oracle 经常使用sql

1.查看

1、查看表空间的名称及大小
 
select t.tablespace_name, round(sum(bytes/(1024*1024)),0) ts_size
from dba_tablespaces t, dba_data_files d
where t.tablespace_name = d.tablespace_name
group by t.tablespace_name;
 
2、查看表空间物理文件的名称及大小
 
select tablespace_name, file_id, file_name,
round(bytes/(1024*1024),0) total_space
from dba_data_files
order by tablespace_name;
 
3、查看回滚段名称及大小
 
select segment_name, tablespace_name, r.status, 
(initial_extent/1024) InitialExtent,(next_extent/1024) NextExtent, 
max_extents, v.curext CurExtent
From dba_rollback_segs r, v$rollstat v
Where r.segment_id = v.usn(+)
order by segment_name;
 
4、查看控制文件
 
select name from v$controlfile;
 
5、查看日志文件
 
select member from v$logfile;
 
6、查看表空间的使用状况
 
select sum(bytes)/(1024*1024) as free_space,tablespace_name 
from dba_free_space
group by tablespace_name;
 
SELECT A.TABLESPACE_NAME,A.BYTES TOTAL,B.BYTES USED, C.BYTES FREE,
(B.BYTES*100)/A.BYTES "% USED",(C.BYTES*100)/A.BYTES "% FREE"
FROM SYS.***$TS_***AIL A,SYS.***$TS_USED B,SYS.***$TS_FREE C
WHERE A.TABLESPACE_NAME=B.TABLESPACE_NAME AND A.TABLESPACE_NAME=C.TABLESPACE_NAME; 
 
7、查看数据库库对象
 
select owner, object_type, status, count(*) count# from all_objects group by owner, object_type, status;
 
8、查看数据库的版本　
 
Select version FROM Product_component_version 
Where SUBSTR(PRODUCT,1,6)=''Oracle'';
 
9、查看数据库的建立日期和归档方式
 
Select Created, Log_Mode, Log_Mode From V$Database; 
 
10、捕捉运行好久的SQL
 
column username format a12 
column opname format a16 
column progress format a8 
 
select username,sid,opname, 
      round(sofar*100 / totalwork,0) || ''%'' as progress, 
      time_remaining,sql_text 
from v$session_longops , v$sql 
where time_remaining <> 0 
and sql_address = address 
and sql_hash_value = hash_value 

11。查看数据表的参数信息
SELECT   partition_name, high_value, high_value_length, tablespace_name,
        pct_free, pct_used, ini_trans, max_trans, initial_extent,
        next_extent, min_extent, max_extent, pct_increase, FREELISTS,
        freelist_groups, LOGGING, BUFFER_POOL, num_rows, blocks,
        empty_blocks, ***g_space, chain_cnt, ***g_row_len, sample_size,
        last_analyzed
   FROM dba_tab_partitions
  --WHERE table_name = :tname AND table_owner = :towner
ORDER BY partition_position
 
12.查看还没提交的事务
select * from v$locked_object;
select * from v$transaction;
 

 

13。查找object为哪些进程所用
select  p.spid, s.sid, s.serial# serial_num,
        s.username user_name, a.type  object_type,s.osuser os_user_name, 
        a.owner, a.object object_name,decode(sign(48 - command), 1, 
        to_char(command),''Action Code #'' || to_char(command) ) action,
        p.program oracle_process, s.terminal terminal, s.program program,
        s.status session_status   
from v$session s, v$access a, v$process p   
where s.paddr = p.addr and
     s.type = ''USER'' and    
     a.sid = s.sid   and
  a.object=''SUBSCRIBER_ATTR''
order by s.username, s.osuser
 
14。回滚段查看
select rownum,
       sys.dba_rollback_segs.segment_name Name,
       v$rollstat.extents                 Extents,
       v$rollstat.rssize                  Size_in_Bytes,
       v$rollstat.xacts                   XActs,
       v$rollstat.gets                    Gets,
       v$rollstat.waits                   Waits,
       v$rollstat.writes                  Writes,
       sys.dba_rollback_segs.status       status
  from v$rollstat, sys.dba_rollback_segs, v$rollname
 where v$rollname.name(+) = sys.dba_rollback_segs.segment_name
   and v$rollstat.usn(+) = v$rollname.usn
 order by rownum
 
15。耗资源的进程（top session）
select s.schemaname schema_name,
       decode(sign(48 - command),
              1,
              to_char(command),
              '' Action Code # '' || to_char(command)) action,
       status session_status,
       s.osuser os_user_name,
       s.sid,
       p.spid,
       s.serial# serial_num,
       nvl(s.username, '' [ Oracle process ] '') user_name,
       s.terminal terminal,
       s.program program,
       st.value criteria_value
  from v$sesstat st, v$session s, v$process p
 where st.sid = s.sid
   and st.statistic# = to_number('' 38 '')
   and ('' ALL '' = '' ALL '' or s.status = '' ALL '')
   and p.addr = s.paddr
 order by st.value desc, p.spid asc, s.username asc, s.osuser asc

