在Android中的多进程、多线程中提过,只有主线程(UI线程)能够更新UI,其余线程不能够,因此通常耗时操做放到子线程。子线程能够经过Handler将相关信息通知到主线程。
Android的消息机制主要是Handler机制。Handler的工做过程,还有两个重要部分MessageQueue(消息队列,下面简称MQ)和Looper。html
因为下面总结中穿插了很多源码 便于理解,致使篇幅比较长(加代码有600多行)。因此先大体总结并给出大体目录,提早了解是不是须要的内容。java
Handler能作到跨线程,主要是Looper及内部的消息队列。最多见的:程序启动主线程建立Looper并绑定了消息队列,在主线程建立Handler,这个Handler与Looper绑定的。在其余线程(任何地方)经过这个Handler发送消息,消息都加入到了主线程Looper内部的消息队列(消息发送到的MQ是 建立Handler时绑定的Looper内部MQ),当消息被Looper循环取出,天然就回到了主线程android
1 Looper、Handler与MQ 1.1 Looper 1.1.1 Looper的建立:prepare() 1.1.2 Looper循环:loop() 1.2 Handler 1.2.1 Handler的建立 1.2.2 Handler发送消息 1.2.3 Handler分派处理:dispatchMessage 1.3 MessageQueue 1.3.1 入队:enqueueMessage() 1.3.2 next()方法 1.3.3 退出:quit() 2 其余注意点 2.1 Handler通常使用 2.2 消息池 2.3 子线程到主线程的方法 2.4 主线程的Looper 2.5 ANR问题
Looper是循环器,为一个线程运行消息循环,不断检查消息队列中是否有新的消息。
Looper.prepare()为当前线程建立一个looper,并在其内部维护一个MQ。
Looper.loop()即looper开始工做,运行消息循环。缓存
下面是Looper部分的几处源码,有助于理解。安全
// sThreadLocal.get() will return null unless you've called prepare(). @UnsupportedAppUsage static final ThreadLocal<Looper> sThreadLocal = new ThreadLocal<Looper>(); @UnsupportedAppUsage final MessageQueue mQueue; final Thread mThread; public static void prepare() { prepare(true); } private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) { if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) { throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread"); } sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed)); } private Looper(boolean quitAllowed) { mQueue = new MessageQueue(quitAllowed); mThread = Thread.currentThread(); }
Looper经过prepare()方法建立,主要有如下几点:数据结构
Message.java @UnsupportedAppUsage /*package*/ Handler target; @UnsupportedAppUsage /*package*/ Runnable callback; Looper.java public static void loop() { ...... for (;;) { //不断取出下一条消息,mgs为null即消息队列退出,若没有消息且没有退出 消息队列一直阻塞的 Message msg = queue.next(); // might block if (msg == null) { // No message indicates that the message queue is quitting. return; } ...... try { //分派消息,经过Handler处理 msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg); if (observer != null) { observer.messageDispatched(token, msg); } dispatchEnd = needEndTime ? SystemClock.uptimeMillis() : 0; } catch (Exception exception) { ...... msg.recycleUnchecked(); } } public static @Nullable Looper myLooper() { return sThreadLocal.get(); }
因为代码比较长,截取了关键代码,......表示该处有省略的代码。
loop()是消息循环运行的关键,总体把握这里关注两行代码:Message msg = queue.next(); 和 msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);
。这两个分别在MQ部分和Handler部分有详述。多线程
Handler主要包含消息的发送和接收处理。less
@UnsupportedAppUsage final Looper mLooper; final MessageQueue mQueue; @UnsupportedAppUsage final Callback mCallback; final boolean mAsynchronous; /** * @hide */ public Handler(@Nullable Callback callback, boolean async) { if (FIND_POTENTIAL_LEAKS) { final Class<? extends Handler> klass = getClass(); if ((klass.isAnonymousClass() || klass.isMemberClass() || klass.isLocalClass()) && (klass.getModifiers() & Modifier.STATIC) == 0) { Log.w(TAG, "The following Handler class should be static or leaks might occur: " + klass.getCanonicalName()); } } mLooper = Looper.myLooper(); if (mLooper == null) { throw new RuntimeException( "Can't create handler inside thread " + Thread.currentThread() + " that has not called Looper.prepare()"); } mQueue = mLooper.mQueue; mCallback = callback; mAsynchronous = async; }
