SQL易错锦集

一、LIMIT 语句

分页查询是最经常使用的场景之一,但也一般也是最容易出问题的地方。好比对于下面简单的语句,通常 DBA 想到的办法是在 type, name, create_time 字段上加组合索引。这样条件排序都能有效的利用到索引,性能迅速提高。前端

SELECT *
FROM operation
WHERE type = 'SQLStats'mysql

AND name = 'SlowLog'

ORDER BY create_time
LIMIT 1000, 10;程序员

好吧,可能90%以上的 DBA 解决该问题就到此为止。但当 LIMIT 子句变成 “LIMIT 1000000,10” 时,程序员仍然会抱怨:我只取10条记录为何仍是慢?sql

要知道数据库也并不知道第1000000条记录从什么地方开始,即便有索引也须要从头计算一次。出现这种性能问题,多数情形下是程序员偷懒了。数据库

在前端数据浏览翻页,或者大数据分批导出等场景下,是能够将上一页的最大值当成参数做为查询条件的。SQL 从新设计以下:app

SELECT *
FROM operation
WHERE type = 'SQLStats'
AND name = 'SlowLog'
AND create_time > '2017-03-16 14:00:00'
ORDER BY create_time limit 10;框架

在新设计下查询时间基本固定,不会随着数据量的增加而发生变化。函数

二、隐式转换

SQL语句中查询变量和字段定义类型不匹配是另外一个常见的错误。好比下面的语句:oop

mysql> explain extended SELECT *性能

> FROM   my_balance b 
 > WHERE  b.bpn = 14000000123 
 >       AND b.isverified IS NULL ;

mysql> show warnings;
| Warning | 1739 | Cannot use ref access on index 'bpn' due to type or collation conversion on field 'bpn'

其中字段 bpn 的定义为 varchar(20),MySQL 的策略是将字符串转换为数字以后再比较。函数做用于表字段,索引失效。

上述状况多是应用程序框架自动填入的参数,而不是程序员的原意。如今应用框架不少很繁杂,使用方便的同时也当心它可能给本身挖坑。

三、关联更新、删除

虽然 MySQL5.6 引入了物化特性,但须要特别注意它目前仅仅针对查询语句的优化。对于更新或删除须要手工重写成 JOIN。

好比下面 UPDATE 语句,MySQL 实际执行的是循环/嵌套子查询(DEPENDENT SUBQUERY),其执行时间可想而知。

UPDATE operation o
SET status = 'applying'
WHERE o.id IN (SELECT id

FROM   (SELECT o.id, 
                           o.status 
                    FROM   operation o 
                    WHERE  o.group = 123 
                           AND o.status NOT IN ( 'done' ) 
                    ORDER  BY o.parent, 
                              o.id 
                    LIMIT  1) t);

执行计划:

id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
1 PRIMARY o index PRIMARY 8 24 Using where; Using temporary
2 DEPENDENT SUBQUERY Impossible WHERE noticed after reading const tables
3 DERIVED o ref idx_2,idx_5 idx_5 8 const 1 Using where; Using filesort

重写为 JOIN 以后,子查询的选择模式从 DEPENDENT SUBQUERY 变成 DERIVED,执行速度大大加快,从7秒下降到2毫秒。

UPDATE operation o

JOIN  (SELECT o.id, 
                        o.status 
                 FROM   operation o 
                 WHERE  o.group = 123 
                        AND o.status NOT IN ( 'done' ) 
                 ORDER  BY o.parent, 
                           o.id 
                 LIMIT  1) t
     ON o.id = t.id

SET status = 'applying'

执行计划简化为:

id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
1 PRIMARY Impossible WHERE noticed after reading const tables
2 DERIVED o ref idx_2,idx_5 idx_5 8 const 1 Using where; Using filesort

四、混合排序

MySQL 不能利用索引进行混合排序。但在某些场景,仍是有机会使用特殊方法提高性能的。

SELECT *
FROM my_order o

INNER JOIN my_appraise a ON a.orderid = o.id

ORDER BY a.is_reply ASC,

a.appraise_time DESC

LIMIT 0, 20

执行计划显示为全表扫描:

id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
1 SIMPLE a ALL idx_orderid NULL NULL NULL 1967647 Using filesort
1 SIMPLE o eq_ref PRIMARY PRIMARY 122 a.orderid 1 NULL