16。查看锁（lock）状况
select /*+ RULE */
 ls.osuser os_user_name,
 ls.username user_name,
 decode(ls.type,  '' RW '',   '' Row wait enqueue lock '',
        '' TM '',  '' DML enqueue lock '',   '' TX '',
        '' Transaction enqueue lock '',  '' UL '',
        '' User supplied lock '') lock_type,
 o.object_name object,
 decode(ls.lmode,  1,  null,   2,   '' Row Share '',
        3,  '' Row Exclusive '',   4,  '' Share '',
        5,   '' Share Row Exclusive '',   6,  '' Exclusive '',
        null) lock_mode, o.owner,  ls.sid,  
        ls.serial# serial_num, ls.id1,  ls.id2
  from sys.dba_objects o,
       (select s.osuser, s.username, l.type,l.lmode, 
               s.sid, s.serial#,l.id1,l.id2
          from v$session s, v$lock l
         where s.sid = l.sid) ls
 where o.object_id = ls.id1
   and o.owner <> '' SYS ''
 order by o.owner, o.object_name
 
17。查看等待（wait）状况
SELECT v$waitstat.class,
       v$waitstat.count count,
       SUM(v$sysstat.value) sum_value
  FROM v$waitstat, v$sysstat
 WHERE v$sysstat.name IN ('' db block gets '', '' consistent gets '')
 group by v$waitstat.class, v$waitstat.count

18。查看sga状况
SELECT NAME, BYTES FROM SYS.V_$SGASTAT ORDER BY NAME ASC
 
19。查看catched object
SELECT owner,   name,  db_link, namespace,  type,harable_mem,     
  loads,  executions,  locks, pins,  kept       
 FROM v$db_object_cache
          
20。查看V$SQLAREA
SELECT SQL_TEXT, SHARABLE_MEM, PERSISTENT_MEM, RUNTIME_MEM, SORTS, 
VERSION_COUNT, LOADED_VERSIONS, OPEN_VERSIONS, USERS_OPENING, EXECUTIONS, 
USERS_EXECUTING, LOADS, FIRST_LOAD_TIME, INVALIDATIONS, PARSE_CALLS, DISK_READS,
BUFFER_GETS, ROWS_PROCESSED 
FROM V$SQLAREA
 
21。查看object分类数量
select decode (o.type#,1,''INDEX'' , 2,''TABLE'' , 3 , ''CLUSTER'' , 4, ''VIEW'' , 5 , 
''SYNONYM'' , 6 , ''SEQUENCE'' , ''OTHER'' ) object_type , count(*) quantity from 
sys.obj$ o where o.type# > 1 group by decode (o.type#,1,''INDEX'' , 2,''TABLE'' , 3 
, ''CLUSTER'' , 4, ''VIEW'' , 5 , ''SYNONYM'' , 6 , ''SEQUENCE'' , ''OTHER'' ) union select 
''COLUMN'' , count(*) from sys.col$ union select ''DB LINK'' , count(*) 
from 
 
22。按用户查看object种类
select u.name schema,   sum(decode(o.type#, 1, 1, NULL)) indexes,   
sum(decode(o.type#, 2, 1, NULL)) tables,   sum(decode(o.type#, 3, 1, NULL)) 
clusters,   sum(decode(o.type#, 4, 1, NULL)) views,   sum(decode(o.type#, 5, 1, 
NULL)) synonyms,   sum(decode(o.type#, 6, 1, NULL)) sequences,   
sum(decode(o.type#, 1, NULL, 2, NULL, 3, NULL, 4, NULL, 5, NULL, 6, NULL, 1)) 
others   from sys.obj$ o, sys.user$ u   where o.type# >= 1 and    u.user# = 
o.owner# and   u.name <> ''PUBLIC''   group by u.name    order by 
sys.link$ union select ''CONSTRAINT'' , count(*) 
from sys.con$
 
23。有关connection的相关信息

1）查看有哪些用户链接
select s.osuser os_user_name,    decode(sign(48 - command), 1, to_char(command),
''Action Code #'' || to_char(command) ) action,     p.program oracle_process,     
status session_status,    s.terminal terminal,    s.program program,    
s.username user_name,    s.fixed_table_sequence activity_meter,    '''' query,    
0 memory,    0 max_memory,     0 cpu_usage,    s.sid,   s.serial# serial_num    
from v$session s,    v$process p   where s.paddr=p.addr and    s.type = ''USER''  
order by s.username, s.osuser

2）根据v.sid查看对应链接的资源占用等状况
select n.name, 
 v.value, 
 n.class,
 n.statistic#  
from  v$statname n, 
 v$sesstat v 
where v.sid = 71 and 
 v.statistic# = n.statistic# 
order by n.class, n.statistic#

