前言:又到了一年一度的跳槽季,准备跳槽的你在关于Android面试方面的知识都彻底掌握了吗?Android面试中常常被问到的知识——Android消息机制即Handler有关的问题你都能解释的清楚吗?若是你对Android消息机制比较模糊或者可以回答与Handler有关的问题可是不清楚其中的原理,那么你将会在本文获得你想要的答案。java
阅读本文后你将会有如下收获:android
要想有以上的收获,就须要研究Handler的源码,从源码中来获得答案。git
先从Handler的使用开始。咱们都知道Android的主线程不能处理耗时的任务,否者会致使ANR的出现,可是界面的更新又必需要在主线程中进行,这样,咱们就必须在子线程中处理耗时的任务,而后在主线程中更新UI。可是,咱们怎么知道子线程中的任务什么时候完成,又应该何时更新UI,又更新什么内容呢?为了解决这个问题,Android为咱们提供了一个消息机制即Handler。下面就看下Handler的常见使用方式,代码以下github
public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity implements View.OnClickListener {
private Button mStartTask;
@SuppressLint("HandlerLeak")
private Handler mHandler = new Handler() {
@Override
public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
super.handleMessage(msg);
if (msg.what == 1) {
Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this, "刷新UI、", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
}
}
};
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
initView();
}
private void initView() {
mStartTask = findViewById(R.id.btn_start_task);
mStartTask.setOnClickListener(this);
}
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
switch (v.getId()) {
case R.id.btn_start_task:
new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
try {
Thread.sleep(1000);
mHandler.sendEmptyMessage(1);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}).start();
break;
}
}
}
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能够看到在子线程中,让线程睡了一秒,来模仿耗时的任务,当耗时任务处理完以后,Handler会发送一个消息,而后咱们能够在Handler的handleMessage方法中获得这个消息,获得消息以后就可以在handleMessage方法中更新UI了,由于handleMessage是在主线程中嘛。到这里就会有如下疑问了:面试
带着这两个疑问,开始分析Handler的源码。多线程
先看下在咱们实例化Handler的时候,Handler的构造方法中都作了那些事情,看代码并发
final Looper mLooper;
final MessageQueue mQueue;
final Callback mCallback;
final boolean mAsynchronous;
/** * Default constructor associates this handler with the {@link Looper} for the * current thread. * * If this thread does not have a looper, this handler won't be able to receive messages * so an exception is thrown. */
public Handler() {
this(null, false);
}
/** * Use the {@link Looper} for the current thread with the specified callback interface * and set whether the handler should be asynchronous. * * Handlers are synchronous by default unless this constructor is used to make * one that is strictly asynchronous. * * Asynchronous messages represent interrupts or events that do not require global ordering * with respect to synchronous messages. Asynchronous messages are not subject to * the synchronization barriers introduced by {@link MessageQueue#enqueueSyncBarrier(long)}. * * @param callback The callback interface in which to handle messages, or null. * @param async If true, the handler calls {@link Message#setAsynchronous(boolean)} for * each {@link Message} that is sent to it or {@link Runnable} that is posted to it. * * @hide */
public Handler(Callback callback, boolean async) {
if (FIND_POTENTIAL_LEAKS) {
final Class<? extends Handler> klass = getClass();
if ((klass.isAnonymousClass() || klass.isMemberClass() || klass.isLocalClass()) &&
(klass.getModifiers() & Modifier.STATIC) == 0) {
Log.w(TAG, "The following Handler class should be static or leaks might occur: " +
klass.getCanonicalName());
}
}
mLooper = Looper.myLooper();
if (mLooper == null) {
throw new RuntimeException(
"Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()");
}
mQueue = mLooper.mQueue;
mCallback = callback;
mAsynchronous = async;
}
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经过源码能够看到Handler的无参构造函数调用了两个参数的构造函数,而在两个参数的构造函数中就是将一些变量进行赋值。less
看下下面的代码async
mLooper = Looper.myLooper();
if (mLooper == null) {
throw new RuntimeException(
"Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()");
}
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这里是经过Looper中的myLooper方法来得到Looper实例的,若是Looper为null的话就会抛异常,抛出的异常内容翻译过来就是ide
没法在未调用Looper.prepare()的线程内建立handler
