从零搭建和配置OSX开发环境

对于每一名开发者来讲，更换系统或者更换电脑的时候，都免不了花上不短的时间去折腾开 发环境的问题。我本人也是三番两次，深知这个过程的繁琐。全部，根据我本身以往的经验， 以及参考一下他人的意见，整理一下关于在Mac下作各类开发的配置，包含Java, Ruby, Vim, git, 数据库等等。欢迎补充与修正。

 Terminal篇

这篇文章包含配置控制台环境，包括包管理工具, zsh, Vim, git的安装配置。

Homebrew, 你不能错过的包管理工具

包管理工具已经成为如今操做系统中不可缺乏的一个重要工具了，它能大大减轻软件安装的 负担，节约咱们的时间。Linux中经常使用的有yum和apt-get工具，甚至Windows平台也 有Chocolatey这样优秀的工具，OSX平台天然有它独有的工具。

在OSX中，有两款你们经常使用的管理工具：Homebrew或者MacPorts。这两款工具都是为了解决同 样的问题——为OSX安装经常使用库和工具。Homebrew与MacPorts的主要区别是Homebrew不会破坏OSX 原生的环境，这也是我推荐Homebrew的主要缘由。同时它安装的全部文件都是在用户独立空间内 的，这让你安装的全部软件对于该用户来讲都是能够访问的，不须要使用sudo命令。

在安装Homebrew前，你须要前往AppStore下载并安装Xcode.

安装方式：

1 2 3

# OSX系统基本上都自带Ruby1.9 # 因此无需先安装Ruby，可是以后咱们须要管理Ruby ruby -e "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/install/master/install)"

Homebrew经常使用命令：

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

brew list # 查看已经安装的包 brew update # 更新Homebrew自身 brew doctor # 诊断关于Homebrew的问题(Homebrew 有问题时请用它) brew cleanup # 清理老版本软件包或者无用的文件 brew show ${formula} # 查看包信息 brew search ${formula} # 按名称搜索 brew upgrade ${formula} # 升级软件包 brew install ${formula} # 按名称安装 brew uninstall ${formula} # 按名称卸载 brew pin/unpin ${formula} # 锁定或者解锁软件包版本，防止误升级

zsh，好用的shell

Shell程序就是Linux/UNIX系统中的一层外壳，几乎全部的应用程序均可以运行在Shell环境 下，经常使用的有bash, csh, zcsh等。在/etc/shells文件中能够查看系统中的各类shell。

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

cat /etc/shells # List of acceptable shells for chpass(1). # Ftpd will not allow users to connect who are not using # one of these shells. /bin/bash /bin/csh /bin/ksh /bin/sh /bin/tcsh /bin/zsh

而zsh是OSX系统原生的shell之一，其功能强大，语法相对于bash更加友好和强大，因此推荐 使用zsh做为默认的shell。

1 2	# 切换zsh为默认shell chsh -s $(which zsh)

若是你想使用最新的zsh，你可使用Homebrew，此方法也会保留原生的zsh，防止你在某个 时刻须要它。

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

# 查看最新zsh信息 brew info zsh # 安装zsh brew install --disable-etcdir zsh # 添加shell路径至/etc/shells文件中 # 将 /usr/local/bin/zsh 添加到下面文件中 sudo vim /etc/shells # 更换默认shell chsh -s /usr/local/bin/zsh