3）根据sid查看对应链接正在运行的sql
select /*+ PUSH_SUBQ */
 command_type, sql_text,sharable_mem, persistent_mem, runtime_mem, 
 sorts, version_count,loaded_versions, open_versions, users_opening, 
 executions, users_executing, loads, first_load_time, invalidations, 
 parse_calls, disk_reads, buffer_gets, rows_processed, sysdate start_time,
 sysdate finish_time, ''>'' || address sql_address, ''N'' status 
from v$sqlarea
where address = (select sql_address from v$session where sid = 71)
 
24．查询表空间使用状况
select a.tablespace_name "表空间名称",
　　100-round((nvl(b.bytes_free,0)/a.bytes_alloc)*100,2) "占用率(%)",
　　round(a.bytes_alloc/1024/1024,2) "容量(M)",
　　round(nvl(b.bytes_free,0)/1024/1024,2) "空闲(M)",
　　round((a.bytes_alloc-nvl(b.bytes_free,0))/1024/1024,2) "使用(M)",
　　Largest "最大扩展段(M)",
　　to_char(sysdate,''yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss'') "采样时间" 
from  (select f.tablespace_name,
   　　　　sum(f.bytes) bytes_alloc,
  　　 　　sum(decode(f.autoextensible,''YES'',f.maxbytes,''NO'',f.bytes)) maxbytes 
　　　　　　from dba_data_files f  group by tablespace_name) a,
　　　　(select  f.tablespace_name, sum(f.bytes) bytes_free  from dba_free_space f group by tablespace_name) b,
　　　　(select round(max(ff.length)*16/1024,2) Largest, ts.name tablespace_name 
　　　　　　from sys.fet$ ff, sys.file$ tf,sys.ts$ ts  where ts.ts#=ff.ts# and ff.file#=tf.relfile# and ts.ts#=tf.ts# 
　　　　　　group by ts.name, tf.blocks) c 
where a.tablespace_name = b.tablespace_name and a.tablespace_name = c.tablespace_name
 
25. 查询表空间的碎片程度 
 
select tablespace_name,count(tablespace_name) from dba_free_space group by tablespace_name 
h***ing count(tablespace_name)>10; 
 
alter tablespace name coalesce; 
alter table name deallocate unused; 
 
create or replace view ts_blocks_v as 
select tablespace_name,block_id,bytes,blocks,''free space'' segment_name from dba_free_space 
union all 
select tablespace_name,block_id,bytes,blocks,segment_name from dba_extents; 
 
select * from ts_blocks_v; 
 
select tablespace_name,sum(bytes),max(bytes),count(block_id) from dba_free_space 
group by tablespace_name;
 
26。查询有哪些数据库实例在运行
select inst_name from v$active_instances;
 

######### 建立数据库 
$ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/buildall.sql ############# 
 
create TABLE wottemp.temp_1234_test(TruckID varchar2(30),    
       X number(30),    
       Y number(30),    
       Z number(30),
         TIME date,    
       Type varchar2(30), 
       remark varchar2(30));

 

############### 数据字典 ########## 
 
set wrap off 
 
select * from v$dba_users; 
 
grant select on table_name to user/rule; 
 
select * from user_tables; 
 
select * from all_tables; 
 
select * from dba_tables; 
 
revoke dba from user_name; 
 
shutdown immediate 
 
startup nomount 
 
select * from v$instance; 
 
select * from v$sga; 
 
select * from v$tablespace; 
 
alter session set nls_language=american; 
 
alter database mount; 
 
select * from v$database; 
 
alter database open; 
 
desc dictionary 
 
select * from dict; 
 
desc v$fixed_table; 
 
select * from v$fixed_table; 
 
set oracle_sid=foxconn 
 
select * from dba_objects; 
 
set serveroutput on 
 
execute dbms_output.put_line(''sfasd''); 
 
############# 控制文件 ########### 
 
select * from v$database; 
 
select * from v$tablespace; 
 
select * from v$logfile; 
 
select * from v$log; 
 
select * from v$backup; 
 
/*备份用户表空间*/ 
alter tablespace users begin backup; 
 
select * from v$archived_log; 
 
select * from v$controlfile; 
 
alter system set control_files=''$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl01.ctl'', 
''$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl02.ctl'' scope=spfile; 
 
cp $ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl01.ctl $ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl02.ctl 
 
startup pfile=''../initSID.ora'' 
 
select * from v$parameter where name like ''control%'' ; 
 
show parameter control; 
 
select * from v$controlfile_record_section; 
 
select * from v$tempfile; 
 
/*备份控制文件*/ 
alter database backup controlfile to ''../filepath/control.bak''; 
 
/*备份控制文件，并将二进制控制文件变为了asc 的文本文件*/ 
alter database backup controlfile to trace; 
 
############### redo log ############## 
 
archive log list; 
 
alter system archive log start;--启动自动存档 
 
alter system switch logfile;--强行进行一第二天志switch 
 
alter system checkpoint;--强制进行一次checkpoint 
 
alter tablspace users begin backup; 
 
alter tablespace offline; 
 
