[译]使用 Rust 开发一个简单的 Web 应用,第 2b 部分

使用 Rust 开发一个简单的 Web 应用,第 2b 部分

目录

1 系列文章

在这个系列文章中,我记录下了,我在尝试使用 Rust 开发一个简单的 Web 应用过程当中得到的经验。html

到目前为止,咱们有:前端

  1. 制定目标 & “Hello World”级 Web 服务器
  2. 搞清楚如何写入文件

上一篇文章很恶心。此次咱们会探索 Rust 的时间、日期格式,重点是用一个合适的格式记录时间。android

2 使用 Chrono

在 crates.io 中搜索“日期”将获得一个名为 chrono 的包。它热度很高,更新频繁,因此这看起来是一个好的候选方案。 从 README 文件来看,它有着很棒的的日期、时间输出功能。ios

第一件事情是在 Cargo.toml 中添加 Chrono 依赖,但在此以前,咱们先把旧的 main.rs 移出,腾出空间用于实验:git

$ ls
Cargo.lock Cargo.toml log.txt    src        target
$ cd src/
$ ls
main.rs     web_main.rs
$ git mv main.rs main_file_writing.rs
$ touch main.rs
$ git add main.rs
$ git status
On branch master
Your branch is up-to-date with 'origin/master'.
Changes to be committed:
  (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage)

        modified:   main.rs
        copied:     main.rs -> main_file_writing.rs

Untracked files:
  (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)

        ../log.txt

$ git commit -m 'move file writing out of the way for working with dates'
[master 4cd2b0e] move file writing out of the way for working with dates
 2 files changed, 16 deletions(-)
 rewrite src/main.rs (100%)
 copy src/{main.rs => main_file_writing.rs} (100%)
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Cargo.toml 中添加 Chrono 依赖:github

[package]
name = "simple-log"
version = "0.1.0"
authors = ["Joel McCracken <mccracken.joel@gmail.com>"]

[dependencies]

chrono = "0.2"

[dependencies.nickel]

git = "https://github.com/nickel-org/nickel.rs.git"
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自述文件接着说:web

And put this in your crate root:

    extern crate chrono;
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我不知道这是什么意思,但我要尝试把它放到 main.rs 顶部,由于它看起来像是 Rust 代码:后端

extern crate chrono;

fn main() { }
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编译:bash

$ cargo run
    Updating registry `https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index`
 Downloading num v0.1.25
 Downloading rand v0.3.8
 Downloading chrono v0.2.14
   Compiling rand v0.3.8
   Compiling num v0.1.25
   Compiling chrono v0.2.14
   Compiling simple-log v0.1.0 (file:///Users/joel/Projects/simple-log)
     Running `/Users/joel/Projects/simple-log/target/debug/simple-log`
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好了,它彷佛下载了 Chrono,而且编译成功了、结束了。我想下一步就是尝试使用它。根据自述文件第一个例子,我想这样:服务器

extern crate chrono;
use chrono::*;

fn main() {
    let local: DateTime<Local> = Local::now();
    println!('{}', local);
}
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=>

$ cargo run
   Compiling simple-log v0.1.0 (file:///Users/joel/Projects/simple-log)
main.rs:6:14: 6:16 error: unterminated character constant: '{ main.rs:6 println!('{}', local); ^~ Could not compile `simple-log`. To learn more, run the command again with --verbose. 复制代码

……?我愣了几秒后,我意识到它是告诉我,我应该使用双引号,而不是单引号。这是有道理的,单引号被用于生命周期规范。

从单引号切换到双引号以后:

$ cargo run
   Compiling simple-log v0.1.0 (file:///Users/joel/Projects/simple-log)
     Running `/Users/joel/Projects/simple-log/target/debug/simple-log`
2015-06-05 16:54:47.483088 -04:00
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……哇偶,这真简单。看起来 println! 能够调用某种接口以打印各类不一样的东西。

这很讽刺。我很轻松就构建一个简单的“Hello World”级 Web 应用而且打印了一个格式良好的时间,但我在写入文件上花费了不少时间。我不知道这意味着什么。尽管 Rust 语言很难用(对我来讲),可是我相信 Rust 社区已经作了许多努力使系统包工做良好。