下面贴上个人zsh配置以供参考

个人zsh配置 (zshrc)download

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79

# modify the prompt to contain git branch name if applicable git_prompt_info() { ref=$(git symbolic-ref HEAD 2> /dev/null) if [[ -n $ref ]]; then echo " %{$fg_bold[green]%}${ref#refs/heads/}%{$reset_color%}" fi } setopt promptsubst export PS1='${SSH_CONNECTION+"%{$fg_bold[green]%}%n@%m:"}%{$fg_bold[blue]%}%c%{$reset_color%}$(git_prompt_info) %# ' # load our own completion functions fpath=(~/.zsh/completion $fpath) # completion autoload -U compinit compinit # load custom executable functions for function in ~/.zsh/functions/*; do source $function done # makes color constants available autoload -U colors colors # enable colored output from ls, etc export CLICOLOR=1 # history settings setopt hist_ignore_all_dups inc_append_history HISTFILE=~/.zhistory HISTSIZE=4096 SAVEHIST=4096 # awesome cd movements from zshkit setopt autocd autopushd pushdminus pushdsilent pushdtohome cdablevars DIRSTACKSIZE=5 # Enable extended globbing setopt extendedglob # Allow [ or ] whereever you want unsetopt nomatch # vi mode bindkey -v bindkey "^F" vi-cmd-mode bindkey jj vi-cmd-mode # handy keybindings bindkey "^A" beginning-of-line bindkey "^E" end-of-line bindkey "^R" history-incremental-search-backward bindkey "^P" history-search-backward bindkey "^Y" accept-and-hold bindkey "^N" insert-last-word bindkey -s "^T" "^[Isudo ^[A" # "t" for "toughguy" # use vim as the visual editor export VISUAL=vim export EDITOR=$VISUAL # load rbenv if available if which rbenv &>/dev/null ; then eval "$(rbenv init - --no-rehash)" fi # load thoughtbot/dotfiles scripts export PATH="$HOME/.bin:$PATH" # mkdir .git/safe in the root of repositories you trust export PATH=".git/safe/../../bin:$PATH" # aliases [[ -f ~/.aliases ]] && source ~/.aliases # Local config [[ -f ~/.zshrc.local ]] && source ~/.zshrc.local

好用的编辑器 Vim

对于Vim，无需溢美之词，做为与emacs并列的两大编辑器，早已经被无数人奉为经典。而它却 又以超长的学习曲线，使得不少人望而却步。长久以来，虽然拥有大量的插件，却缺乏一个 确之有效的插件管理器。所幸，Vundle的出现解决了这个问题。

Vundle可让你在配置文件中管理插件，而且很是方便的查找、安装、更新或者删除插件。 还能够帮你自动配置插件的执行路径和生成帮助文件。相对于另一个管理工具pathogen， 能够说有着巨大的优点。

1 2	# vundle 安装和配置 git clone https://github.com/gmarik/Vundle.vim.git ~/.vim/bundle/Vundle.vim

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

" 将下面配置文件加入到.vimrc文件中 set nocompatible " 必须 filetype off " 必须 " 将Vundle加入运行时路径中(Runtime path) set rtp+=~/.vim/bundle/Vundle.vim call vundle#begin() " 使用Vundle管理插件，必须 Plugin 'gmarik/Vundle.vim' " " 其余插件 " call vundle#end() " 必须 filetype plugin indent on " 必须

最后，你只须要执行安装命令，便可以安装好所需的插件。

1 2 3 4 5

# 在vim中 :PluginInstall # 在终端 vim +PluginInstall +qall

下面列出个人Vim插件和配置

Vim插件 (vimrc.bundles)download

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

if &compatible set nocompatible end filetype off set rtp+=~/.vim/bundle/vundle/ call vundle#rc() " Let Vundle manage Vundle Bundle 'gmarik/vundle' " Define bundles via Github repos Bundle 'christoomey/vim-run-interactive' Bundle 'croaky/vim-colors-github' Bundle 'danro/rename.vim' Bundle 'kchmck/vim-coffee-script' Bundle 'kien/ctrlp.vim' Bundle 'pbrisbin/vim-mkdir' Bundle 'scrooloose/syntastic' Bundle 'slim-template/vim-slim' Bundle 'thoughtbot/vim-rspec' Bundle 'tpope/vim-bundler' Bundle 'tpope/vim-endwise' Bundle 'tpope/vim-fugitive' Bundle 'tpope/vim-rails' Bundle 'tpope/vim-surround' Bundle 'vim-ruby/vim-ruby' Bundle 'vim-scripts/ctags.vim' Bundle 'vim-scripts/matchit.zip' Bundle 'vim-scripts/tComment' Bundle "mattn/emmet-vim" Bundle "scrooloose/nerdtree" Bundle "Lokaltog/vim-powerline" Bundle "godlygeek/tabular" Bundle "msanders/snipmate.vim" Bundle "jelera/vim-javascript-syntax" Bundle "altercation/vim-colors-solarized" Bundle "othree/html5.vim" Bundle "xsbeats/vim-blade" Bundle "Raimondi/delimitMate" Bundle "groenewege/vim-less" Bundle "evanmiller/nginx-vim-syntax" Bundle "Lokaltog/vim-easymotion" Bundle "tomasr/molokai" if filereadable(expand("~/.vimrc.bundles.local")) source ~/.vimrc.bundles.local endif filetype on

