在云栖社区的问答区,有一位网友提到有一个问题:
表里相似数据太多,想删除相似度高的数据,有什么办法能实现吗? 例如: 银屑病怎么治? 银屑病怎么治疗? 银屑病怎么治疗好? 银屑病怎么能治疗好? 等等
解这个问题的思路
.1. 首先如何判断内容的相似度,PostgreSQL中提供了中文分词,pg_trgm(将字符串切成多个不重复的token,计算两个字符串的相似度) .
对于本题,我建议采取中文分词的方式,首先将内容拆分成词组。
.2. 在拆分成词组后,首先分组聚合,去除完全重复的数据。
.3. 然后自关联生成笛卡尔(矩阵),计算出每条记录和其他记录的相似度。相似度的算法很简单,重叠的token数量除以集合的token去重后的数量。
.4. 根据相似度,去除不需要的数据。
这里如果数据量非常庞大,使用专业的分析编程语言会更好例如 PL/R。
实操的例子:
首先要安装PostgreSQL 中文分词插件
(阿里云AliCloudDB PostgreSQL已包含zhparser插件,用法参考阿里云官方手册)
https://yq.aliyun.com/articles/7730
下面是PostgreSQL社区版的用法:
git clone https://github.com/jaiminpan/pg_jieba.git mv pg_jieba $PGSRC/contrib/ export PATH=/home/digoal/pgsql9.5/bin:$PATH cd $PGSRC/contrib/pg_jieba make clean;make;make install git clone https://github.com/jaiminpan/pg_scws.git mv pg_jieba $PGSRC/contrib/ export PATH=/home/digoal/pgsql9.5/bin:$PATH cd $PGSRC/contrib/pg_scws make clean;make;make install
创建插件
psql # create extension pg_jieba; # create extension pg_scws;
创建测试CASE
create table tdup1 (id int primary key, info text); create extension pg_trgm; insert into tdup1 values (1, '银屑病怎么治?'); insert into tdup1 values (2, '银屑病怎么治疗?'); insert into tdup1 values (3, '银屑病怎么治疗好?'); insert into tdup1 values (4, '银屑病怎么能治疗好?');
这两种分词插件,可以任选一种。
postgres=# select to_tsvector('jiebacfg', info),* from tdup1 ; to_tsvector | id | info ---------------------+----+---------------------- '治':3 '银屑病':1 | 1 | 银屑病怎么治? '治疗':3 '银屑病':1 | 2 | 银屑病怎么治疗? '治疗':3 '银屑病':1 | 3 | 银屑病怎么治疗好? '治疗':4 '银屑病':1 | 4 | 银屑病怎么能治疗好? (4 rows) postgres=# select to_tsvector('scwscfg', info),* from tdup1 ; to_tsvector | id | info -----------------------------------+----+---------------------- '治':2 '银屑病':1 | 1 | 银屑病怎么治? '治疗':2 '银屑病':1 | 2 | 银屑病怎么治疗? '好':3 '治疗':2 '银屑病':1 | 3 | 银屑病怎么治疗好? '好':4 '治疗':3 '能':2 '银屑病':1 | 4 | 银屑病怎么能治疗好? (4 rows)
创建三个函数,
计算2个数组的集合(去重后的集合)
postgres=# create or replace function array_union(text[], text[]) returns text[] as $$ select array_agg(c1) from (select c1 from unnest($1||$2) t(c1) group by c1) t; $$ language sql strict; CREATE FUNCTION
数组去重
postgres=# create or replace function array_dist(text[]) returns text[] as $$ select array_agg(c1) from (select c1 from unnest($1) t(c1) group by c1) t; $$ language sql strict; CREATE FUNCTION
计算两个数组的重叠部分(去重后的重叠部分)
postgres=# create or replace function array_share(text[], text[]) returns text[] as $$ select array_agg(unnest) from (select unnest($1) intersect select unnest($2) group by 1) t; $$ language sql strict; CREATE FUNCTION
笛卡尔结果是这样的:
regexp_split_to_array((regexp_replace(to_tsvector('jiebacfg',info)::text,'(:d+)', '', 'g')),' ') 用于将info转换成数组。