3 将日期时间写入文件

我认为,下一步咱们应该将这个字符串写入文件。为此,我想看看上一篇文章的结尾:

$ cat main_file_writing.rs
use std::io::prelude::*;
use std::fs::File;
use std::io;

fn log_something(filename: &'static str, string: &'static [u8; 12]) -> io::Result<()> {
    let mut f = try!(File::create(filename));
    try!(f.write_all(string));
    Ok(())
}

fn main() {
    match log_something("log.txt", b"ITS ALIVE!!!") {
        Ok(..) => println!("File created!"),
        Err(..) => println!("Error: could not create file.")
    }
}
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我只是将上面那个例子和这个合并到一块儿:

extern crate chrono;

use std::io::prelude::*;
use std::fs::File;
use std::io;
use chrono::*;

fn log_something(filename: &'static str, string: &'static [u8; 12]) -> io::Result<()> {
    let mut f = try!(File::create(filename));
    try!(f.write_all(string));
    Ok(())
}

fn main() {
    let local: DateTime<Local> = Local::now();
    println!('{}', local);
    match log_something("log.txt", b"ITS ALIVE!!!") {
        Ok(..) => println!("File created!"),
        Err(..) => println!("Error: could not create file.")
    }
}
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编译:

$ ls
Cargo.lock      Cargo.toml      log.txt         src             target
$ pwd
/Users/joel/Projects/simple-log
$ ls
Cargo.lock      Cargo.toml      log.txt         src             target
$ rm log.txt
$ cargo run
   Compiling simple-log v0.1.0 (file:///Users/joel/Projects/simple-log)
     Running `target/debug/simple-log`
2015-06-05 17:08:57.814176 -04:00
File created!
$ cat log.txt
ITS ALIVE!!!$
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它工做了!和语言做斗争真有意思,很顺利地把两个东西放在一块儿。

4 构建时间记录器

咱们离写一个真正的、完整的、最终系统愈来愈近。我忽然想起,我能够为这个代码写一些测试,可是不急,一会再说。

如下是这个函数应该作的事情:

  1. 给定一个文件名,
  2. 若是它不存在则建立它,而后打开这个文件。
  3. 建立一个时间日期字符串,
  4. 将这个字符串写入文件,而后关闭这个文件。

4.1 对 u8 的误解

个人第一次尝试:

extern crate chrono;

use std::io::prelude::*;
use std::fs::File;
use std::io;
use chrono::*;

fn log_time(filename: &'static str) -> io::Result<()> { let local: DateTime<Local> = Local::now(); let time_str = local.format("%Y").to_string(); let mut f = try!(File::create(filename)); try!(f.write_all(time_str)); Ok(()) } fn main() { match log_time("log.txt") { Ok(..) => println!("File created!"), Err(..) => println!("Error: could not create file.") } } 复制代码

=>

$ cargo run
   Compiling simple-log v0.1.0 (file:///Users/joel/Projects/simple-log)
src/main.rs:13:22: 13:30 error: mismatched types:
 expected `&[u8]`,
    found `collections::string::String`
(expected &-ptr,
    found struct `collections::string::String`) [E0308]
src/main.rs:13     try!(f.write_all(time_str));
                                    ^~~~~~~~
<std macros>:1:1: 6:48 note: in expansion of try!
src/main.rs:13:5: 13:33 note: expansion site
error: aborting due to previous error
Could not compile `simple-log`.

To learn more, run the command again with --verbose.
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我知道 Rust 中有不少字符串类型1,看起来这里我须要另外一种类型。我不知道怎么下手,因此我只能搜索一番。

我记得在 Rust 文档的某一部分中特别提到了字符串。查一查,它说,可使用 & 符号实现从 String&str 的转换。我感受这不是咱们须要的,由于它应该是 [u8]&str2 之间的类型冲突,让咱们试试:

extern crate chrono;

use std::io::prelude::*;
use std::fs::File;
use std::io;
use chrono::*;

fn log_time(filename: &'static str) -> io::Result<()> { let local: DateTime<Local> = Local::now(); let time_str = local.format("%Y").to_string(); let mut f = try!(File::create(filename)); try!(f.write_all(&time_str)); Ok(()) } fn main() { match log_time("log.txt") { Ok(..) => println!("File created!"), Err(..) => println!("Error: could not create file.") } } 复制代码

=>

$ cargo run
   Compiling simple-log v0.1.0 (file:///Users/joel/Projects/simple-log)
src/main.rs:13:22: 13:31 error: mismatched types:
 expected `&[u8]`,
    found `&collections::string::String`
(expected slice,
    found struct `collections::string::String`) [E0308]
src/main.rs:13     try!(f.write_all(&time_str));
                                    ^~~~~~~~~
<std macros>:1:1: 6:48 note: in expansion of try!
src/main.rs:13:5: 13:34 note: expansion site
error: aborting due to previous error
Could not compile `simple-log`.