Vim配置 (vimrc)download

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204

" Use Vim settings, rather then Vi settings. This setting must be as early as " possible, as it has side effects. set nocompatible " Highlight current line au WinLeave * set nocursorline nocursorcolumn au WinEnter * set cursorline cursorcolumn set cursorline cursorcolumn " Leader let mapleader = "," set backspace=2 " Backspace deletes like most programs in insert mode set nobackup set nowritebackup set noswapfile " http://robots.thoughtbot.com/post/18739402579/global-gitignore#comment-458413287 set history=50 set ruler " show the cursor position all the time set showcmd " display incomplete commands set incsearch " do incremental searching set laststatus=2 " Always display the status line set autowrite " Automatically :write before running commands set confirm " Need confrimation while exit set fileencodings=utf-8,gb18030,gbk,big5 " Switch syntax highlighting on, when the terminal has colors " Also switch on highlighting the last used search pattern. if (&t_Co > 2 || has("gui_running")) && !exists("syntax_on") syntax on endif if filereadable(expand("~/.vimrc.bundles")) source ~/.vimrc.bundles endif filetype plugin indent on augroup vimrcEx autocmd! " When editing a file, always jump to the last known cursor position. " Don't do it for commit messages, when the position is invalid, or when " inside an event handler (happens when dropping a file on gvim). autocmd BufReadPost * \ if &ft != 'gitcommit' && line("'\"") > 0 && line("'\"") <= line("$") | \ exe "normal g`\"" | \ endif " Cucumber navigation commands autocmd User Rails Rnavcommand step features/step_definitions -glob=**/* -suffix=_steps.rb autocmd User Rails Rnavcommand config config -glob=**/* -suffix=.rb -default=routes " Set syntax highlighting for specific file types autocmd BufRead,BufNewFile Appraisals set filetype=ruby autocmd BufRead,BufNewFile *.md set filetype=markdown " Enable spellchecking for Markdown autocmd FileType markdown setlocal spell " Automatically wrap at 80 characters for Markdown autocmd BufRead,BufNewFile *.md setlocal textwidth=80 augroup END " Softtabs, 2 spaces set tabstop=2 set shiftwidth=2 set shiftround set expandtab " Display extra whitespace set list listchars=tab:»·,trail:· " Use The Silver Searcher https://github.com/ggreer/the_silver_searcher if executable('ag') " Use Ag over Grep set grepprg=ag\ --nogroup\ --nocolor " Use ag in CtrlP for listing files. Lightning fast and respects .gitignore let g:ctrlp_user_command = 'ag %s -l --nocolor -g ""' " ag is fast enough that CtrlP doesn't need to cache let g:ctrlp_use_caching = 0 endif " Color scheme colorscheme molokai highlight NonText guibg=#060606 highlight Folded guibg=#0A0A0A guifg=#9090D0 " Make it obvious where 80 characters is set textwidth=80 set colorcolumn=+1 " Numbers set number set numberwidth=5 " Tab completion " will insert tab at beginning of line, " will use completion if not at beginning set wildmode=list:longest,list:full function! InsertTabWrapper() let col = col('.') - 1 if !col || getline('.')