postgres=# with t(c1,c2,c3) as (select id,info,array_dist(regexp_split_to_array((regexp_replace(to_tsvector('jiebacfg',info)::text,'(:\d+)', '', 'g')),' ')) from tdup1) select * from (select t1.c1 t1c1,t2.c1 t2c1,t1.c2 t1c2,t2.c2 t2c2,t1.c3 t1c3,t2.c3 t2c3,round(array_length(array_share(t1.c3,t2.c3),1)::numeric/array_length(array_union(t1.c3,t2.c3),1),2) simulate from t t1,t t2) t; t1c1 | t2c1 | t1c2 | t2c2 | t1c3 | t2c3 | simulate ------+------+----------------------+----------------------+-------------------+-------------------+---------- 1 | 1 | 银屑病怎么治? | 银屑病怎么治? | {'银屑病','治'} | {'银屑病','治'} | 1.00 1 | 2 | 银屑病怎么治? | 银屑病怎么治疗? | {'银屑病','治'} | {'银屑病','治疗'} | 0.33 1 | 3 | 银屑病怎么治? | 银屑病怎么治疗好? | {'银屑病','治'} | {'银屑病','治疗'} | 0.33 1 | 4 | 银屑病怎么治? | 银屑病怎么能治疗好? | {'银屑病','治'} | {'银屑病','治疗'} | 0.33 2 | 1 | 银屑病怎么治疗? | 银屑病怎么治? | {'银屑病','治疗'} | {'银屑病','治'} | 0.33 2 | 2 | 银屑病怎么治疗? | 银屑病怎么治疗? | {'银屑病','治疗'} | {'银屑病','治疗'} | 1.00 2 | 3 | 银屑病怎么治疗? | 银屑病怎么治疗好? | {'银屑病','治疗'} | {'银屑病','治疗'} | 1.00 2 | 4 | 银屑病怎么治疗? | 银屑病怎么能治疗好? | {'银屑病','治疗'} | {'银屑病','治疗'} | 1.00 3 | 1 | 银屑病怎么治疗好? | 银屑病怎么治? | {'银屑病','治疗'} | {'银屑病','治'} | 0.33 3 | 2 | 银屑病怎么治疗好? | 银屑病怎么治疗? | {'银屑病','治疗'} | {'银屑病','治疗'} | 1.00 3 | 3 | 银屑病怎么治疗好? | 银屑病怎么治疗好? | {'银屑病','治疗'} | {'银屑病','治疗'} | 1.00 3 | 4 | 银屑病怎么治疗好? | 银屑病怎么能治疗好? | {'银屑病','治疗'} | {'银屑病','治疗'} | 1.00 4 | 1 | 银屑病怎么能治疗好? | 银屑病怎么治? | {'银屑病','治疗'} | {'银屑病','治'} | 0.33 4 | 2 | 银屑病怎么能治疗好? | 银屑病怎么治疗? | {'银屑病','治疗'} | {'银屑病','治疗'} | 1.00 4 | 3 | 银屑病怎么能治疗好? | 银屑病怎么治疗好? | {'银屑病','治疗'} | {'银屑病','治疗'} | 1.00 4 | 4 | 银屑病怎么能治疗好? | 银屑病怎么能治疗好? | {'银屑病','治疗'} | {'银屑病','治疗'} | 1.00 (16 rows)
以上生成的实际上是一个矩阵,simulate就是矩阵中我们需要计算的相似度:
我们在去重计算时不需要所有的笛卡尔积,只需要这个矩阵对角线的上部分或下部分数据即可。
所以加个条件就能完成。
postgres=# with t(c1,c2,c3) as (select id,info,array_dist(regexp_split_to_array((regexp_replace(to_tsvector('jiebacfg',info)::text,'(:\d+)', '', 'g')),' ')) from tdup1) select * from (select t1.c1 t1c1,t2.c1 t2c1,t1.c2 t1c2,t2.c2 t2c2,t1.c3 t1c3,t2.c3 t2c3,round(array_length(array_share(t1.c3,t2.c3),1)::numeric/array_length(array_union(t1.c3,t2.c3),1),2) simulate from t t1,t t2 where t1.c1<>t2.c1 and t1.c1<t2.c1) t; t1c1 | t2c1 | t1c2 | t2c2 | t1c3 | t2c3 | simulate ------+------+--------------------+----------------------+-------------------+-------------------+---------- 1 | 2 | 银屑病怎么治? | 银屑病怎么治疗? | {'银屑病','治'} | {'银屑病','治疗'} | 0.33 1 | 3 | 银屑病怎么治? | 银屑病怎么治疗好? | {'银屑病','治'} | {'银屑病','治疗'} | 0.33 1 | 4 | 银屑病怎么治? | 银屑病怎么能治疗好? | {'银屑病','治'} | {'银屑病','治疗'} | 0.33 2 | 3 | 银屑病怎么治疗? | 银屑病怎么治疗好? | {'银屑病','治疗'} | {'银屑病','治疗'} | 1.00 2 | 4 | 银屑病怎么治疗? | 银屑病怎么能治疗好? | {'银屑病','治疗'} | {'银屑病','治疗'} | 1.00 3 | 4 | 银屑病怎么治疗好? | 银屑病怎么能治疗好? | {'银屑病','治疗'} | {'银屑病','治疗'} | 1.00 (6 rows)