To learn more, run the command again with --verbose.
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好吧,显然,添加 & 符号只能从 String 转换到 &String。这彷佛与 Rust 文档中所说的直相矛盾,但也多是我不知道发生了什么事情。

……并且我刚刚读了字符串的章节的末尾。据我所知,这里没有任何东西。

我离开了一段时间去忙别的事情(家长里短,你懂),当我走的时候,我恍然大悟。在此以前,我一直觉得 u8UTF-8 的缩写,可是如今我仔细想一想,它确定是“无符号 8 位整数”的意思。并且我记得我看见过 as_bytes 方法,因此,咱们试一下:

extern crate chrono;

use std::io::prelude::*;
use std::fs::File;
use std::io;
use chrono::*;

fn log_time(filename: &'static str) -> io::Result<()> { let local: DateTime<Local> = Local::now(); let bytes = local.format("%Y").to_string().as_bytes(); let mut f = try!(File::create(filename)); try!(f.write_all(bytes)); Ok(()) } fn main() { match log_time("log.txt") { Ok(..) => println!("File created!"), Err(..) => println!("Error: could not create file.") } } 复制代码

=>

$ cargo run
   Compiling simple-log v0.1.0 (file:///Users/joel/Projects/simple-log)
main.rs:10:17: 10:47 error: borrowed value does not live long enough
main.rs:10     let bytes = local.format("%Y").to_string().as_bytes();
                           ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
main.rs:10:59: 14:2 note: reference must be valid for the block suffix following statement 1 at 10:
58...
main.rs:10     let bytes = local.format("%Y").to_string().as_bytes();
main.rs:11     let mut f = try!(File::create(filename));
main.rs:12     try!(f.write_all(bytes));
main.rs:13     Ok(())
main.rs:14 }
main.rs:10:5: 10:59 note: ...but borrowed value is only valid for the statement at 10:4
main.rs:10     let bytes = local.format("%Y").to_string().as_bytes();
               ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
main.rs:10:5: 10:59 help: consider using a `let` binding to increase its lifetime
main.rs:10     let bytes = local.format("%Y").to_string().as_bytes();
               ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
error: aborting due to previous error
Could not compile `simple-log`.

To learn more, run the command again with --verbose.
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好吧,我但愿事情有所进展。这个错误是否意味着我修正了一些东西,而还有一些其余的错误掩盖了这个问题?我是否是遇到了一个全新的问题?

奇怪的是错误信息集中体如今同一行上。我并非很明白,但我以为它是想告诉我,我须要添加一个赋值语句在方法中。咱们试一下:

fn log_time(filename: &'static str) -> io::Result<()> { let local: DateTime<Local> = Local::now(); let formatted = local.format("%Y").to_string(); let bytes = formatted.as_bytes(); let mut f = try!(File::create(filename)); try!(f.write_all(bytes)); Ok(()) } 复制代码

=>

$ cargo run
   Compiling simple-log v0.1.0 (file:///Users/joel/Projects/simple-log)
     Running `target/debug/simple-log`
File created!
$ cat log.txt
2015$
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太棒了!咱们想要的都在这了。在我继续以前,我想吐槽一下,我有一点失望。没有个人提示,Rust 也应该能够经过上下文推断正确的行为。

测试脚本:

$ ls
Cargo.lock      Cargo.toml      log.txt         src             target
$ rm log.txt
$ cargo run
     Running `target/debug/simple-log`
File created!
$ cat log.txt
2015$ cargo run
     Running `target/debug/simple-log`
File created!
$ cat log.txt
2015$
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4.2 查缺补漏

一些问题:

  1. 没有另起一行,这忍不了。
  2. 格式须要一些处理。
  3. 新的日期会覆盖旧的。

Let's verify #3 by fixing the format. If the time changes between runs, then we will know that's what is happening.