/*checkpoint 同步频率参数FAST_START_MTTR_TARGET,同步频率越高，系统恢复所需时间越短*/ 
show parameter fast; 
 
show parameter log_checkpoint; 
 
/*加入一个日志组*/ 
alter database add logfile group 3 (''/$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo'' size 10M); 
 
/*加入日志组的一个成员*/ 
alter database add logfile member ''/$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo'' to group 3; 
 
/*删除日志组:当前日志组不能删；活动的日志组不能删；非归档的日志组不能删*/ 
alter database drop logfile group 3; 
 
/*删除日志组中的某个成员，但每一个组的最后一个成员不能被删除*/ 
alter databse drop logfile member ''$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo''; 
 
/*清除在线日志*/ 
alter database clear logfile ''$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo''; 
 
alter database clear logfile group 3; 
 
/*清除非归档日志*/ 
alter database clear unarchived logfile group 3; 
 
/*重命名日志文件*/ 
alter database rename file ''$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo'' to ''$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6a.rdo''; 
 
show parameter db_create; 
 
alter system set db_create_online_log_dest_1=''path_name''; 
 
select * from v$log; 
 
select * from v$logfile; 
 
/*数据库归档模式到非归档模式的互换,要启动到mount状态下才能改变;startup mount;而后再打开数据库.*/ 
alter database noarchivelog/archivelog; 
 
achive log start;---启动自动归档 
 
alter system archive all;－－手工归档全部日志文件 
 
select * from v$archived_log; 
 
show parameter log_archive; 
 
###### 分析日志文件logmnr ############## 
 
1) 在init.ora中set utl_file_dir 参数 
2) 从新启动oracle 
3) create 目录文件 
desc dbms_logmnr_d; 
dbms_logmnr_d.build; 
4) 加入日志文件 add/remove log file 
dhms_logmnr.add_logfile 
dbms_logmnr.removefile 
5) start logmnr 
dbms_logmnr.start_logmnr 
6) 分析出来的内容查询 v$logmnr_content --sqlredo/sqlundo 
 
实践： 
 
desc dbms_logmnr_d; 
 
/*对数据表作一些操做，为恢复操做作准备*/ 
update 表 set qty=10 where stor_id=6380; 
 
delete 表 where stor_id=7066; 
/***********************************/ 
utl_file_dir的路径 
execute dbms_logmnr_d.build(''foxdict.ora'',''$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/admin/fox/cdump''); 
 
execute dbms_logmnr.add_logfile(''$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.log'',dbms_logmnr.newfile); 
 
execute dbms_logmnr.start_logmnr(dictfilename=>''$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/admin/fox/cdump/foxdict.ora''); 
 
######### tablespace ############## 
 
select * form v$tablespace; 
 
select * from v$datafile; 
 
/*表空间和数据文件的对应关系*/ 
select t1.name,t2.name from v$tablespace t1,v$datafile t2 where t1.ts#=t2.ts#; 
 
alter tablespace users add datafile ''path'' size 10M; 
 
select * from dba_rollback_segs; 
 
/*限制用户在某表空间的使用限额*/ 
alter user user_name quota 10m on tablespace_name; 
 
create tablespace xxx [datafile ''path_name/datafile_name''] [size xxx] [extent management local/dictionary] [default storage(xxx)]; 
 
exmple: create tablespace userdata datafile ''$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf'' size 100M AUTOEXTEND ON NEXT 5M MAXSIZE 200M; 
create tablespace userdata datafile ''$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf'' size 100M extent management dictionary default storage(initial 100k next 100k pctincrease 10) offline; 
/*9i之后，oracle建议使用local管理，而不使用dictionary管理，由于local采用bitmap管理表空间 ，不会产生系统表空间的自愿争用;*/ 
create tablespace userdata datafile ''$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf'' size 100M extent management local uniform size 1m; 
create tablespace userdata datafile ''$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf'' size 100M extent management local autoallocate; 
/*在建立表空间时，设置表空间内的段空间管理模式，这里用的是自动管理*/ 
create tablespace userdata datafile ''$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf'' size 100M extent management local uniform size 1m segment space management auto; 
 
alter tablespace userdata mininum extent 10; 
 
alter tablespace userdata default storage(initial 1m next 1m pctincrease 20); 
 
/*undo tablespace(不能被用在字典管理模下) */ 
create undo tablespace undo1 datafile ''$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo101.dbf'' size 40M extent management local; 
 
show parameter undo; 
 
/*temporary tablespace*/ 
create temporary tablespace userdata tempfile ''$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo101.dbf'' size 10m extent management local; 
 
/*设置数据库缺省的临时表空间*/ 
alter database default temporary tablespace tablespace_name; 
 
/*系统/临时/在线的undo表空间不能被offline*/ 
alter tablespace tablespace_name offline/online; 
 
alter tablespace tablespace_name read only; 
 
/*重命名用户表空间*/ 
alter tablespace tablespace_name rename datafile ''$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo101.dbf'' to ''$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf''; 
 
