【从传统方法到深度学习】图像分类

1. 问题

Kaggle上有一个图像分类比赛Digit Recognizer，数据集是大名鼎鼎的MNIST——图片是已分割 (image segmented)过的28*28的灰度图，手写数字部分对应的是0~255的灰度值，背景部分为0。

from keras.datasets import mnist

(x_train, y_train), (x_test, y_test) = mnist.load_data()
x_train[0] # .shape = 28*28
"""
[[  0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
    0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0]
 ...
 [  0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   3  18  18  18 126 136
  175  26 166 255 247 127   0   0   0   0]
 [  0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0  30  36  94 154 170 253 253 253 253 253
  225 172 253 242 195  64   0   0   0   0]
 ...
 [  0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0
    0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0]]
"""

手写数字图片是长这样的：

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

plt.subplot(1, 3, 1)
plt.imshow(x_train[0], cmap='gray')
plt.subplot(1, 3, 2)
plt.imshow(x_train[1], cmap='gray')
plt.subplot(1, 3, 3)
plt.imshow(x_train[2], cmap='gray')
plt.show()

手写数字识别能够看作是一个图像分类问题——对二维向量的灰度图进行分类。

2. 识别

Rodrigo Benenson给出50种方法在MNIST的错误率。本文将从传统方法过渡到深度学习，对比准确率来看。如下代码基于Python 3.6 + sklearn 0.18.1 + keras 2.0.4。

传统方法

kNN

思路比较简单：将二维向量拉直成一个一维向量，基于距离度量以判断向量间的类似性。显而易见，这种不带特征提取的朴素办法，丢掉了二维向量中最重要的四周相邻像素的信息。在比较干净的数据集MNIST还有不错的表现，准确率为96.927%。此外，kNN模型训练慢。

from sklearn import neighbors
from sklearn.metrics import precision_score

num_pixels = x_train[0].shape[0] * x_train[0].shape[1]
x_train = x_train.reshape((x_train.shape[0], num_pixels))
x_test = x_test.reshape((x_test.shape[0], num_pixels))

knn = neighbors.KNeighborsClassifier()
knn.fit(x_train, y_train)
pred = knn.predict(x_test)
precision_score(y_test, pred, average='macro') # 0.96927533865705706

MLP
多层感知器MLP (Multi Layer Perceptron)亦即三层的前馈神经网络，所采用的特征与kNN方法相似——每个像素点的灰度值对应于输入层的一个神经元，隐藏层的神经元数为700（通常介于输入层与输出层的数量之间）。sklearn的MLPClassifier实现MLP分类，下面给出基于keras的MLP实现。没怎么细致地调参，准确率大概在98.530%左右。

from keras.layers import Dense
from keras.models import Sequential
from keras.utils import np_utils

# normalization
num_pixels = 28 * 28
x_train = x_train.reshape(x_train.shape[0], num_pixels).astype('float32') / 255
x_test = x_test.reshape(x_test.shape[0], num_pixels).astype('float32') / 255
# one-hot enconder for class
y_train = np_utils.to_categorical(y_train)
y_test = np_utils.to_categorical(y_test)
num_classes = y_train.shape[1]

model = Sequential([
    Dense(700, input_dim=num_pixels, activation='relu', kernel_initializer='normal'),  # hidden layer
    Dense(num_classes, activation='softmax', kernel_initializer='normal')  # output layer
])
model.compile(optimizer='adam', loss='categorical_crossentropy', metrics=['accuracy'])
model.summary()

model.fit(x_train, y_train, validation_data=(x_test, y_test), epochs=600, batch_size=200, verbose=2)
model.evaluate(x_test, y_test, verbose=0)  # [0.10381294689745164, 0.98529999999999995]

深度学习

LeCun早在1989年发表的论文 [1]中提出了用CNN (Convolutional Neural Networks)来作手写数字识别，后来 [2]又改进到Lenet-5，其网络结构以下图所示：

卷积、池化、卷积、池化，而后套2个全链接层，最后接个Guassian链接层。众所周知，CNN自带特征提取功能，不须要刻意地设计特征提取器。基于keras，Lenet-5 非正式实现以下：

import keras
from keras.layers import Conv2D, MaxPooling2D
from keras.layers import Dense, Dropout, Flatten, Activation
from keras.models import Sequential
from keras.utils import np_utils

img_rows, img_cols = 28, 28
# TensorFlow backend: image_data_format() == 'channels_last'
x_train = x_train.reshape(x_train.shape[0], img_rows, img_cols, 1).astype('float32') / 255
x_test = x_test.reshape(x_test.shape[0], img_rows, img_cols, 1).astype('float32') / 255
# one-hot code for class
y_train = np_utils.to_categorical(y_train)
y_test = np_utils.to_categorical(y_test)
num_classes = y_train.shape[1]

model = Sequential()
model.add(Conv2D(filters=6, kernel_size=(5, 5), padding='valid', input_shape=(28, 28, 1)))
model.add(MaxPooling2D(pool_size=(2, 2)))
model.add(Activation("sigmoid"))

model.add(Conv2D(16, kernel_size=(5, 5), padding='valid'))
model.add(MaxPooling2D(pool_size=(2, 2)))
model.add(Activation("sigmoid"))
model.add(Dropout(0.25))
# full connection
model.add(Conv2D(120, kernel_size=(1, 1), padding='valid'))
model.add(Flatten())
# full connection
model.add(Dense(84, activation='sigmoid'))
model.add(Dense(num_classes, activation='softmax'))

model.compile(loss=keras.losses.categorical_crossentropy,
              optimizer=keras.optimizers.SGD(lr=0.08, momentum=0.9),
              metrics=['accuracy'])
model.summary()
model.fit(x_train, y_train, batch_size=32, epochs=8,
          verbose=1, validation_data=(x_test, y_test))
model.evaluate(x_test, y_test, verbose=0)

以上三种方法的准确率以下：

特征	分类器	准确率
gray	kNN	96.927%
gray	3-layer neural networks	98.530%
	Lenet-5	98.640%

3. 参考资料

[1] LeCun, Yann, et al. "Backpropagation applied to handwritten zip code recognition." Neural computation 1.4 (1989): 541-551.
[2] LeCun, Yann, et al. "Gradient-based learning applied to document recognition." Proceedings of the IEEE 86.11 (1998): 2278-2324.
[3] Taylor B. Arnold, Computer vision: LeNet-5, AlexNet, VGG-19, GoogLeNet.