开始对这些数据去重,去重的第一步,明确simulate, 例如相似度大于0.5的,需要去重。
postgres=# with t(c1,c2,c3) as (select id,info,array_dist(regexp_split_to_array((regexp_replace(to_tsvector('jiebacfg',info)::text,'(:\d+)', '', 'g')),' ')) from tdup1) select * from (select t1.c1 t1c1,t2.c1 t2c1,t1.c2 t1c2,t2.c2 t2c2,t1.c3 t1c3,t2.c3 t2c3,round(array_length(array_share(t1.c3,t2.c3),1)::numeric/array_length(array_union(t1.c3,t2.c3),1),2) simulate from t t1,t t2 where t1.c1<>t2.c1 and t1.c1<t2.c1) t where simulate>0.5; t1c1 | t2c1 | t1c2 | t2c2 | t1c3 | t2c3 | simulate ------+------+--------------------+----------------------+-------------------+-------------------+---------- 2 | 3 | 银屑病怎么治疗? | 银屑病怎么治疗好? | {'银屑病','治疗'} | {'银屑病','治疗'} | 1.00 2 | 4 | 银屑病怎么治疗? | 银屑病怎么能治疗好? | {'银屑病','治疗'} | {'银屑病','治疗'} | 1.00 3 | 4 | 银屑病怎么治疗好? | 银屑病怎么能治疗好? | {'银屑病','治疗'} | {'银屑病','治疗'} | 1.00 (3 rows)
去重第二步,将t2c1列的ID对应的记录删掉即可。
delete from tdup1 where id in (with t(c1,c2,c3) as (select id,info,array_dist(regexp_split_to_array((regexp_replace(to_tsvector('jiebacfg',info)::text,'(:\d+)', '', 'g')),' ')) from tdup1) select t2c1 from (select t1.c1 t1c1,t2.c1 t2c1,t1.c2 t1c2,t2.c2 t2c2,t1.c3 t1c3,t2.c3 t2c3,round(array_length(array_share(t1.c3,t2.c3),1)::numeric/array_length(array_union(t1.c3,t2.c3),1),2) simulate from t t1,t t2 where t1.c1<>t2.c1 and t1.c1<t2.c1) t where simulate>0.5); 例如 : postgres=# insert into tdup1 values (11, '白血病怎么治?'); INSERT 0 1 postgres=# insert into tdup1 values (22, '白血病怎么治疗?'); INSERT 0 1 postgres=# insert into tdup1 values (13, '白血病怎么治疗好?'); INSERT 0 1 postgres=# insert into tdup1 values (24, '白血病怎么能治疗好?'); INSERT 0 1 postgres=# postgres=# with t(c1,c2,c3) as (select id,info,array_dist(regexp_split_to_array((regexp_replace(to_tsvector('jiebacfg',info)::text,'(:\d+)', '', 'g')),' ')) from tdup1) select * from (select t1.c1 t1c1,t2.c1 t2c1,t1.c2 t1c2,t2.c2 t2c2,t1.c3 t1c3,t2.c3 t2c3,round(array_length(array_share(t1.c3,t2.c3),1)::numeric/array_length(array_union(t1.c3,t2.c3),1),2) simulate from t t1,t t2 where t1.c1<>t2.c1 and t1.c1<t2.c1) t where simulate>0.5; t1c1 | t2c1 | t1c2 | t2c2 | t1c3 | t2c3 | simulate ------+------+--------------------+----------------------+-------------------+-------------------+---------- 2 | 3 | 银屑病怎么治疗? | 银屑病怎么治疗好? | {'银屑病','治疗'} | {'银屑病','治疗'} | 1.00 2 | 4 | 银屑病怎么治疗? | 银屑病怎么能治疗好? | {'银屑病','治疗'} | {'银屑病','治疗'} | 1.00 3 | 4 | 银屑病怎么治疗好? | 银屑病怎么能治疗好? | {'银屑病','治疗'} | {'银屑病','治疗'} | 1.00 22 | 24 | 白血病怎么治疗? | 白血病怎么能治疗好? | {'治疗','白血病'} | {'治疗','白血病'} | 