/*重命名系统表空间 ,但在重命名前必须将数据库shutdown,并重启到mount状态*/ 
alter database rename file ''$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/system01.dbf'' to ''$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/system02.dbf''; 
 
drop tablespace userdata including contents and datafiles;---drop tablespce 
 
/*resize tablespace,autoextend datafile space*/ 
alter database datafile ''$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf'' autoextend on next 10m maxsize 500M; 
 
/*resize datafile*/ 
alter database datafile ''$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf'' resize 50m; 
 
/*给表空间扩展空间*/ 
alter tablespace userdata add datafile ''$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf'' size 10m; 
 
/*将表空间设置成OMF状态*/ 
alter system set db_create_file_dest=''$ORACLE_HOME/oradata''; 
 
create tablespace userdata;---use OMF status to create tablespace; 
 
drop tablespace userdata;---user OMF status to drop tablespace; 
 
select * from dba_tablespace/v$tablespace/dba_data_files; 
 
/*将表的某分区移动到另外一个表空间*/ 
alter table table_name move partition partition_name tablespace tablespace_name; 
 
###### ORACLE storage structure and relationships ######### 
 
/*手工分配表空间段的分区(extend)大小*/ 
alter table kong.test12 allocate extent(size 1m datafile ''$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf''); 
 
alter table kong.test12 deallocate unused; ---释放表中没有用到的分区 
 
show parameter db; 
 
alter system set db_8k_cache_size=10m; ---配置8k块的内存空间块参数 
 
select * from dba_extents/dba_segments/data_tablespace; 
 
select * from dba_free_space/dba_data_file/data_tablespace; 
 
/*数据对象所占用的字节数*/ 
select sum(bytes) from dba_extents where onwer=''kong'' and segment_name =''table_name''; 
 
############ UNDO Data ################ 
 
show parameter undo; 
 
alter tablespace users offline normal; 
 
alter tablespace users offline immediate; 
 
recover datafile ''$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf''; 
 
alter tablespace users online ; 
 
select * from dba_rollback_segs; 
 
alter system set undo_tablespace=undotbs1; 
 
/*忽略回滚段的错误提示*/ 
alter system set undo_suppress_errors=true; 
 
/*在自动管理模式下,不会真正创建rbs1;在手工管理模式则能够创建,且是私有回滚段*/ 
create rollback segment rbs1 tablespace undotbs; 
 
desc dbms_flashback; 
 
/*在提交了修改的数据后,9i提供了旧数据的回闪操做,将修改前的数据只读给用户看,但这部分数据不会又恢复在表中,而是旧数据的一个映射*/ 
execute dbms_flashback.enable_at_time(''26-JAN-04:12:17:00 pm''); 
 
execute dbms_flashback.disable; 
 
/*回滚段的统计信息*/ 
select end_time,begin_time,undoblks from v$undostat; 
 
/*undo表空间的大小计算公式: UndoSpace=[UR * (UPS * DBS)] + (DBS * 24) 
UR :UNDO_RETENTION 保留的时间(秒) 
UPS :每秒的回滚数据块 
DBS:系统EXTENT和FILE SIZE(也就是db_block_size)*/ 
 
select * from dba_rollback_segs/v$rollname/v$rollstat/v$undostat/v$session/v$transaction; 
 
show parameter transactions; 
 
show parameter rollback; 
 
/*在手工管理模式下,创建公共的回滚段*/ 
create public rollback segment prbs1 tablespace undotbs; 
 
alter rollback segment rbs1 online;----在手工管理模式 
 
/*在手工管理模式中,initSID.ora中指定 undo_management=manual 、rollback_segment=(''rbs1'',''rbs2'',...)、 
transactions=100 、transactions_per_rollback_segment=10 
而后 shutdown immediate ,startup pfile=....\???.ora */ 
 
########## Managing Tables ########### 
 
/*char type maxlen=2000;varchar2 type maxlen=4000 bytes 
rowid 是18位的64进制字符串 (10个bytes 80 bits) 
rowid组成: object#(对象号)--32bits,6位 
rfile#(相对文件号)--10bits,3位 
block#(块号)--22bits,6位 
row#(行号)--16bits,3位 
64进制: A-Z,a-z,0-9,/,+ 共64个符号 
 
dbms_rowid 包中的函数能够提供对rowid的解释*/ 
 
select rowid,dbms_rowid.rowid_block_number(rowid),dbms_rowid.rowid_row_number(rowid) from table_name; 
 
create table test2 
( 
id int, 
lname varchar2(20) not null, 
fname varchar2(20) constraint ck_1 check(fname like ''k%''), 
empdate date default sysdate) 
) tablespace tablespace_name; 
 
 
create global temporary table test2 on commit delete/preserve rows as select * from kong.authors; 
 
create table user.table(...) tablespace tablespace_name storage(...) pctfree10 pctused 40; 
 
alter table user.tablename pctfree 20 pctused 50 storage(...);---changing table storage 
 