从这句话中,咱们能够知道,在调用Looper.myLooper()以前必需要先调用Looper.prepare()方法,如今来看下prepare方法中的内容,以下
/** Initialize the current thread as a looper. * This gives you a chance to create handlers that then reference * this looper, before actually starting the loop. Be sure to call * {@link #loop()} after calling this method, and end it by calling * {@link #quit()}. */
public static void prepare() {
prepare(true);
}
private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) {
if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {
throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
}
sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed));
}
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从上面代码中能够看到,prepare()方法调用了prepare(boolean quitAllowed)方法,prepare(boolean quitAllowed) 方法中则是实例化了一个Looper,而后将Looper设置进sThreadLocal中,到了这里就有必要了解一下ThreadLocalle。
ThreadLocal 为解决多线程程序的并发问题提供了一种新的思路。使用这个工具类能够很简洁地编写出优美的多线程程序。当使用ThreadLocal 维护变量时,ThreadLocal 为每一个使用该变量的线程提供独立的变量副本,因此每个线程均可以独立地改变本身的副本,而不会影响其它线程所对应的副本。
若是看完上面这段话仍是搞不明白ThreadLocal有什么用,那么能够看下下面代码运行的结果,相信看下结果你就会明白ThreadLocal有什么做用了。
public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
private static final String TAG = "MainActivity";
private ThreadLocal<Integer> mThreadLocal = new ThreadLocal<>();
@SuppressLint("HandlerLeak")
private Handler mHandler = new Handler(){
@Override
public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
super.handleMessage(msg);
if (msg.what == 1) {
Log.d(TAG, "onCreate: "+mThreadLocal.get());
}
}
};
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
mThreadLocal.set(5);
Thread1 thread1 = new Thread1();
thread1.start();
Thread2 thread2 = new Thread2();
thread2.start();
Thread3 thread3 = new Thread3();
thread3.start();
new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
try {
Thread.sleep(2000);
mHandler.sendEmptyMessage(1);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}).start();
}
class Thread1 extends Thread {
@Override
public void run() {
super.run();
mThreadLocal.set(1);
Log.d(TAG, "mThreadLocal1: "+ mThreadLocal.get());
}
}
class Thread2 extends Thread {
@Override
public void run() {
super.run();
mThreadLocal.set(2);
Log.d(TAG, "mThreadLocal2: "+ mThreadLocal.get());
}
}
class Thread3 extends Thread {
@Override
public void run() {
super.run();
mThreadLocal.set(3);
Log.d(TAG, "mThreadLocal3: "+ mThreadLocal.get());
}
}
}
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看下这段代码运行以后打印的log
能够看到虽然在不一样的线程中对同一个mThreadLocal中的值进行了更改,但最后仍能够正确拿到当前线程中mThreadLocal中的值。由此咱们能够得出结论ThreadLocal.set方法设置的值是与当前线程进行绑定了的。
知道了ThreadLocal.set方法的做用,则Looper.prepare方法就是将Looper与当前线程进行绑定(当前线程就是调用Looper.prepare方法的线程)
。
文章到了这里咱们能够知道如下几点信息了
这里就又出现了一个问题:在调用Looper.myLooper方法以前必须必须已经调用了Looper.prepare方法,即在实例化Handler以前就要调用Looper.prepare方法,可是咱们日常在主线程中使用Handler的时候并无调用Looper.prepare方法呀!这是怎么回事呢?
其实,在主线程中Android系统已经帮咱们调用了Looper.prepare方法,能够看下ActivityThread类中的main方法,代码以下
public static void main(String[] args) {
Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER, "ActivityThreadMain");
// CloseGuard defaults to true and can be quite spammy. We
// disable it here, but selectively enable it later (via
// StrictMode) on debug builds, but using DropBox, not logs.
CloseGuard.setEnabled(false);
Environment.initForCurrentUser();
// Set the reporter for event logging in libcore
EventLogger.setReporter(new EventLoggingReporter());
// Make sure TrustedCertificateStore looks in the right place for CA certificates
final File configDir = Environment.getUserConfigDirectory(UserHandle.myUserId());
TrustedCertificateStore.setDefaultUserDirectory(configDir);
Process.setArgV0("<pre-initialized>");
Looper.prepareMainLooper();
ActivityThread thread = new ActivityThread();
thread.attach(false);
if (sMainThreadHandler == null) {
sMainThreadHandler = thread.getHandler();
}
if (false) {
Looper.myLooper().setMessageLogging(new
LogPrinter(Log.DEBUG, "ActivityThread"));
}
// End of event ActivityThreadMain.
Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
Looper.loop();
throw new RuntimeException("Main thread loop unexpectedly exited");
}
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上面的代码中有一句
Looper.prepareMainLooper();
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这句话的实质就是调用了Looper的prepare方法,代码以下
public static void prepareMainLooper() {
prepare(false);//这里调用了prepare方法
synchronized (Looper.class) {
if (sMainLooper != null) {
throw new IllegalStateException("The main Looper has already been prepared.");
}
sMainLooper = myLooper();
}
}
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到这里就解决了,为何咱们在主线程中使用Handler以前没有调用Looper.prepare方法的问题了。
让咱们再回到Handler的构造方法中,看下
mLooper = Looper.myLooper();
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myLooper()方法中代码以下
/** * Return the Looper object associated with the current thread. Returns * null if the calling thread is not associated with a Looper. */
public static @Nullable Looper myLooper() {
return sThreadLocal.get();
}
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其实就是从当前线程中的ThreadLocal中取出Looper实例。
再看下Handler的构造方法中的
mQueue = mLooper.mQueue;
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这句代码。这句代码就是拿到Looper中的mQueue这个成员变量,而后再赋值给Handler中的mQueue,下面看下Looper中的代码
final MessageQueue mQueue;
private Looper(boolean quitAllowed) {
mQueue = new MessageQueue(quitAllowed);
mThread = Thread.currentThread();
}
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同过上面的代码,咱们能够知道mQueue就是MessageQueue,在咱们调用Looper.prepare方法时就将mQueue实例化了。
还记得文章开始时的两个问题吗?
- Handler明明是在子线程中发的消息怎么会跑到主线程中了呢?
- Handler的发送消息handleMessage又是怎么接收到的呢?
下面就分析一下Handler的sendMessage方法都作了什么,看代码
public final boolean sendMessage(Message msg) {
return sendMessageDelayed(msg, 0);
}
public final boolean sendMessageDelayed(Message msg, long delayMillis) {
if (delayMillis < 0) {
delayMillis = 0;
}
return sendMessageAtTime(msg, SystemClock.uptimeMillis() + delayMillis);
}
/** * Enqueue a message into the message queue after all pending messages * before the absolute time (in milliseconds) <var>uptimeMillis</var>. * <b>The time-base is {@link android.os.SystemClock#uptimeMillis}.</b> * Time spent in deep sleep will add an additional delay to execution. * You will receive it in {@link #handleMessage}, in the thread attached * to this handler. * * @param uptimeMillis The absolute time at which the message should be * delivered, using the * {@link android.os.SystemClock#uptimeMillis} time-base. * * @return Returns true if the message was successfully placed in to the * message queue. Returns false on failure, usually because the * looper processing the message queue is exiting. Note that a * result of true does not mean the message will be processed -- if * the looper is quit before the delivery time of the message * occurs then the message will be dropped. */
public boolean sendMessageAtTime(Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
MessageQueue queue = mQueue;
if (queue == null) {
RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException(
this + " sendMessageAtTime() called with no mQueue");
Log.w("Looper", e.getMessage(), e);
return false;
}
return enqueueMessage(queue, msg, uptimeMillis);
}
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由上面的代码能够看出,Handler的sendMessage方法最后调用了sendMessageAtTime这个方法,其实,不管时sendMessage、sendEmptyMessage等方法最终都是调用sendMessageAtTime。能够看到sendMessageAtTime这个方法最后返回的是*enqueueMessage(queue, msg, uptimeMillis);*下面看下这个方法,代码以下
private boolean enqueueMessage(MessageQueue queue, Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
msg.target = this;
if (mAsynchronous) {
msg.setAsynchronous(true);
}
return queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis);
}
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这里有一句代码很是重要,
msg.target = this;
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这句代码就是将当前的Handler赋值给了Message中的target变量。这样,就将每一个调用sendMessage方法的Handler与Message进行了绑定。
enqueueMessage方法最后返回的是**queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis);**也就是调用了MessageQueue中的enqueueMessage方法,下面看下MessageQueue中的enqueueMessage方法,代码以下
boolean enqueueMessage(Message msg, long when) {
if (msg.target == null) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Message must have a target.");
}
if (msg.isInUse()) {
throw new IllegalStateException(msg + " This message is already in use.");
}
synchronized (this) {
if (mQuitting) {
IllegalStateException e = new IllegalStateException(
msg.target + " sending message to a Handler on a dead thread");
Log.w(TAG, e.getMessage(), e);
msg.recycle();
return false;
}
msg.markInUse();
msg.when = when;
Message p = mMessages;
boolean needWake;
if (p == null || when == 0 || when < p.when) {
// New head, wake up the event queue if blocked.