[col - 1] !~ '\k' return "\<tab>" else return "\<c-p>" endif endfunction inoremap <Tab> <c-r>=InsertTabWrapper()<cr> inoremap <S-Tab> <c-n> " Exclude Javascript files in :Rtags via rails.vim due to warnings when parsing let g:Tlist_Ctags_Cmd="ctags --exclude='*.js'" " Index ctags from any project, including those outside Rails map <Leader>ct :!ctags -R .<CR> " Switch between the last two files nnoremap <leader><leader> <c-^> " Get off my lawn nnoremap <Left> :echoe "Use h"<CR> nnoremap <Right> :echoe "Use l"<CR> nnoremap <Up> :echoe "Use k"<CR> nnoremap <Down> :echoe "Use j"<CR> " vim-rspec mappings nnoremap <Leader>t :call RunCurrentSpecFile()<CR> nnoremap <Leader>s :call RunNearestSpec()<CR> nnoremap <Leader>l :call RunLastSpec()<CR> " Run commands that require an interactive shell nnoremap <Leader>r :RunInInteractiveShell<space> " Treat <li> and <p> tags like the block tags they are let g:html_indent_tags = 'li\|p' " Open new split panes to right and bottom, which feels more natural set splitbelow set splitright " Quicker window movement nnoremap <C-j> <C-w>j nnoremap <C-k> <C-w>k nnoremap <C-h> <C-w>h nnoremap <C-l> <C-w>l " configure syntastic syntax checking to check on open as well as save let g:syntastic_check_on_open=1 let g:syntastic_html_tidy_ignore_errors=[" proprietary attribute \"ng-"] autocmd Syntax javascript set syntax=jquery " JQuery syntax support set matchpairs+=<:> set statusline+=%{fugitive#statusline()} " Git Hotness " Nerd Tree let NERDChristmasTree=0 let NERDTreeWinSize=40 let NERDTreeChDirMode=2 let NERDTreeIgnore=['\~$', '\.pyc$', '\.swp$'] let NERDTreeShowBookmarks=1 let NERDTreeWinPos="right" autocmd vimenter * if !argc() | NERDTree | endif " Automatically open a NERDTree if no files where specified autocmd bufenter * if (winnr("$") == 1 && exists("b:NERDTreeType") && b:NERDTreeType == "primary") | q | endif " Close vim if the only window left open is a NERDTree nmap <F5> :NERDTreeToggle<cr> " Emmet let g:user_emmet_mode='i' " enable for insert mode " Search results high light set hlsearch " nohlsearch shortcut nmap -hl :nohlsearch<cr> nmap +hl :set hlsearch<cr> " Javascript syntax hightlight syntax enable " ctrap set wildignore+=*/tmp/*,*.so,*.swp,*.zip " MacOSX/Linux" let g:ctrlp_custom_ignore = '\v[\/]\.(git|hg|svn)$' nnoremap <leader>w :w<CR> nnoremap <leader>q :q<CR> " RSpec.vim mappings map <Leader>t :call RunCurrentSpecFile()<CR> map <Leader>s :call RunNearestSpec()<CR> map <Leader>l :call RunLastSpec()<CR> map <Leader>a :call RunAllSpecs()<CR> " Vim-instant-markdown doesn't work in zsh set shell=bash\ -i " Snippets author let g:snips_author = 'Yuez' " Local config if filereadable($HOME . "/.vimrc.local") source ~/.vimrc.local endif