/*手工分配分区,分配的数据文件必须是表所在表空间内的数据文件*/ 
alter table user.table_name allocate extent(size 500k datafile ''...''); 
 
/*释放表中没有用到的空间*/ 
alter table table_name deallocate unused; 
 
alter table table_name deallocate unused keep 8k; 
 
/*将非分区表的表空间搬到新的表空间,在移动表空间后，原表中的索引对象将会不可用，必须重建*/ 
alter table user.table_name move tablespace new_tablespace_name; 
 
create index index_name on user.table_name(column_name) tablespace users; 
 
alter index index_name rebuild; 
 
drop table table_name [CASCADE CONSTRAINTS]; 
 
alter table user.table_name drop column col_name [CASCADE CONSTRAINTS CHECKPOINT 1000];---drop column 
 
/*给表中不用的列作标记*/ 
alter table user.table_name set unused column comments CASCADE CONSTRAINTS; 
 
/*drop表中不用的作了标记列*/ 
alter table user.table_name drop unused columns checkpoint 1000; 
 
/*当在drop col是出现异常，使用CONTINUE，防止重删前面的column*/ 
ALTER TABLE USER.TABLE_NAME DROP COLUMNS CONTINUE CHECKPOINT 1000; 
 
select * from dba_tables/dba_objects; 
 
######## managing indexes ########## 
 
/*create index*/ 
example: 
/*建立通常索引*/ 
create index index_name on table_name(column_name) tablespace tablespace_name; 
/*建立位图索引*/ 
create bitmap index index_name on table_name(column_name1,column_name2) tablespace tablespace_name; 
/*索引中不能用pctused*/ 
create [bitmap] index index_name on table_name(column_name) tablespace tablespace_name pctfree 20 storage(inital 100k next 100k) ; 
/*大数据量的索引最好不要作日志*/ 
create [bitmap] index index_name table_name(column_name1,column_name2) tablespace_name pctfree 20 storage(inital 100k next 100k) nologging; 
/*建立反转索引*/ 
create index index_name on table_name(column_name) reverse; 
/*建立函数索引*/ 
create index index_name on table_name(function_name(column_name)) tablespace tablespace_name; 
/*建表时建立约束条件*/ 
create table user.table_name(column_name number(7) constraint constraint_name primary key deferrable using index storage(initial 100k next 100k) tablespace tablespace_name,column_name2 varchar2(25) constraint constraint_name not null,column_name3 number(7)) tablespace tablespace_name; 
 
/*给建立bitmap index分配的内存空间参数，以加速建索引*/ 
show parameter create_bit; 
 
/*改变索引的存储参数*/ 
alter index index_name pctfree 30 storage(initial 200k next 200k); 
 
/*给索引手工分配一个分区*/ 
alter index index_name allocate extent (size 200k datafile ''$ORACLE/oradata/..''); 
 
/*释放索引中没用的空间*/ 
alter index index_name deallocate unused; 
 
/*索引重建*/ 
alter index index_name rebuild tablespace tablespace_name; 
 
/*普通索引和反转索引的互换*/ 
alter index index_name rebuild tablespace tablespace_name reverse; 
 
/*重建索引时，不锁表*/ 
alter index index_name rebuild online; 
 
/*给索引整理碎片*/ 
alter index index_name COALESCE; 
 
/*分析索引,事实上是更新统计的过程*/ 
analyze index index_name validate structure; 
 
desc index_state; 
 
drop index index_name; 
 
alter index index_name monitoring usage;-----监视索引是否被用到 
 
alter index index_name nomonitoring usage;----取消监视 
 
/*有关索引信息的视图*/ 
select * from dba_indexes/dba_ind_columns/dbs_ind_expressions/v$object_usage; 
 
########## 数据完整性的管理(Maintaining data integrity) ########## 
 
alter table table_name drop constraint constraint_name;----drop 约束 
 
alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name primary key(column_name1,column_name2);-----建立主键 
 
alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name unique(column_name1,column_name2);---建立惟一约束 
 
/*建立外键约束*/ 
alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name foreign key(column_name1) references table_name(column_name1); 
 
/*不效验老数据，只约束新的数据[enable/disable：约束/不约束新数据;novalidate/validate:不对/对老数据进行验证]*/ 
alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name check(column_name like ''B%'') enable/disable novalidate/validate; 
 
/*修改约束条件，延时验证，commit时验证*/ 
alter table table_name modify constraint constraint_name initially deferred; 
 
/*修改约束条件，当即验证*/ 
alter table table_name modify constraint constraint_name initially immediate; 
 
alter session set constraints=deferred/immediate; 
 
/*drop一个有外键的主键表,带cascade constraints参数级联删除*/ 
drop table table_name cascade constraints; 
 
/*当truncate外键表时，先将外键设为无效，再truncate;*/ 
truncate table table_name; 
 
/*设约束条件无效*/ 
alter table table_name disable constraint constraint_name; 
 
alter table table_name enable novalidate constraint constraint_name; 
 