因为 is_reply 只有0和1两种状态,咱们按照下面的方法重写后,执行时间从1.58秒下降到2毫秒。

SELECT *
FROM ((SELECT *

FROM   my_order o 
            INNER JOIN my_appraise a 
                    ON a.orderid = o.id 
                       AND is_reply = 0 
     ORDER  BY appraise_time DESC 
     LIMIT  0, 20) 
    UNION ALL 
    (SELECT *
     FROM   my_order o 
            INNER JOIN my_appraise a 
                    ON a.orderid = o.id 
                       AND is_reply = 1 
     ORDER  BY appraise_time DESC 
     LIMIT  0, 20)) t

ORDER BY is_reply ASC,

appraisetime DESC

LIMIT 20;

五、EXISTS语句

MySQL 对待 EXISTS 子句时,仍然采用嵌套子查询的执行方式。以下面的 SQL 语句:

SELECT *
FROM my_neighbor n

LEFT JOIN my_neighbor_apply sra 
          ON n.id = sra.neighbor_id 
             AND sra.user_id = 'xxx'

WHERE n.topic_status < 4

AND EXISTS(SELECT 1 
              FROM   message_info m 
              WHERE  n.id = m.neighbor_id 
                     AND m.inuser = 'xxx') 
   AND n.topic_type <> 5

执行计划为:

id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
1 PRIMARY n ALL NULL NULL NULL 1086041 Using where
1 PRIMARY sra ref idx_user_id 123 const 1 Using where
2 DEPENDENT SUBQUERY m ref idx_message_info 122 const 1 Using index condition; Using where

去掉 exists 更改成 join,可以避免嵌套子查询,将执行时间从1.93秒下降为1毫秒。

SELECT *
FROM my_neighbor n

INNER JOIN message_info m 
           ON n.id = m.neighbor_id 
              AND m.inuser = 'xxx' 
   LEFT JOIN my_neighbor_apply sra 
          ON n.id = sra.neighbor_id 
             AND sra.user_id = 'xxx'

WHERE n.topic_status < 4

AND n.topic_type <> 5

新的执行计划:

id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
1 SIMPLE m ref idx_message_info 122 const 1 Using index condition
1 SIMPLE n eq_ref PRIMARY 122 ighbor_id 1 Using where
1 SIMPLE sra ref idx_user_id 123 const 1 Using where

六、条件下推

外部查询条件不可以下推到复杂的视图或子查询的状况有:

聚合子查询;

含有 LIMIT 的子查询;

UNION 或 UNION ALL 子查询;

输出字段中的子查询;

以下面的语句,从执行计划能够看出其条件做用于聚合子查询以后:

SELECT *
FROM (SELECT target,

Count(*) 
    FROM   operation 
    GROUP  BY target) t

WHERE target = 'rm-xxxx'

执行计划以下:
id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
1 PRIMARY <derived2> ref <auto_key0> <auto_key0> 514 const 2 Using where
2 DERIVED operation index idx_4 idx_4 519 NULL 20 Using index

肯定从语义上查询条件能够直接下推后,重写以下:

SELECT target,

Count(*)

FROM operation
WHERE target = 'rm-xxxx'
GROUP BY target

执行计划变为:

id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
1 SIMPLE operation ref idx_4 idx_4 514 const 1 Using where; Using index

关于 MySQL 外部条件不能下推的详细解释说明请参考文章:

http://mysql.taobao.org/month...