新世代的版本管理工具 git

Git是一个分散式版本控制软件。最初的目的是为了更好的管理Linux内核开发而设计。与CVS、 Subversion等集中式版本控制软件不一样，Git不须要服务器端软件就能够发挥版本控制的做用。 使得代码的维护和发布变得很是方便。

Git库目录结构

• hooks : 存储钩子文件夹
• logs : 存储日志文件夹
• refs : 存储指向各个分支指针的(SHA-1)的文件夹
• objects : 存储git对象
• config : 存储配置文件
• HEAD : 指向当前分支的指针文件路径

1 2	# 安装git brew install git

Git安装完毕后，只须要使用git config简单配置下用户名和邮箱就可使用了。

• Git中文简易指南
• Git官网帮助

为了使Git更好用，对Git作一些配置，.gitconfig文件中能够设置自定义命令等，.gitignore 文件是默认被忽略版本管理的文件。

(gitconfig)download

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

[push] default = current [color] ui = auto [alias] aa = add --all ap = add --patch ca = commit --amend ci = commit -v co = checkout br = branch create-branch = !sh -c 'git push origin HEAD:refs/heads/$1 && git fetch origin && git branch --track $1 origin/$1 && cd . && git checkout $1' - delete-branch = !sh -c 'git push origin :refs/heads/$1 && git branch -D $1' - merge-branch = !git checkout master && git merge @{-1} pr = !hub pull-request st = status up = !git fetch origin && git rebase origin/master [core] excludesfile = ~/.gitignore autocrlf = input [merge] ff = only [include] path = .gitconfig.local [commit] template = ~/.gitmessage [fetch] prune = true [user] name = zgs225 email = zgs225@gmail.com [credential] helper = osxkeychain [github] user = zgs225

(gitignore)download

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

*.DS_Store *.sw[nop] .bundle .env db/*.sqlite3 log/*.log rerun.txt tags tmp/**/* !tmp/cache/.keep

自动集成 ternimal 环境

感谢thoughtbot组织发布的开源项目，可 以轻松的完成上述配置。这是我fork项目的地址(https://github.com/zgs225/dotfiles)， 欢迎fork并完善成属于你本身的配置。

安装步骤：

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

# 更改成zsh, 详细参考上面zsh部分 chsh -s $(which zsh) # clone 源码 git clone https://github.com/zgs225/dotfiles.git # 安装rcm brew tap thoughtbot/formulae brew install rcm # 安装上述环境而且完成配置 rcup -d dotfiles -x README.md -x LICENSE -x Brewfile

 语言篇

编程语言五花八门，它们各自的版本也是万别千差。各类语言之间或多或少都存在着向前， 或者向后的不兼容。由于版本不兼容致使的bug也是格外的招人烦。因此，在语言篇这篇，也 是侧重与到编程语言版本管理已经环境控制。

简洁优美的类Lisp语言 Ruby

以Ruby做为语言篇的开篇，足以看得出来我对Ruby的喜好。虽然它有着这样或者那样使人诟 病的缺点，不过做为让我体会到Web世界美妙的第一门语言，我对Ruby一直有着别样的感情。

目前，Ruby的经常使用版本是1.9，2.1和最新的2.2。最新版本并非彻底向后兼容，因此若是你 的电脑中存在着老版本的Ruby项目，这时候又想切换到新版本中来，那可就头疼了。好在， 有像rvm和rbenv这样的Ruby版本管理软件。它们各有优劣，而我喜欢更为自动化的rvm。

一个完整的Ruby环境包括Ruby解释器、安装的RubyGems以及它们的文档。rvm用gemsets的 概念，为每个版本的Ruby提供一个独立的RubyGems环境。能够很方便的在不一样的Ruby环境 中切换而不相互影响。

1 2 3 4 5 6

# 安装rvm # 设置mpapis公钥 gpg --keyserver hkp://keys.gnupg.net --recv-keys 409B6B1796C275462A1703113804BB82D39DC0E3 # 安装稳定版rvm \curl -sSL https://get.rvm.io | bash -s stable

因为网络缘由，能够将rvm的Ruby安装源修改成国内淘宝的Ruby镜像服务器。 该镜像服务器15分钟以此更新，尽可能保证与官方同步。这样能提升安装速度。

1 2	# 出自 http://ruby.taobao.org sed -i .bak 's!cache.ruby-lang.org/pub/ruby!ruby.taobao.org/mirrors/ruby!' $rvm_path/config/db

推荐一篇关于rvm的文章: https://ruby-china.org/wiki/rvm-guide

一样，因为网络缘由，须要将RubyGems的安装源修改到镜像服务器上。

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

# 切换源 gem sources --remove https://rubygems.org/ gem sources -a https://ruby.taobao.org/ # 查看源列表 gem sources -l *** CURRENT SOURCES *** https://rubygems.org/

以上，你就拥有了一个相对温馨的Ruby开发环境，不用为版本和网络问题发愁。啊！天空都 清净了。

http://yuez.me/cong-ling-da-jian-he-pei-zhi-osxkai-fa-huan-jing/