/*将无效约束的数据行放入exception的表中，此表记录了违反数据约束的行的行号；在此以前，要先建exceptions表*/ 
alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name check(column_name >15) enable validate exceptions into exceptions; 
 
/*运行建立exceptions表的脚本*/ 
start $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/utlexcpt.sql; 
 
/*获取约束条件信息的表或视图*/ 
select * from user_constraints/dba_constraints/dba_cons_columns; 
 
################## managing password security and resources #################### 
 
alter user user_name account unlock/open;----锁定/打开用户; 
 
alter user user_name password expire;---设定口令到期 
 
/*创建口令配置文件,failed_login_attempts口令输多少次后锁，password_lock_times指多少天后口令被自动解锁*/ 
create profile profile_name limit failed_login_attempts 3 password_lock_times 1/1440; 
/*建立口令配置文件*/ 
create profile profile_name limit failed_login_attempts 3 password_lock_time unlimited password_life_time 30 password_reuse_time 30 password_verify_function verify_function password_grace_time 5; 
/*创建资源配置文件*/ 
create profile prfile_name limit session_per_user 2 cpu_per_session 10000 idle_time 60 connect_time 480; 
 
alter user user_name profile profile_name; 
 
/*设置口令解锁时间*/ 
alter profile profile_name limit password_lock_time 1/24; 
 
/*password_life_time指口令文件多少时间到期，password_grace_time指在第一次成功登陆后到口令到期有多少天时间可改变口令*/ 
alter profile profile_name limit password_lift_time 2 password_grace_time 3; 
 
/*password_reuse_time指口令在多少天内可被重用,password_reuse_max口令可被重用的最大次数*/ 
alter profile profile_name limit password_reuse_time 10[password_reuse_max 3]; 
 
alter user user_name identified by input_password;-----修改用户口令 
 
drop profile profile_name; 
 
/*创建了profile后，且指定给某个用户，则必须用CASCADE才能删除*/ 
drop profile profile_name CASCADE; 
 
alter system set resource_limit=true;---启用自愿限制,缺省是false 
 
/*配置资源参数*/ 
alter profile profile_name limit cpu_per_session 10000 connect_time 60 idle_time 5; 
/*资源参数(session级) 
cpu_per_session 每一个session占用cpu的时间 单位1/100秒 
sessions_per_user 容许每一个用户的并行session数 
connect_time 容许链接的时间 单位分钟 
idle_time 链接被空闲多少时间后，被自动断开 单位分钟 
logical_reads_per_session 读块数 
***_sga 用户可以在SGA中使用的私有的空间数 单位bytes 
 
(call级) 
cpu_per_call 每次(1/100秒)调用cpu的时间 
logical_reads_per_call 每次调用可以读的块数 
*/ 
 
alter profile profile_name limit cpu_per_call 1000 logical_reads_per_call 10; 
 
desc dbms_resouce_manager;---资源管理器包 
 
/*获取资源信息的表或视图*/ 
select * from dba_users/dba_profiles; 
 
###### Managing users ############ 
 
show parameter os; 
 
create user testuser1 identified by kxf_001; 
 
grant connect,createtable to testuser1; 
 
alter user testuser1 quota 10m on tablespace_name; 
 
/*建立用户*/ 
create user user_name identified by password default tablespace tablespace_name temporary tablespace tablespace_name quota 15m on tablespace_name password expire; 
 
/*数据库级设定缺省临时表空间*/ 
alter database default temporary tablespace tablespace_name; 
 
/*制定数据库级的缺省表空间*/ 
alter database default tablespace tablespace_name; 
 
/*建立os级审核的用户，需知道os_authent_prefix，表示oracle和os口令对应的前缀,''OPS$''为此参数的值，此值能够任意设置*/ 
create user user_name identified by externally default OPS$tablespace_name tablespace_name temporary tablespace tablespace_name quota 15m on tablespace_name password expire; 
 
/*修改用户使用表空间的限额,回滚表空间和临时表空间不容许授予限额*/ 
alter user user_name quota 5m on tablespace_name; 
 
/*删除用户或删除级联用户(用户对象下有对象的要用CASCADE，将其下一些对象一块儿删除)*/ 
drop user user_name [CASCADE]; 
 
/*每一个用户在哪些表空间下有些什么限额*/ 
desc dba_ts_quotas;select * from dba_ts_quotas where username=''...''; 
 
/*改变用户的缺省表空间*/ 
alter user user_name default tablespace tablespace_name; 
 
######### Managing Privileges ############# 
 
grant create table,create session to user_name; 
 
grant create any table to user_name; revoke create any table from user_name; 
 
/*授予权限语法,public 标识全部用户,with admin option容许能将权限授予第三者的权限*/ 
grant system_privs,[......] to [user/role/public],[....] [with admin option]; 
 
select * from v$pwfile_users; 
 
/*当 O7_dictionary_accessiblity参数为True时，标识select any table时，包括系统表也能select ,不然，不包含系统表;缺省为false*/ 
show parameter O7; 
 