DateTime 中的 format 方法使用标准 strftime 格式公约。理想状况下,我但愿时间看起来像是这样的:

Sat, Jun 6 2015 05:32:00 PM
Sun, Jun 7 2015 08:35:00 AM
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……等等。这可读性应该是足够的,供我使用。查阅文档后,我想出了这个:

extern crate chrono;

use std::io::prelude::*;
use std::fs::File;
use std::io;
use chrono::*;

fn log_time(filename: &'static str) -> io::Result<()> { let local: DateTime<Local> = Local::now(); let formatted = local.format("%a, %b %d %Y %I:%M:%S %p\n").to_string(); let bytes = formatted.as_bytes(); let mut f = try!(File::create(filename)); try!(f.write_all(bytes)); Ok(()) } fn main() { match log_time("log.txt") { Ok(..) => println!("File created!"), Err(..) => println!("Error: could not create file.") } } 复制代码

测试:

$ rm log.txt
$ cargo run
     Running `target/debug/simple-log`
File created!
$ cat log.txt
Sun, Jun 07 2015 06:37:21 PM
$ sleep 5; cargo run
     Running `target/debug/simple-log`
File created!
$ cat log.txt
Sun, Jun 07 2015 06:37:41 PM
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显然,程序覆盖我想要的日志项。我记得 File::create 的文档中指出了这里发生的事。因此,为了正确处理文件我须要再次查阅文档。

我进行了一些搜索,基本上找到答案都是可有可无的。随后,我找到了 std::path::Path 的文档,其中有一个 exists 模式。

此时,个人程序中的类型转换变得愈来愈难以管理。我感到紧张,因此继续以前,我要提交一次。

我想把对时间实体字符串的处理逻辑从 log_time 函数中抽取出来,由于时间的建立与格式化显然与文件操做代码不一样。因此,我作了以下尝试:

extern crate chrono;

use std::io::prelude::*;
use std::fs::File;
use std::io;
use chrono::*;

fn log_time_entry() -> String {
    let local: DateTime<Local> = Local::now();
    let formatted = local.format("%a, %b %d %Y %I:%M:%S %p\n").to_string();
    formatted
}

fn log_time(filename: &'static str) -> io::Result<()> { let bytes = log_time_entry().as_bytes(); let mut f = try!(File::create(filename)); try!(f.write_all(bytes)); Ok(()) } fn main() { match log_time("log.txt") { Ok(..) => println!("File created!"), Err(..) => println!("Error: could not create file.") } } 复制代码

=>

$ cargo run
   Compiling simple-log v0.1.0 (file:///Users/joel/Projects/simple-log)
src/main.rs:16:17: 16:33 error: borrowed value does not live long enough
src/main.rs:16     let bytes = log_time_entry().as_bytes();
                               ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
src/main.rs:16:45: 20:2 note: reference must be valid for the block suffix following statement 0 at
 16:44...
src/main.rs:16     let bytes = log_time_entry().as_bytes();
src/main.rs:17     let mut f = try!(File::create(filename));
src/main.rs:18     try!(f.write_all(bytes));
src/main.rs:19     Ok(())
src/main.rs:20 }
src/main.rs:16:5: 16:45 note: ...but borrowed value is only valid for the statement at 16:4
src/main.rs:16     let bytes = log_time_entry().as_bytes();
                   ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
src/main.rs:16:5: 16:45 help: consider using a `let` binding to increase its lifetime
src/main.rs:16     let bytes = log_time_entry().as_bytes();
                   ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
error: aborting due to previous error
Could not compile `simple-log`.