1.00 13 | 22 | 白血病怎么治疗好? | 白血病怎么治疗? | {'治疗','白血病'} | {'治疗','白血病'} | 1.00 13 | 24 | 白血病怎么治疗好? | 白血病怎么能治疗好? | {'治疗','白血病'} | {'治疗','白血病'} | 1.00 (6 rows) postgres=# begin; BEGIN postgres=# delete from tdup1 where id in (with t(c1,c2,c3) as postgres(# (select id,info,array_dist(regexp_split_to_array((regexp_replace(to_tsvector('jiebacfg',info)::text,'(:\d+)', '', 'g')),' ')) from tdup1) postgres(# select t2c1 from (select t1.c1 t1c1,t2.c1 t2c1,t1.c2 t1c2,t2.c2 t2c2,t1.c3 t1c3,t2.c3 t2c3,round(array_length(array_share(t1.c3,t2.c3),1)::numeric/array_length(array_union(t1.c3,t2.c3),1),2) postgres(# simulate from t t1,t t2 where t1.c1<>t2.c1 and t1.c1<t2.c1) t where simulate>0.5); DELETE 4 postgres=# select * from tdup1 ; id | info ----+-------------------- 1 | 银屑病怎么治? 2 | 银屑病怎么治疗? 11 | 白血病怎么治? 13 | 白血病怎么治疗好? (4 rows)
用数据库解会遇到的问题, 因为我们的JOIN filter是<>和<,用不上hashjoin。
数据量比较大的情况下,耗时会非常的长。
postgres=# explain delete from tdup1 where id in (with t(c1,c2,c3) as (select id,info,array_dist(regexp_split_to_array((regexp_replace(to_tsvector('jiebacfg',info)::text,'(:\d+)', '', 'g')),' ')) from tdup1) select t2c1 from (select t1.c1 t1c1,t2.c1 t2c1,t1.c2 t1c2,t2.c2 t2c2,t1.c3 t1c3,t2.c3 t2c3,round(array_length(array_share(t1.c3,t2.c3),1)::numeric/array_length(array_union(t1.c3,t2.c3),1),2) simulate from t t1,t t2 where t1.c1<>t2.c1 and t1.c1<t2.c1) t where simulate>0.5); QUERY PLAN ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Delete on tdup1 (cost=10005260133.58..10005260215.84 rows=2555 width=34) -> Hash Join (cost=10005260133.58..10005260215.84 rows=2555 width=34) Hash Cond: (tdup1.id = "ANY_subquery".t2c1) -> Seq Scan on tdup1 (cost=0.00..61.10 rows=5110 width=10) -> Hash (cost=10005260131.08..10005260131.08 rows=200 width=32) -> HashAggregate (cost=10005260129.08..10005260131.08 rows=200 width=32) Group Key: "ANY_subquery".t2c1 -> Subquery Scan on "ANY_subquery" (cost=10000002667.20..10005252911.99 rows=2886838 width=32) -> Subquery Scan on t (cost=10000002667.20..10005224043.61 rows=2886838 width=4) Filter: (t.simulate > 0.5) CTE t -> Seq Scan on tdup1 tdup1_1 (cost=0.00..2667.20 rows=5110 width=36) -> Nested Loop (cost=10000000000.00..10005113119.99 rows=8660513 width=68) Join Filter: ((t1.c1 <> t2.c1) AND (t1.c1 < t2.c1)) -> CTE Scan on t t1 (cost=0.00..102.20 rows=5110 width=36) -> CTE Scan on t t2 (cost=0.00..102.20 rows=5110 width=36) (16 rows)
其他更优雅的方法,使用PLR或者R进行矩阵运算,得出结果后再进行筛选。
PLR
R
或者使用MPP数据库例如Greenplum加上R和madlib可以对非常庞大的数据进行处理。
MADLIB
MPP
小结 这里用到了PG的什么特性? .1. 中文分词 .2. 窗口查询功能 (本例中没有用到,但是如果你的数据没有主键时,则需要用ctid和row_number来定位到一条唯一记录)