Python的WEB框架html
Bottle是一个快速、简洁、轻量级的基于WSIG的微型Web框架,此框架只由一个 .py 文件,除了Python的标准库外,其不依赖任何其余模块。python
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pip install bottle
easy_install bottle
apt
-
get install python
-
bottle
wget http:
/
/
bottlepy.org
/
bottle.py
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Bottle框架大体能够分为如下部分:正则表达式
server_names = { 'cgi': CGIServer, 'flup': FlupFCGIServer, 'wsgiref': WSGIRefServer, 'waitress': WaitressServer, 'cherrypy': CherryPyServer, 'paste': PasteServer, 'fapws3': FapwsServer, 'tornado': TornadoServer, 'gae': AppEngineServer, 'twisted': TwistedServer, 'diesel': DieselServer, 'meinheld': MeinheldServer, 'gunicorn': GunicornServer, 'eventlet': EventletServer, 'gevent': GeventServer, 'geventSocketIO':GeventSocketIOServer, 'rocket': RocketServer, 'bjoern' : BjoernServer, 'auto': AutoServer, }
框架的基本使用数据库
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#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from
bottle
import
template, Bottle
root
=
Bottle()
@root
.route(
'/hello/'
)
def
index():
return
"Hello World"
# return template('<b>Hello {{name}}</b>!', name="Alex")
root.run(host
=
'localhost'
, port
=
8080
)
|
1、路由系统flask
路由系统是的url对应指定函数,当用户请求某个url时,就由指定函数处理当前请求,对于Bottle的路由系统能够分为一下几类:segmentfault
一、静态路由浏览器
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@root
.route(
'/hello/'
)
def
index():
return
template(
'<b>Hello {{name}}</b>!'
, name
=
"Alex"
)
|
二、动态路由cookie
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@root
.route(
'/wiki/<pagename>'
)
def
callback(pagename):
...
@root
.route(
'/object/<id:int>'
)
def
callback(
id
):
...
@root
.route(
'/show/<name:re:[a-z]+>'
)
def
callback(name):
...
@root
.route(
'/static/<path:path>'
)
def
callback(path):
return
static_file(path, root
=
'static'
)
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三、请求方法路由session
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@root
.route(
'/hello/'
, method
=
'POST'
)
def
index():
...
@root
.get(
'/hello/'
)
def
index():
...
@root
.post(
'/hello/'
)
def
index():
...
@root
.put(
'/hello/'
)
def
index():
...
@root
.delete(
'/hello/'
)
def
index():
...
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四、二级路由app
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from bottle import template, Bottle app01 = Bottle() @app01.route('/hello/', method='GET') def index(): return template('<b>App01</b>!') app01.py
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from bottle import template, Bottle app02 = Bottle() @app02.route('/hello/', method='GET') def index(): return template('<b>App02</b>!') app02.py
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#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from
bottle
import
template, Bottle
from
bottle
import
static_file
root
=
Bottle()
@root
.route(
'/hello/'
)
def
index():
return
template(
'<b>Root {{name}}</b>!'
, name
=
"Alex"
)
from
framwork_bottle
import
app01
from
framwork_bottle
import
app02
root.mount(
'app01'
, app01.app01)
root.mount(
'app02'
, app02.app02)
root.run(host
=
'localhost'
, port
=
8080
)
|
2、模板系统
模板系统用于将Html和自定的值二者进行渲染,从而获得字符串,而后将该字符串返回给客户端。咱们知道在Bottle中可使用 内置模板系统、mako、jinja2、cheetah等,之内置模板系统为例:
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head lang="en"> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title></title> </head> <body> <h1>{{name}}</h1> </body> </html> hello_template.tpl
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#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from
bottle
import
template, Bottle
root
=
Bottle()
@root
.route(
'/hello/'
)
def
index():
# 默认状况下去目录:['./', './views/']中寻找模板文件 hello_template.html
# 配置在 bottle.TEMPLATE_PATH 中
return
template(
'hello_template.tpl'
, name
=
'alex'
)
root.run(host
=
'localhost'
, port
=
8080
)
|
一、语法
<h1>一、单值</h1> {{name}} <h1>二、单行Python代码</h1> % s1 = "hello" <h1>三、Python代码块</h1> <% # A block of python code name = name.title().strip() if name == "Alex": name="seven" %> <h1>四、Python、Html混合</h1> % if True: <span>{{name}}</span> % end <ul> % for item in name: <li>{{item}}</li> % end </ul>
二、函数
include(sub_template, **variables)
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# 导入其余模板文件
%
include(
'header.tpl'
, title