To learn more, run the command again with --verbose.
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好吧,这看起来就像我之前遇到的问题。是否是假借或持有要求函数拥有明确的资源引用?这彷佛有一点奇怪。我再次尝试修复它:

extern crate chrono;

use std::io::prelude::*;
use std::fs::File;
use std::io;
use chrono::*;

fn formatted_time_entry() -> String {
    let local: DateTime<Local> = Local::now();
    let formatted = local.format("%a, %b %d %Y %I:%M:%S %p\n").to_string();
    formatted
}

fn log_time(filename: &'static str) -> io::Result<()> { let entry = formatted_time_entry(); let bytes = entry.as_bytes(); let mut f = try!(File::create(filename)); try!(f.write_all(bytes)); Ok(()) } fn main() { match log_time("log.txt") { Ok(..) => println!("File created!"), Err(..) => println!("Error: could not create file.") } } 复制代码

=>

$ cargo run
   Compiling simple-log v0.1.0 (file:///Users/joel/Projects/simple-log)
     Running `target/debug/simple-log`
File created!
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因此,看起来添加一个明确的引用解决了问题。无论怎样,这个规则还蛮简单。

下面,我要将文件操做代码抽取至它本身的函数:

extern crate chrono;

use std::io::prelude::*;
use std::fs::File;
use std::io;
use chrono::*;

fn formatted_time_entry() -> String {
    let local: DateTime<Local> = Local::now();
    let formatted = local.format("%a, %b %d %Y %I:%M:%S %p\n").to_string();
    formatted
}

fn record_entry_in_log(filename: &str, bytes: &[u8]) -> io::Result<()> {
    let mut f = try!(File::create(filename));
    try!(f.write_all(bytes));
    Ok(())
}

fn log_time(filename: &'static str) -> io::Result<()> { let entry = formatted_time_entry(); let bytes = entry.as_bytes(); try!(record_entry_in_log(filename, &bytes)); Ok(()) } fn main() { match log_time("log.txt") { Ok(..) => println!("File created!"), Err(..) => println!("Error: could not create file.") } } 复制代码

它正常工做。我犯了一些一开始的错误,但它们很快被纠正了。这里已是修改后的代码。

查阅文档中的 std::fs::File,我注意到文档对 std::fs::OpenOptions 的介绍,这正是我一直在寻找的。这确定比使用 std::path 更好。

个人第一次尝试:

extern crate chrono;

use std::io::prelude::*;
use std::fs::{File,OpenOptions};
use std::io;
use chrono::{DateTime,Local};

fn formatted_time_entry() -> String {
    let local: DateTime<Local> = Local::now();
    let formatted = local.format("%a, %b %d %Y %I:%M:%S %p\n").to_string();
    formatted
}

fn record_entry_in_log(filename: &str, bytes: &[u8]) -> io::Result<()> {
    let mut file = try!(OpenOptions::new().
                        append(true).
                        create(true).
                        open(filename));
    try!(file.write_all(bytes));
    Ok(())
}

fn log_time(filename: &'static str) -> io::Result<()> { let entry = formatted_time_entry(); let bytes = entry.as_bytes(); try!(record_entry_in_log(filename, &bytes)); Ok(()) } fn main() { match log_time("log.txt") { Ok(..) => println!("File created!"), Err(..) => println!("Error: could not create file.") } } 复制代码

=>

$ cargo run
   Compiling simple-log v0.1.0 (file:///Users/joel/Projects/simple-log)
src/main.rs:4:15: 4:19 warning: unused import, #[warn(unused_imports)] on by default
src/main.rs:4 use std::fs::{File,OpenOptions};
                            ^~~~
     Running `target/debug/simple-log`
Error: could not create file.
复制代码

有趣。其实它成功建立文件了。哦,我注意错误提示是我硬编码到 main 的信息。我认为这样它将工做:

extern crate chrono;

use std::io::prelude::*;
use std::fs::{File,OpenOptions};
use std::io;
use chrono::{DateTime,Local};

fn formatted_time_entry() -> String {
    let local: DateTime<Local> = Local::now();
    let formatted = local.format("%a, %b %d %Y %I:%M:%S %p\n").to_string();
    formatted
}

fn record_entry_in_log(filename: &str, bytes: &[u8]) -> io::Result<()> {
    let mut file = try!(OpenOptions::new().
                        append(true).
                        create(true).
                        open(filename));
    try!(file.write_all(bytes));
    Ok(())
}

fn log_time(filename: &'static str) -> io::Result<()> { let entry = formatted_time_entry(); let bytes = entry.as_bytes(); try!(record_entry_in_log(filename, &bytes)); Ok(()) } fn main() { match log_time("log.txt") { Ok(..) => println!("File created!"), Err(e) => println!("Error: {}", e) } } 复制代码

=>

$ cargo run
   Compiling simple-log v0.1.0 (file:///Users/joel/Projects/simple-log)
src/main.rs:4:15: 4:19 warning: unused import, #[warn(unused_imports)] on by default
src/main.rs:4 use std::fs::{File,OpenOptions};
                            ^~~~
     Running `target/debug/simple-log`
Error: Bad file descriptor (os error 9)
复制代码

奇怪。搜索“非法的文件描述”错误信息彷佛代表,被使用的文件描述已经被关闭了。若是我注释掉 file.write_all 调用,将会发生什么呢?