注意几点:异步
public final boolean post(@NonNull Runnable r) { return sendMessageDelayed(getPostMessage(r), 0); } private static Message getPostMessage(Runnable r) { Message m = Message.obtain(); m.callback = r; return m; } public final boolean sendMessageDelayed(@NonNull Message msg, long delayMillis) { if (delayMillis < 0) { delayMillis = 0; } return sendMessageAtTime(msg, SystemClock.uptimeMillis() + delayMillis); } public boolean sendMessageAtTime(@NonNull Message msg, long uptimeMillis) { MessageQueue queue = mQueue; if (queue == null) { RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException( this + " sendMessageAtTime() called with no mQueue"); Log.w("Looper", e.getMessage(), e); return false; } return enqueueMessage(queue, msg, uptimeMillis); } private boolean enqueueMessage(@NonNull MessageQueue queue, @NonNull Message msg, long uptimeMillis) { msg.target = this; msg.workSourceUid = ThreadLocalWorkSource.getUid(); if (mAsynchronous) { msg.setAsynchronous(true); } return queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis); }
这里都是使用SystemClock.uptimeMillis(),简单说明下SystemClock.uptimeMillis()与System.currentTimeMillis()区别:
System.currentTimeMillis()是1970年1月1日(UTC)到如今的毫秒值。
SystemClock.uptimeMillis()是设备启动到如今的时间的毫秒值。(不包括深度睡眠)
SystemClock.elapsedRealtime()是设备启动到如今时间的毫秒值。(包括深度睡眠)
为何基本都用SystemClock.uptimeMillis()做为时间间隔的获取方法呢?
System.currentTimeMillis()经过设置设备的时间是能够改变的,这样设置后 那些计划的执行明显会发生异常。async
@UnsupportedAppUsage /*package*/ Handler target; @UnsupportedAppUsage /*package*/ Runnable callback; public void dispatchMessage(@NonNull Message msg) { if (msg.callback != null) { handleCallback(msg); } else { if (mCallback != null) { if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) { return; } } handleMessage(msg); } } private static void handleCallback(Message message) { message.callback.run(); } public interface Callback { /** * @param msg A {@link android.os.Message Message} object * @return True if no further handling is desired */ boolean handleMessage(@NonNull Message msg); } /** * Subclasses must implement this to receive messages. */ public void handleMessage(@NonNull Message msg) { }
Looper循环经过queue.next()获取到一条消息,再经过Handler的dispatchMessage()分派处理。
消息队列MQ。主要列出Looper和Handler中提到的几个关于MQ的重要过程。
消息队列是单链表实现的,这属于数据结构,了解的话能够参考数据结构之队列(Queue)。
boolean enqueueMessage(Message msg, long when) { //Handler为空 if (msg.target == null) { throw new IllegalArgumentException("Message must have a target."); } //消息标记是使用中 if (msg.isInUse()) { throw new IllegalStateException(msg + " This message is already in use."); } //线程安全,同步 synchronized (this) { //消息队列已退出,被放弃 if (mQuitting) { IllegalStateException e = new IllegalStateException( msg.target + " sending message to a Handler on a dead thread"); Log.w(TAG, e.getMessage(), e); msg.recycle(); return false; } //下面开始是正在入队操做 msg.markInUse();//标记使用中 msg.when = when; Message p = mMessages;//当前消息,也是队首便可以理解为第一个消息 boolean needWake; //队列是空或者msg比队列中其余消息要先执行,该msg做为队首入队。 if (p == null || when == 0 || when < p.when) { // New head, wake up the event queue if blocked. //加入队首。