=
'Page Title'
)
Page Content
%
include(
'footer.tpl'
)
|
rebase(name, **variables)
<html> <head> <title>{{title or 'No title'}}</title> </head> <body> {{!base}} </body> </html> base.tpl
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# 导入母版
%
rebase(
'base.tpl'
, title
=
'Page Title'
)
<p>Page Content ...<
/
p>
|
defined(name)
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# 检查当前变量是否已经被定义,已定义True,未定义False
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get(name, default=None)
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# 获取某个变量的值,不存在时可设置默认值
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setdefault(name, default)
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# 若是变量不存在时,为变量设置默认值
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扩展:自定义函数
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head lang="en"> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title></title> </head> <body> <h1>自定义函数</h1> {{ wupeiqi() }} </body> </html> hello_template.tpl
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from bottle import template, Bottle,SimpleTemplate root = Bottle() def custom(): return '123123' @root.route('/hello/') def index(): # 默认状况下去目录:['./', './views/']中寻找模板文件 hello_template.html # 配置在 bottle.TEMPLATE_PATH 中 return template('hello_template.html', name='alex', wupeiqi=custom) root.run(host='localhost', port=8080) main.py
注:变量或函数前添加 【 ! 】,则会关闭转义的功能
3、公共组件
因为Web框架就是用来【接收用户请求】-> 【处理用户请求】-> 【响应相关内容】,对于具体如何处理用户请求,开发人员根据用户请求来进行处理,而对于接收用户请求和相应相关的内容均交给框架自己来处理,其处理完成以后将产出交给开发人员和用户。
【接收用户请求】
当框架接收到用户请求以后,将请求信息封装在Bottle的request中,以供开发人员使用
【响应相关内容】
当开发人员的代码处理完用户请求以后,会将其执行内容相应给用户,相应的内容会封装在Bottle的response中,而后再由框架将内容返回给用户
因此,公共组件本质其实就是为开发人员提供接口,使其可以获取用户信息并配置响应内容。
一、request
Bottle中的request实际上是一个LocalReqeust对象,其中封装了用户请求的相关信息:
request.headers 请求头信息 request.query get请求信息 request.forms post请求信息 request.files 上传文件信息 request.params get和post请求信息 request.GET get请求信息 request.POST post和上传信息 request.cookies cookie信息 request.environ 环境相关相关
二、response
Bottle中的request实际上是一个LocalResponse对象,其中框架即将返回给用户的相关信息:
response response.status_line 状态行 response.status_code 状态码 response.headers 响应头 response.charset 编码 response.set_cookie 在浏览器上设置cookie response.delete_cookie 在浏览器上删除cookie
实例:
from bottle import route, request @route('/login') def login(): return ''' <form action="/login" method="post"> Username: <input name="username" type="text" /> Password: <input name="password" type="password" /> <input value="Login" type="submit" /> </form> ''' @route('/login', method='POST') def do_login(): username = request.forms.get('username') password = request.forms.get('password') if check_login(username, password): return "<p>Your login information was correct.</p>" else: return "<p>Login failed.</p>" 基本Form请求
<form action="/upload" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data"> Category: <input type="text" name="category" /> Select a file: <input type="file" name="upload" /> <input type="submit" value="Start upload" /> </form> @route('/upload', method='POST') def do_upload(): category = request.forms.get('category') upload = request.files.get('upload') name, ext = os.path.splitext(upload.filename) if ext not in ('.png','.jpg','.jpeg'): return 'File extension not allowed.' save_path = get_save_path_for_category(category) upload.save(save_path) # appends upload.filename automatically return 'OK' 上传文件
4、服务
对于Bottle框架其自己未实现相似于Tornado本身基于socket实现Web服务,因此必须依赖WSGI,默认Bottle已经实现而且支持的WSGI有:
server_names = { 'cgi': CGIServer, 'flup': FlupFCGIServer, 'wsgiref': WSGIRefServer, 'waitress': WaitressServer, 'cherrypy': CherryPyServer, 'paste': PasteServer, 'fapws3': FapwsServer, 'tornado': TornadoServer, 'gae': AppEngineServer, 'twisted': TwistedServer, 'diesel': DieselServer, 'meinheld': MeinheldServer, 'gunicorn': GunicornServer, 'eventlet': EventletServer, 'gevent': GeventServer, 'geventSocketIO':GeventSocketIOServer, 'rocket': RocketServer, 'bjoern' : BjoernServer, 'auto': AutoServer, } WSGI
使用时,只需在主app执行run方法时指定参数便可:
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#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from
bottle
import
Bottle
root
=
Bottle()
@root
.route(
'/hello/'
)
def
index():
return
"Hello World"