msg.next = p;
mMessages = msg;
needWake = mBlocked;
} else {
// Inserted within the middle of the queue. Usually we don't have to wake
// up the event queue unless there is a barrier at the head of the queue
// and the message is the earliest asynchronous message in the queue.
needWake = mBlocked && p.target == null && msg.isAsynchronous();
Message prev;
for (;;) {
prev = p;
p = p.next;
if (p == null || when < p.when) {
break;
}
if (needWake && p.isAsynchronous()) {
needWake = false;
}
}
msg.next = p; // invariant: p == prev.next
prev.next = msg;
}
// We can assume mPtr != 0 because mQuitting is false.
if (needWake) {
nativeWake(mPtr);
}
}
return true;
}
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上面的代码就是将消息放进消息队列中,若是消息已成功放入消息队列,则返回true。失败时返回false,而失败的缘由一般是由于处理消息队列正在退出。代码分析到这里能够得出如下两点结论了
到了这里已经知道Handler的sendMessage是将消息放进MessageQueue中,那么又是怎样从MessageQueue中拿到消息的呢?想要知道答案请继续阅读。
在文章的前面,贴出了ActivityThread类中的main方法的代码,不知道细心的你有没有注意到,在main方法的结尾处调用了一句代码
Looper.loop();
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好了,如今能够看看*Looper.loop();*这句代码到底作了什么了loop方法中的代码以下
/** * Run the message queue in this thread. Be sure to call * {@link #quit()} to end the loop. */
public static void loop() {
final Looper me = myLooper();//经过myLooper方法拿到与主线程绑定的Looper
if (me == null) {
throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn't called on this thread.");
}
final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;//从Looper中获得MessageQueue
// Make sure the identity of this thread is that of the local process,
// and keep track of what that identity token actually is.
Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
//开始死循环
for (;;) {
//从消息队列中不断取出消息
Message msg = queue.next(); // might block
if (msg == null) {
// No message indicates that the message queue is quitting.
return;
}
// This must be in a local variable, in case a UI event sets the logger
final Printer logging = me.mLogging;
if (logging != null) {
logging.println(">>>>> Dispatching to " + msg.target + " " +
msg.callback + ": " + msg.what);
}
final long slowDispatchThresholdMs = me.mSlowDispatchThresholdMs;
final long traceTag = me.mTraceTag;
if (traceTag != 0 && Trace.isTagEnabled(traceTag)) {
Trace.traceBegin(traceTag, msg.target.getTraceName(msg));
}
final long start = (slowDispatchThresholdMs == 0) ? 0 : SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
final long end;
try {
//这句代码是重点
msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);
end = (slowDispatchThresholdMs == 0) ? 0 : SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
} finally {
if (traceTag != 0) {
Trace.traceEnd(traceTag);
}
}
if (slowDispatchThresholdMs > 0) {
final long time = end - start;
if (time > slowDispatchThresholdMs) {
Slog.w(TAG, "Dispatch took " + time + "ms on "
+ Thread.currentThread().getName() + ", h=" +
msg.target + " cb=" + msg.callback + " msg=" + msg.what);
}
}
if (logging != null) {
logging.println("<<<<< Finished to " + msg.target + " " + msg.callback);
}
// Make sure that during the course of dispatching the
// identity of the thread wasn't corrupted.
