMember(Color, Color.blue), true);
assert.equal(isMember(Color, 'blue'), false);

枚举模式

经过对枚举使用自定义类可使咱们进行成员资格测试,并在枚举值方面具备更大的灵活性:

class Color {
  static red = new Color('red');
  static orange = new Color('orange');
  static yellow = new Color('yellow');
  static green = new Color('green');
  static blue = new Color('blue');
  static purple = new Color('purple');

  constructor(name) {
    this.name = name;
  }
  toString() {
    return `Color.${this.name}`;
  }
}

我把这种用类做为枚举的方式称为“枚举模式”。它受到 Java 中对枚举实现的启发。

输出:

console.log('Color: '+Color.red);

// Output:
// 'Color: Color.red'

成员资格测试:

assert.equal(
  Color.green instanceof Color, true);

枚举:枚举模式的辅助库

Enumify 是一个可以帮助咱们使用枚举模式的库。它的用法以下:

class Color extends Enumify {
  static red = new Color();
  static orange = new Color();
  static yellow = new Color();
  static green = new Color();
  static blue = new Color();
  static purple = new Color();
  static _ = this.closeEnum();
}

实例属性

Enumify 可以把多个实例属性添加到枚举值中:

assert.equal(
  Color.red.enumKey, 'red');
assert.equal(
  Color.red.enumOrdinal, 0);

原型方法

用 Enumify 实现 .toStrin()

assert.equal(
  'Color: ' + Color.red, // .toString()
  'Color: Color.red');

静态功能

Enumify 设置了两个静态属性– .enumKeys.enumValues

assert.deepEqual(
  Color.enumKeys,
  ['red', 'orange', 'yellow', 'green', 'blue', 'purple']);
assert.deepEqual(
  Color.enumValues,
  [ Color.red, Color.orange, Color.yellow,
    Color.green, Color.blue, Color.purple]);

它提供了可继承的静态方法 .enumValueOf()

assert.equal(
  Color.enumValueOf('yellow'),
  Color.yellow);

它实现了可继承的可迭代性:

for (const c of Color) {
  console.log('Color: ' + c);
}
// Output:
// 'Color: Color.red'
// 'Color: Color.orange'
// 'Color: Color.yellow'
// 'Color: Color.green'
// 'Color: Color.blue'
// 'Color: Color.purple'

使用枚举的例子

具备实例属性的枚举值

class Weekday extends Enumify {
  static monday = new Weekday(true);
  static tuesday = new Weekday(true);
  static wednesday = new Weekday(true);
  static thursday = new Weekday(true);
  static friday = new Weekday(true);
  static saturday = new Weekday(false);
  static sunday = new Weekday(false);
  static _ = this.closeEnum();
  constructor(isWorkDay) {
    super();
    this.isWorkDay = isWorkDay;
  }
}
assert.equal(Weekday.sunday.isWorkDay, false);
assert.equal(Weekday.wednesday.isWorkDay, true);

经过 switch 使用枚举值

枚举模式也有其缺点:一般在建立枚举时不能引用其余的枚举(由于这些枚举可能还不存在)。解决方法是,能够经过如下函数在外部实现辅助函数:

class Weekday extends Enumify {
  static monday = new Weekday();
  static tuesday = new Weekday();
  static wednesday = new Weekday();
  static thursday = new Weekday();
  static friday = new Weekday();
  static saturday = new Weekday();
  static sunday = new Weekday();
  static _ = this.closeEnum();
}
function nextDay(weekday) {
  switch (weekday) {
    case Weekday.monday:
      return Weekday.tuesday;
    case Weekday.tuesday:
      return Weekday.wednesday;
    case Weekday.wednesday:
      return Weekday.thursday;
    case Weekday.thursday:
      return Weekday.friday;
    case Weekday.friday:
      return Weekday.saturday;
    case Weekday.saturday:
      return Weekday.sunday;
    case Weekday.sunday:
      return Weekday.monday;
    default:
      throw new Error();
  }
}

可以经过 getter 获取实例的枚举值

另外一个解决在声明枚举时没法使用其余枚举的方法是经过 getter 延迟访问同级的值:

class Weekday extends Enumify {
  static monday = new Weekday({
    get nextDay() { return Weekday.tuesday }
  });
  static tuesday = new Weekday({
    get nextDay() { return Weekday.wednesday }
  });
  static wednesday = new Weekday({
    get nextDay() { return Weekday.thursday }
  });
  static thursday = new Weekday({
    get nextDay() { return Weekday.friday }
  });
  static friday = new Weekday({
    get nextDay() { return Weekday.saturday }
  });
  static saturday = new Weekday({
    get nextDay() { return Weekday.sunday }
  });
  static sunday = new Weekday({
    get nextDay() { return Weekday.monday }
  });
  static _ = this.closeEnum();
  constructor(props) {
    super();
    Object.defineProperties(
      this, Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(props));
  }
}
assert.equal(
  Weekday.friday.nextDay, Weekday.saturday);
assert.equal(
  Weekday.sunday.nextDay, Weekday.monday);

getter 传递给对象内部的构造函数。构造函数经过 Object.defineProperties() 和 Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors()将它们复制到当前实例。可是咱们不能在这里使用 Object.assign(),由于它没法复制 getter 和其余方法。

经过实例方法实现状态机

在下面的例子中实现了一个状态机。咱们将属性(包括方法)传递给构造函数,构造函数再将其复制到当前实例中。

class State extends Enumify {
  static start = new State({
    done: false,
    accept(x) {
      if (x === '1') {
        return State.one;
      } else {
        return State.start;
      }
    },
  });
  static one = new State({
    done: false,
    accept(x) {
      if (x === '1') {
        return State.two;
      } else {
        return State.start;
      }
    },
  });
  static two = new State({
    done: false,
    accept(x) {
      if (x === '1') {
        return State.three;
      } else {
        return State.start;
      }
    },
  });
  static three = new State({
    done: true,
  });
  static _ = this.closeEnum();
  constructor(props) {
    super();
    Object.defineProperties(
      this, Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(props));
  }
}
function run(state, inputString) {
  for (const ch of inputString) {
    if (state.done) {
      break;
    }
    state = state.accept(ch);
    console.log(`${ch} --> ${state}`);
  }
}

状态机检测字符串中是否存在连续的三个 1 的序列:

run(State.start, '01011100');

// Output:
// '0 --> State.start'
// '1 --> State.one'
// '0 --> State.start'
// '1 --> State.one'
// '1 --> State.two'
// '1 --> State.three'

任意枚举值

有时咱们须要枚举值是数字(例如,用于表示标志)或字符串(用于与 HTTP 头中的值进行比较)。能够经过枚举来实现。例如:

class Mode extends Enumify {
  static user_r = new Mode(0b100000000);
  static user_w = new Mode(0b010000000);
  static user_x = new Mode(0b001000000);
  static group_r = new Mode(0b000100000);
  static group_w = new Mode(0b000010000);
  static group_x = new Mode(0b000001000);
  static all_r = new Mode(0b000000100);
  static all_w = new Mode(0b000000010);
  static all_x = new Mode(0b000000001);
  static _ = this.closeEnum();
  constructor(n) {
    super();
    this.n = n;
  }
}
assert.equal(
  Mode.user_r.n | Mode.user_w.n | Mode.user_x.n |
  Mode.group_r.n | Mode.group_x.n |
  Mode.all_r.n | Mode.all_x.n,
  0o755);
assert.equal(
  Mode.user_r.n | Mode.user_w.n | Mode.user_x.n |
  Mode.group_r.n,
  0o740);

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