$ rm log.txt
$ cargo run
   Compiling simple-log v0.1.0 (file:///Users/joel/Projects/simple-log)
src/main.rs:3:5: 3:25 warning: unused import, #[warn(unused_imports)] on by default
src/main.rs:3 use std::io::prelude::*;
                  ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
src/main.rs:4:15: 4:19 warning: unused import, #[warn(unused_imports)] on by default
src/main.rs:4 use std::fs::{File,OpenOptions};
                            ^~~~
src/main.rs:15:40: 15:45 warning: unused variable: `bytes`, #[warn(unused_variables)] on by default
src/main.rs:15 fn record_entry_in_log(filename: &str, bytes: &[u8]) -> io::Result<()> {
                                                      ^~~~~
src/main.rs:16:9: 16:17 warning: unused variable: `file`, #[warn(unused_variables)] on by default
src/main.rs:16     let mut file = try!(OpenOptions::new().
                       ^~~~~~~~
src/main.rs:16:9: 16:17 warning: variable does not need to be mutable, #[warn(unused_mut)] on by de
fault
src/main.rs:16     let mut file = try!(OpenOptions::new().
                       ^~~~~~~~
     Running `target/debug/simple-log`
File created!
$ ls
Cargo.lock      Cargo.toml      log.txt         src             target
复制代码

不出所料,有一堆未使用的警告信息,可是无他,文件的确被建立了。

这彷佛有点傻,但我尝试向函数调用链中添加 .write(true) 后,它工做了。语义上 .append(true) 就意味着 .write(true),但我想规定上不是这样的。

搞定了这个,它工做了!最终版本:

extern crate chrono;

use std::io::prelude::*;
use std::fs::{File,OpenOptions};
use std::io;
use chrono::{DateTime,Local};

fn formatted_time_entry() -> String {
    let local: DateTime<Local> = Local::now();
    let formatted = local.format("%a, %b %d %Y %I:%M:%S %p\n").to_string();
    formatted
}

fn record_entry_in_log(filename: &str, bytes: &[u8]) -> io::Result<()> {
    let mut file = try!(OpenOptions::new().
                        append(true).
                        write(true).
                        create(true).
                        open(filename));
    try!(file.write_all(bytes));
    Ok(())
}

fn log_time(filename: &'static str) -> io::Result<()> { let entry = formatted_time_entry(); let bytes = entry.as_bytes(); try!(record_entry_in_log(filename, &bytes)); Ok(()) } fn main() { match log_time("log.txt") { Ok(..) => println!("File created!"), Err(e) => println!("Error: {}", e) } } 复制代码

=>

$ ls
Cargo.lock      Cargo.toml      src             target
$ cargo run
     Running `target/debug/simple-log`
File created!
$ cargo run
     Running `target/debug/simple-log`
File created!
$ cat log.txt
Sun, Jun 07 2015 10:40:01 PM
Sun, Jun 07 2015 10:40:05 PM
复制代码

5 结论 & 后续步骤

Rust 对我来讲愈来愈容易了。我如今有一些有效的、单功能的代码可使用,我对下一部分程序的开发感到至关有信心。

当我首次规划这个系列的时候,我计划下一个任务是整合日志代码和 nickel.rs 代码,可是如今,我认为这是很是简单的。我猜想,下一个有挑战的部分将是处理选项解析

系列文章:使用 Rust 开发一个简单的 Web 应用

脚注:

1 有不少种类的字符串是很是合理的事情。字符串是一个复杂的实体,很可贵到正确的表达。不幸的是,乍一看字符串很是简单,这种事情彷佛不必复杂。

2 我也不知道我在说什么。这些就是如今所能企及的。


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