final long newIdent = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
if (ident != newIdent) {
Log.wtf(TAG, "Thread identity changed from 0x"
+ Long.toHexString(ident) + " to 0x"
+ Long.toHexString(newIdent) + " while dispatching to "
+ msg.target.getClass().getName() + " "
+ msg.callback + " what=" + msg.what);
}
msg.recycleUnchecked();
}
}
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上面的代码,我已经进行了部分注释,这里有一句代码很是重要
msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);
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执行到这句代码,说明已经从消息队列中拿到了消息,还记得msg.target吗?就是Message中的target变量呀!也就是发送消息的那个Handler,因此这句代码的本质就是调用了Handler中的dispatchMessage(msg)方法,代码分析到这里是否是有点小激动了呢!稳住!下面看下dispatchMessage(msg)这个方法,代码以下
/** * Handle system messages here. */
public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) {
if (msg.callback != null) {
handleCallback(msg);
} else {
if (mCallback != null) {
if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {
return;
}
}
handleMessage(msg);
}
}
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如今来一句句的来分析上面的代码,先看下这句
if (msg.callback != null) {
handleCallback(msg);
}
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msg.callback就是Runnable对象,当msg.callback不为null时会调用 handleCallback(msg)方法,先来看下 handleCallback(msg)方法,代码以下
private static void handleCallback(Message message) {
message.callback.run();
}
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上面的代码就是调用了Runnable的run方法。那什么状况下**if (msg.callback != null)**这个条件成立呢!还记得使用Handler的另外一种方法吗?就是调用Handler的post方法呀!这里说明一下,使用Handler实际上是有两种方法的
public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity implements View.OnClickListener {
private Button mTimeCycle,mStopCycle;
private Runnable mRunnable;
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
initView();
}
private void initView() {
mTimeCycle = findViewById(R.id.btn_time_cycle);
mTimeCycle.setOnClickListener(this);
mStopCycle = findViewById(R.id.btn_stop_cycle);
mStopCycle.setOnClickListener(this);
mRunnable = new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this, "正在循环!!!", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
mHandler.postDelayed(mRunnable, 1000);
}
};
}
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
switch (v.getId()) {
case R.id.btn_time_cycle:
mHandler.post(mRunnable);
break;
case R.id.btn_stop_cycle:
mHandler.removeCallbacks(mRunnable);
break;
}
}
}
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第一种方法,咱们已经分析了,下面来分析一下第二种使用方式的原理,先看下Handler的post的方法作了什么,代码以下
/** * Causes the Runnable r to be added to the message queue. * The runnable will be run on the thread to which this handler is * attached. * * @param r The Runnable that will be executed. * * @return Returns true if the Runnable was successfully placed in to the * message queue. Returns false on failure, usually because the * looper processing the message queue is exiting. */
public final boolean post(Runnable r) {
return sendMessageDelayed(getPostMessage(r), 0);
}
private static Message getPostMessage(Runnable r) {
Message m = Message.obtain();
m.callback = r;
return m;
}
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由上面的代码不难看出,post方法最终也是将Runnable封装成消息,而后将消息放进MessageQueue中。下面继续分析dispatchMessage方法中的代码
else {
//if中的代码实际上是和if (msg.callback != null) {handleCallback(msg);}
//原理差很少的,只不过mCallback是Handler中的成员变量。
if (mCallback != null) {
if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {
return;
}
}
//当上面的条件都不成立时,就会调用这句代码
handleMessage(msg);
}
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上面的代码就不分析了,我已经在代码中进行了注释,下面再看下**handleMessage(msg)**这个方法,代码以下
/** * Subclasses must implement this to receive messages. */
public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
}
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其实,他就是一个空方法,具体的代码让咱们本身重写这个方法进行处理。代码分析到这里,已经能够给出下面问题的答案了。
- Handler明明是在子线程中发的消息怎么会跑到主线程中了呢?
- Handler的发送消息handleMessage又是怎么接收到的呢?
在子线程中Handler在发送消息的时候已经把本身与当前的message进行了绑定,在经过Looper.loop()开启轮询message的时候,当得到message的时候会调用 与之绑定的Handler的**handleMessage(Message msg)**方法,因为Handler是在主线程建立的,因此天然就由子线程切换到了主线程。
上面已经嗯将Handler的源码分析了一遍,如今来进行一些总结:
在使用Handler以前必需要调用Looper.prepare()这句代码,这句代码的做用是将Looper与当前的线程进行绑定,在实例化Handler的时候,经过Looper.myLooper()获取Looper,而后再得到Looper中的MessageQueue。在子线程中调用Handler的sendMessage方法就是将Message放入MessageQueue中,而后调用Looper.loop()方法来从MessageQueue中取出Message,在取到Message的时候,执行 **msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);**这句代码,这句代码就是从当前的Message中取出Handler而后执行Handler的handleMessage方法。
在介绍它们之间的关系以前,先说一下它们各自的做用。
它们的关系以下图(图片来源于网上)
在子线程中使用Handler的方式以下
class LooperThread extends Thread {
public Handler mHandler;
public void run() {
Looper.prepare();
mHandler = new Handler() {
public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
// process incoming messages here
}
};
Looper.loop();
}
}
复制代码
上面的代码来自官方的源码。
本文将Handler的机制详细讲解了一遍,包括在面试中有关Handler的一些问题,在文章中也能找到答案。顺便说下阅读代码应该注意的地方,在分析源码以前应该知道你分析代码的目的,就是你为了获得什么答案而分析代码;在分析代码时切记要避轻就重,不要想着要搞懂每句代码作了什么,要找准大方向。文中的代码已上传到GitHub,能够在这里获取,与Handler有关的源码在我上传的源码的handler包中。
ps: 历史文章中有干货哦!
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