七、提早缩小范围

先上初始 SQL 语句:

SELECT *
FROM my_order o

LEFT JOIN my_userinfo u 
          ON o.uid = u.uid
   LEFT JOIN my_productinfo p 
          ON o.pid = p.pid

WHERE ( o.display = 0 )

AND ( o.ostaus = 1 )

ORDER BY o.selltime DESC
LIMIT 0, 15

该SQL语句原意是:先作一系列的左链接,而后排序取前15条记录。从执行计划也能够看出,最后一步估算排序记录数为90万,时间消耗为12秒。

id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
1 SIMPLE o ALL NULL NULL NULL NULL 909119 Using where; Using temporary; Using filesort
1 SIMPLE u eq_ref PRIMARY PRIMARY 4 o.uid 1 NULL
1 SIMPLE p ALL PRIMARY NULL NULL NULL 6 Using where; Using join buffer (Block Nested Loop)

因为最后 WHERE 条件以及排序均针对最左主表,所以能够先对 my_order 排序提早缩小数据量再作左链接。SQL 重写后以下,执行时间缩小为1毫秒左右。

SELECT *
FROM (
SELECT *
FROM my_order o
WHERE ( o.display = 0 )

AND ( o.ostaus = 1 )

ORDER BY o.selltime DESC
LIMIT 0, 15
) o

LEFT JOIN my_userinfo u 
          ON o.uid = u.uid 
 LEFT JOIN my_productinfo p 
          ON o.pid = p.pid

ORDER BY o.selltime DESC
limit 0, 15

再检查执行计划:子查询物化后(select_type=DERIVED)参与 JOIN。虽然估算行扫描仍然为90万,可是利用了索引以及 LIMIT 子句后,实际执行时间变得很小。

id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
1 PRIMARY <derived2> ALL NULL NULL NULL NULL 15 Using temporary; Using filesort
1 PRIMARY u eq_ref PRIMARY PRIMARY 4 o.uid 1 NULL
1 PRIMARY p ALL PRIMARY NULL NULL NULL 6 Using where; Using join buffer (Block Nested Loop)
2 DERIVED o index NULL idx_1 5 NULL 909112 Using where

八、中间结果集下推

再来看下面这个已经初步优化过的例子(左链接中的主表优先做用查询条件):

SELECT a.*,

c.allocated

FROM (

SELECT   resourceid 
          FROM     my_distribute d 
               WHERE    isdelete = 0 
               AND      cusmanagercode = '1234567' 
               ORDER BY salecode limit 20) a

LEFT JOIN

( 
          SELECT   resourcesid, sum(ifnull(allocation, 0) * 12345) allocated 
          FROM     my_resources 
               GROUP BY resourcesid) c

ON a.resourceid = c.resourcesid

那么该语句还存在其它问题吗?不难看出子查询 c 是全表聚合查询,在表数量特别大的状况下会致使整个语句的性能降低。

其实对于子查询 c,左链接最后结果集只关心能和主表 resourceid 能匹配的数据。所以咱们能够重写语句以下,执行时间从原来的2秒降低到2毫秒。

SELECT a.*,

c.allocated

FROM (

SELECT   resourceid 
               FROM     my_distribute d 
               WHERE    isdelete = 0 
               AND      cusmanagercode = '1234567' 
               ORDER BY salecode limit 20) a

LEFT JOIN

( 
               SELECT   resourcesid, sum(ifnull(allocation, 0) * 12345) allocated 
               FROM     my_resources r, 
                        ( 
                                 SELECT   resourceid 
                                 FROM     my_distribute d 
                                 WHERE    isdelete = 0 
                                 AND      cusmanagercode = '1234567' 
                                 ORDER BY salecode limit 20) a 
               WHERE    r.resourcesid = a.resourcesid 
               GROUP BY resourcesid) c

ON a.resourceid = c.resourcesid

可是子查询 a 在咱们的SQL语句中出现了屡次。这种写法不只存在额外的开销,还使得整个语句显的繁杂。使用 WITH 语句再次重写:

WITH a AS
(

SELECT   resourceid 
     FROM     my_distribute d 
     WHERE    isdelete = 0 
     AND      cusmanagercode = '1234567' 
     ORDER BY salecode limit 20)

SELECT a.*,

c.allocated

FROM a
LEFT JOIN

( 
               SELECT   resourcesid, sum(ifnull(allocation, 0) * 12345) allocated 
               FROM     my_resources r, 
                        a 
               WHERE    r.resourcesid = a.resourcesid 
               GROUP BY resourcesid) c

ON a.resourceid = c.resourcesid

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