p是指向以前队首的,了解队列链表实现很容易理解 msg.next = p; mMessages = msg; needWake = mBlocked; } else { // Inserted within the middle of the queue. Usually we don't have to wake // up the event queue unless there is a barrier at the head of the queue // and the message is the earliest asynchronous message in the queue. needWake = mBlocked && p.target == null && msg.isAsynchronous(); Message prev; //for循环,跳出时:p指向null,prev指向队尾最后一个消息,即msg最后执行。 //或者p指向第一个when大于msg的消息,prev则指向前面一个(最后一个when小于msg的消息) for (;;) { prev = p; p = p.next; if (p == null || when < p.when) { break; } if (needWake && p.isAsynchronous()) { needWake = false; } } //msg插入到对应的位置 msg.next = p; // invariant: p == prev.next prev.next = msg; } // We can assume mPtr != 0 because mQuitting is false. if (needWake) { nativeWake(mPtr); } } return true; }
Handler发送消息,将消息加入了消息队列,即上面的enqueueMessage的方法。
这个方法不难理解,能够看添加的中文注释。
这里主要注意的是消息的处理时间,看入队逻辑 能够看出消息队列是按消息处理时间排队的。
@UnsupportedAppUsage Message next() { ...... for (;;) { ...... nativePollOnce(ptr, nextPollTimeoutMillis); synchronized (this) { // Try to retrieve the next message. Return if found. final long now = SystemClock.uptimeMillis(); Message prevMsg = null; Message msg = mMessages; //同步屏障,若存在异步消息 则获取的是第一个异步消息 if (msg != null && msg.target == null) { // Stalled by a barrier. Find the next asynchronous message in the queue. do { prevMsg = msg; msg = msg.next; } while (msg != null && !msg.isAsynchronous()); } if (msg != null) { //尚未到消息处理时间,设置阻塞时间nextPollTimeoutMillis,进入下次循环的时候会调用nativePollOnce(ptr, nextPollTimeoutMillis) if (now < msg.when) { // Next message is not ready. Set a timeout to wake up when it is ready. nextPollTimeoutMillis = (int) Math.min(msg.when - now, Integer.MAX_VALUE); } else { //得到并返回消息 // Got a message. mBlocked = false; if (prevMsg != null) { prevMsg.next = msg.next; } else { mMessages = msg.next; } msg.next = null; if (DEBUG) Log.v(TAG, "Returning message: " + msg); msg.markInUse(); return msg; } } else { //没有消息要处理,nextPollTimeoutMillis设置为-1。 // No more messages. nextPollTimeoutMillis = -1; } // Process the quit message now that all pending messages have been handled. //消息队列退出,返回null if (mQuitting) { dispose(); return null; } ...... } ...... } }
这个方法比较复杂,代码比较长。上面只截取了部分关键代码,能够看下添加的中文注释,可以理解。
注意两个地方:
最后来看下消息队列的退出
void quit(boolean safe) { if (!mQuitAllowed) { throw new IllegalStateException("Main thread not allowed to quit."); } synchronized (this) { if (mQuitting) { return; } mQuitting = true; if (safe) { removeAllFutureMessagesLocked(); } else { removeAllMessagesLocked(); } // We can assume mPtr != 0 because mQuitting was previously false. nativeWake(mPtr); } } private void removeAllFutureMessagesLocked() { final long now = SystemClock.uptimeMillis(); Message p = mMessages; if (p != null) { if (p.when > now) { removeAllMessagesLocked(); } else { Message n; for (;;) { n = p.next; if (n == null) { return; } if (n.when > now) { break; } p = n; } p.next = null; do { p = n; n = p.next; p.recycleUnchecked(); } while (n != null); } } } private void removeAllMessagesLocked() { Message p = mMessages; while (p != null) { Message n = p.next; p.recycleUnchecked(); p = n; } mMessages = null; }
这个也不复杂,简单关注两点:
Handler使用,通常是子线程进入主线程更新UI。下面是常见的操做。
主要注意Hanler的建立(多种方式的选择)以及回调的处理,发送消息的方式。