# 默认server ='wsgiref'
root.run(host
=
'localhost'
, port
=
8080
, server
=
'wsgiref'
)
|
默认server="wsgiref",即:使用Python内置模块wsgiref,若是想要使用其余时,则须要首先安装相关类库,而后才能使用。如:
# 若是使用Tornado的服务,则须要首先安装tornado才能使用 class TornadoServer(ServerAdapter): """ The super hyped asynchronous server by facebook. Untested. """ def run(self, handler): # pragma: no cover # 导入Tornado相关模块 import tornado.wsgi, tornado.httpserver, tornado.ioloop container = tornado.wsgi.WSGIContainer(handler) server = tornado.httpserver.HTTPServer(container) server.listen(port=self.port,address=self.host) tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start() bottle.py源码
PS:以上WSGI中提供了19种,若是想要使期支持其余服务,则须要扩展Bottle源码来自定义一个ServerAdapter
更多参见:http://www.bottlepy.org/docs/dev/index.html
Flask是一个基于Python开发而且依赖jinja2模板和Werkzeug WSGI服务的一个微型框架,对于Werkzeug本质是Socket服务端,其用于接收http请求并对请求进行预处理,而后触发Flask框架,开发人员基于Flask框架提供的功能对请求进行相应的处理,并返回给用户,若是要返回给用户复杂的内容时,须要借助jinja2模板来实现对模板的处理,即:将模板和数据进行渲染,将渲染后的字符串返回给用户浏览器。
“微”(micro) 并不表示你须要把整个 Web 应用塞进单个 Python 文件(虽然确实能够 ),也不意味着 Flask 在功能上有所欠缺。微框架中的“微”意味着 Flask 旨在保持核心简单而易于扩展。Flask 不会替你作出太多决策——好比使用何种数据库。而那些 Flask 所选择的——好比使用何种模板引擎——则很容易替换。除此以外的一切都由可由你掌握。如此,Flask 能够与您珠联璧合。
默认状况下,Flask 不包含数据库抽象层、表单验证,或是其它任何已有多种库能够胜任的功能。然而,Flask 支持用扩展来给应用添加这些功能,如同是 Flask 自己实现的同样。众多的扩展提供了数据库集成、表单验证、上传处理、各类各样的开放认证技术等功能。Flask 也许是“微小”的,但它已准备好在需求繁杂的生产环境中投入使用。
安装
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pip install Flask
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#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from werkzeug.wrappers import Request, Response @Request.application def hello(request): return Response('Hello World!') if __name__ == '__main__': from werkzeug.serving import run_simple run_simple('localhost', 4000, hello) werkzeug
1、第一次
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from
flask
import
Flask
app
=
Flask(__name__)
@app
.route(
"/"
)
def
hello():
return
"Hello World!"
if
__name__
=
=
"__main__"
:
app.run()
|
2、路由系统
经常使用路由系统有以上五种,全部的路由系统都是基于一下对应关系来处理:
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DEFAULT_CONVERTERS
=
{
'default'
: UnicodeConverter,
'string'
: UnicodeConverter,
'any'
: AnyConverter,
'path'
: PathConverter,
'int'
: IntegerConverter,
'float'
: FloatConverter,
'uuid'
: UUIDConverter,
}
|
注:对于Flask默认不支持直接写正则表达式的路由,不过能够经过自定义来实现,见:https://segmentfault.com/q/1010000000125259
3、模板
一、模板的使用
Flask使用的是Jinja2模板,因此其语法和Django无差异
二、自定义模板方法
Flask中自定义模板方法的方式和Bottle类似,建立一个函数并经过参数的形式传入render_template,如:
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head lang="en"> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title></title> </head> <body> <h1>自定义函数</h1> {{ww()|safe}} </body> </html> index.html
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#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from
flask
import
Flask,render_template
app
=
Flask(__name__)
def
wupeiqi():
return
'<h1>Wupeiqi</h1>'
@app
.route(
'/login'
, methods
=
[
'GET'
,
'POST'
])
def
login():
return
render_template(
'login.html'
, ww
=
wupeiqi)
app.run()
|
4、公共组件
一、请求
对于Http请求,Flask会讲请求信息封装在request中(werkzeug.wrappers.BaseRequest),提供的以下经常使用方法和字段以供使用:
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request.method
request.args
request.form
request.values
request.files
request.cookies
request.headers
request.path
request.full_path
request.script_root
request.url
request.base_url
request.url_root
request.host_url
request.host
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@app.route('/login', methods=['POST', 'GET']) def login(): error = None if request.method == 'POST': if valid_login(request.form['username'], request.form['password']): return log_the_user_in(request.form['username']) else: error = 'Invalid username/password' # the code below is executed if the request method # was GET or the credentials were invalid return render_template('login.html', error=error) 表单处理Demo
from flask import request from werkzeug import secure_filename @app.route('/upload', methods=['GET', 'POST']) def upload_file(): if request.method == 'POST': f = request.files['the_file'] f.save('/var/www/uploads/' + secure_filename(f.filename)) ... 上传文件Demo