/*因为 O7_dictionary_accessiblity为静态参数，不能动态改变，故加scope=spfile,下次启动时才生效*/ 
alter system set O7_dictionary_accessiblity=true scope=spfile; 
 
/*授予对象中的某些字段的权限，如select 某表中的某些字段的权限*/ 
grant [object_privs(column,....)],[...] on object_name to user/role/public,... with grant option; 
 
/*oracle不容许授予select某列的权限,但能够授insert ,update某列的权限*/ 
grant insert(column_name1,column_name2,...) on table_name to user_name with grant option; 
 
select * from dba_sys_privs/session_privs/dba_tab_privs/user_tab_privs/dba_col_privs/user_col_privs; 
 
/*db/os/none 审计被记录在 数据库/操做系统/不审计 缺省是none*/ 
show parameter audit_trail; 
 
/*启动对表的select动做*/ 
audit select on user.table_name by session; 
 
/*by session在每一个session中发出command只记录一次，by access则每一个command都记录*/ 
audit [create table][select/update/insert on object by session/access][whenever successful/not successful]; 
 
desc dbms_fga;---进一步设计，则可以使用dbms_fgs包 
 
/*取消审计*/ 
noaudit select on user.table_name; 
 
/*查被审计信息*/ 
select * from all_def_audit_opts/dba_stmt_audit_opts/dba_priv_audit_opts/dba_obj_audit_opts; 
 
/*获取审计记录*/ 
select * from dba_audit_trail/dba_audit_exists/dba_audit_object/dba_audit_session/dba_audit_statement; 
 
########### Managing Role ################# 
 
create role role_name; grant select on table_name to role_name; grant role_name to user_name; set role role_name; 
 
create role role_name; 
create role role_name identified by password; 
create role role_name identified externally; 
 
set role role_name ; ----激活role 
set role role_name identified by password; 
 
alter role role_name not identified; 
alter role role_name identified by password; 
alter role role_name identified externally; 
 
grant priv_name to role_name [WITH ADMIN OPTION]; 
grant update(column_name1,col_name2,...) on table_name to role_name; 
grant role_name1 to role_name2; 
 
/*创建default role,用户登陆时，缺省激活default role*/ 
alter user user_name default role role_name1,role_name2,...; 
alter user user_name default role all; 
alter user user_name default role all except role_name1,...; 
alter user user_name default role none; 
 
set role role1 [identified by password],role2,....; 
set role all; 
set role except role1,role2,...; 
set role none; 
 
revoke role_name from user_name; 
revoke role_name from public; 
 
drop role role_name; 
 
select * from dba_roles/dba_role_privs/role_role_privs/dba_sys_privs/role_sys_privs/role_tab_privs/session_roles; 
 
########### Basic SQL SELECT ################ 
 
select col_name as col_alias from table_name ; 
 
select col_name from table_name where col1 like ''_o%''; ----''_''匹配单个字符 
 
/*使用字符函数(右边截取,字段中包含某个字符,左边填充某字符到固定位数,右边填充某字符到固定位数)*/ 
select substr(col1,-3,5),instr(col2,''g''),LPAD(col3,10,''$''),RPAD(col4,10,''%'') from table_name; 
 
/*使用数字函数(往右/左几位四舍五入,取整,取余)*/ 
select round(col1,-2),trunc(col2),mod(col3) from table_name ; 
 
/*使用日期函数(计算两个日期间相差几个星期,两个日期间相隔几个月,在某个月份上加几个月,某个日期的下一个日期, 
某日期所在月的最后的日期,对某个日期的月分四舍五入，对某个日期的月份进行取整)*/ 
select (sysdate-col1)/7 week,months_between(sysdate,col1),add_months(col1,2),next_day(sysdate,''FRIDAY''),last_day(sysdate), 
round(sysdate,''MONTH''),trunc(sysdate,''MONTH'') from table_name; 
 
/*使用NULL函数(当expr1为空取expr2/当expr1为空取expr2,不然取expr3/当expr1=expr2返回空)*/ 
select nvl(expr1,expr2),nvl2(expr1,expr2,expr3),nullif(expr1,expr2) from table_name; 
 
select column1,column2,column3, case column2 when ''50'' then column2*1.1 
when ''30'' then column2*2.1 
when ''10'' then column3/20 
else column3 
end as ttt 
from table_name ; ------使用case函数 
 
select table1.col1,table2.col2 from table1 
[CROSS JOIN table2] | -----笛卡儿链接 
[NATURAL JOIN table2] | -----用两个表中的同名列链接 
[JOIN table2 USING (column_name)] | -----用两个表中的同名列中的某一列或几列链接 
[JOIN table2 
ON (table1.col1=table2.col2)] | 
[LEFT|RIGHT|FULL OUTER JOIN table2 ------至关于(+)=,=(+)链接,全外链接 
ON (table1.col1=table2.col2)]; ------SQL 1999中的JOIN语法; 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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