private final String TAG = "HandlerActivity"; private final int MAIN_HANDLER_1 = 1; private Handler mMainHandler = new Handler() { @Override public void handleMessage(@NonNull Message msg) { super.handleMessage( msg ); switch (msg.what) { case MAIN_HANDLER_1: //Do something. like Update UI break; } } };; @Override protected void onCreate(@Nullable Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate( savedInstanceState ); Log.d( TAG, "onCreate: MainHandler Looper=" + mMainHandler.getLooper() ); SubThread subThread = new SubThread(); subThread.start(); } private class SubThread extends Thread { @Override public void run() { //Do something Message message = mMainHandler.obtainMessage(); message.what = MAIN_HANDLER_1; mMainHandler.sendMessage(message); } }
Message内部保存了一个缓存的消息池,咱们能够经过Message.obtain()或者mMainHandler.obtainMessage()从缓存池得到一个消息对象。避免每次建立Message带来的资源占用。
Message.obtain()的多种方法以及mMainHandler.obtainMessage()最终都是调用obtain()从消息池中获取一个消息对象。
public static Message obtain() { synchronized (sPoolSync) { if (sPool != null) { Message m = sPool; sPool = m.next; m.next = null; m.flags = 0; // clear in-use flag sPoolSize--; return m; } } return new Message(); }
Handler的一个重要做用就是子线程进入主线程更新UI。
Android中的多进程、多线程也提到过2种
Activity.runOnUiThread(Runnable);View.post(Runnable)/View.postDelayed(Runnable, long)。
这2种方法其实就是Handler机制实现的。
Activity.java public final void runOnUiThread(Runnable action) { if (Thread.currentThread() != mUiThread) { mHandler.post(action); } else { action.run(); } } View.java public boolean post(Runnable action) { final AttachInfo attachInfo = mAttachInfo; if (attachInfo != null) { return attachInfo.mHandler.post(action); } // Postpone the runnable until we know on which thread it needs to run. // Assume that the runnable will be successfully placed after attach. getRunQueue().post(action); return true; } private HandlerActionQueue getRunQueue() { if (mRunQueue == null) { mRunQueue = new HandlerActionQueue(); } return mRunQueue; } @UnsupportedAppUsage(maxTargetSdk = Build.VERSION_CODES.P) void dispatchAttachedToWindow(AttachInfo info, int visibility) { ...... // Transfer all pending runnables. if (mRunQueue != null) { mRunQueue.executeActions( info.mHandler ); mRunQueue = null; } ...... } HandlerActionQueue.java public void executeActions(Handler handler) { synchronized (this) { final HandlerAction[] actions = mActions; for (int i = 0, count = mCount; i < count; i++) { final HandlerAction handlerAction = actions[i]; handler.postDelayed(handlerAction.action, handlerAction.delay); } mActions = null; mCount = 0; } }
ActivityThread中的main()是主线程的入口。
从下面代码中能够看出来,应用启动 主线程默认建立了Looper,它是不可退出的。Looper有单独保存并获取主线程Looper的方法。
主线程Looper建立参数为false(prepare(false)),即looper()的循环是不会中止的,当没有消息时,一直是阻塞的。
Run|Debug public static void main(String[] args) { ...... Looper.prepareMainLooper(); ...... // End of event ActivityThreadMain. Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER); /// M: ANR Debug Mechanism mAnrAppManager.setMessageLogger(Looper.myLooper()); Looper.loop(); throw new RuntimeException("Main thread loop unexpectedly exited"); } Looper.java public static void prepareMainLooper() { prepare(false); synchronized (Looper.class) { if (sMainLooper != null) { throw new IllegalStateException("The main Looper has already been prepared."); } sMainLooper = myLooper(); } }
looper()死循环为何没致使ANR?ANR具体什么形成?ANR和Looper有什么关系? ---这篇已通过长,这些问题在ANR部分总结更好。