from flask import request @app.route('/setcookie/') def index(): username = request.cookies.get('username') # use cookies.get(key) instead of cookies[key] to not get a # KeyError if the cookie is missing. from flask import make_response @app.route('/getcookie') def index(): resp = make_response(render_template(...)) resp.set_cookie('username', 'the username') return resp Cookie操做
二、响应
当用户请求被开发人员的逻辑处理完成以后,会将结果发送给用户浏览器,那么就须要对请求作出相应的响应。
a.字符串
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@app
.route(
'/index/'
, methods
=
[
'GET'
,
'POST'
])
def
index():
return
"index"
|
b.模板引擎
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from
flask
import
Flask,render_template,request
app
=
Flask(__name__)
@app
.route(
'/index/'
, methods
=
[
'GET'
,
'POST'
])
def
index():
return
render_template(
"index.html"
)
app.run()
|
c.重定向
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#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from
flask
import
Flask, redirect, url_for
app
=
Flask(__name__)
@app
.route(
'/index/'
, methods
=
[
'GET'
,
'POST'
])
def
index():
# return redirect('/login/')
return
redirect(url_for(
'login'
))
@app
.route(
'/login/'
, methods
=
[
'GET'
,
'POST'
])
def
login():
return
"LOGIN"
app.run()
|
d.错误页面
from flask import Flask, abort, render_template app = Flask(__name__) @app.route('/e1/', methods=['GET', 'POST']) def index(): abort(404, 'Nothing') app.run() 指定URL,简单错误
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from
flask
import
Flask, abort, render_template
app
=
Flask(__name__)
@app
.route(
'/index/'
, methods
=
[
'GET'
,
'POST'
])
def
index():
return
"OK"
@app
.errorhandler(
404
)
def
page_not_found(error):
return
render_template(
'page_not_found.html'
),
404
app.run()
|
e.设置相应信息
使用make_response能够对相应的内容进行操做
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from
flask
import
Flask, abort, render_template,make_response
app
=
Flask(__name__)
@app
.route(
'/index/'
, methods
=
[
'GET'
,
'POST'
])
def
index():
response
=
make_response(render_template(
'index.html'
))
# response是flask.wrappers.Response类型
# response.delete_cookie
# response.set_cookie
# response.headers['X-Something'] = 'A value'
return
response
app.run()
|
三、Session
除请求对象以外,还有一个 session 对象。它容许你在不一样请求间存储特定用户的信息。它是在 Cookies 的基础上实现的,而且对 Cookies 进行密钥签名要使用会话,你须要设置一个密钥。
设置:session['username'] = 'xxx'
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from
flask
import
Flask, session, redirect, url_for, escape, request
app
=
Flask(__name__)
@app
.route(
'/'
)
def
index():
if
'username'
in
session:
return
'Logged in as %s'
%
escape(session[
'username'
])
return
'You are not logged in'
@app
.route(
'/login'
, methods
=
[
'GET'
,
'POST'
])
def
login():
if
request.method
=
=
'POST'
:
session[
'username'
]
=
request.form[
'username'
]
return
redirect(url_for(
'index'
))
return
'''
<form action="" method="post">
<p><input type=text name=username>
<p><input type=submit value=Login>
</form>
'''
@app
.route(
'/logout'
)
def
logout():
# remove the username from the session if it's there
session.pop(
'username'
,
None
)
return
redirect(url_for(
'index'
))
# set the secret key. keep this really secret:
app.secret_key
=
'A0Zr98j/3yX R~XHH!jmN]LWX/,?RT'
|
4.message
message是一个基于Session实现的用于保存数据的集合,其特色是:使用一次就删除
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from
flask
import
Flask, flash, redirect, render_template, request
app
=
Flask(__name__)
app.secret_key
=
'some_secret'
@app
.route(
'/'
)
def
index1():
return
render_template(
'index.html'
)
@app
.route(
'/set'
)
def
index2():
v
=
request.args.get(
'p'
)
flash(v)
return
'ok'
if
__name__
=
=
"__main__"
:
app.run()
|
5.中间件
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|
from
flask
import
Flask, flash, redirect, render_template, request
app
=
Flask(__name__)
app.secret_key
=
'some_secret'
@app
.route(
'/'
)
def
index1():
return
render_template(
'index.html'
)
@app
.route(
'/set'
)
def
index2():
v
=
request.args.get(
'p'
)
flash(v)
return
'ok'
class
MiddleWare:
def
__init__(
self
,wsgi_app):
self
.wsgi_app
=
wsgi_app
def
__call__(
self
,
*
args,
*
*
kwargs):
return
self
.wsgi_app(
*
args,
*
*
kwargs)
if
__name__
=
=
"__main__"
:
app.wsgi_app
=
MiddleWare(app.wsgi_app)
app.run(port
=
9999
)
|
Flask还有众多其余功能,更多参见: http://docs.jinkan.org/docs/flask/ http://flask.pocoo.org/