[译] Dweb: 什么是 Dweb？(中英)

原文： hacks.mozilla.org/2018/07/int…
做者： Dietrich Ayala  发表时间：July 31, 2018

译者：西楼听雨  发表时间：2018/8/18
原文是 Mozilla 开发者网站发布的关于 Dweb 的概念、应用及使用案例介绍的系列文章中的第一篇。( 转载请注明出处)

本系列各篇章的翻译连接以下：

1. [译] Dweb: 什么是 Dweb？(中英)
   
2. [译] Dweb: 基于 Secure Scuttlebutt 的社交消息流 (中英)
   
3. [译] Dweb: 用 WebTorrent 搭建一个可复原的 Web (中英)
   
4. [译] Dweb: 基于 Beaker 的去中心化 Web (中英)
5. [译] Dweb: 基于 IPFS 的去中心化 Web 文件系统 (中英)
   
6. 待发布······

什么是 Dweb？

The web is the most successful programming platform in history, resulting in the largest open and accessible collection of human knowledge ever created. So yeah, it’s pretty great. But there are a set of common problems that the web is not able to address.

Web 能够说是史上最成功的编程平台，它产生了人类历史上最大规模的开放、便捷的知识库。这很好，很不错。不过如今它还存在一系列广泛的问题没法解决。

Have you ever…

• Had a website or app you love get updated to a new version, and you wished to go back to the old version?
• Tried to share a file between your phone and laptop or tv or other device while not connected to the internet? And without using a cloud service?
• Gone to a website or service that you depend on, only to find it’s been shut down? Whether it got bought and enveloped by some internet giant, or has gone out of business, or whatever, it was critical for you and now it’s gone.

好比，你是否是也面临过如下这些情形？

• 你喜欢的一个网站或应用升级到了一个新的版本，而你却想回到以前的旧版本。
  
• 在没有联网的状况下想在你的手机和笔记本、电视等其余设备之间分享文件。或者即使联网了，但他们又没安装云服务。（译注：这里应该指云同步或者文件分享类软件或服务）
  
• 前往某个网站或服务，就为了验证它是否已经中止服务了。无论它是被某个互联网巨头收购后封闭了，仍是破产了，或者其余缘由，总之它对你来讲很是重要，但如今它不在了。
  

Additionally, the web is facing critical internet health issues, seemingly intractable due to the centralization of power in the hands of a few large companies who have economic interests in not solving these problems:

• Hate speech, harassment and other attacks on social networks
• Repeated attacks on Net Neutrality by governments and corporations
• Mass human communications compromised and manipulated for profit or political gain
• Censorship and whole internet shutdowns by governments

另一方面，Web 也正面临严重的互联网(环境)健康问题，并且看上去这个问题难以解决，由于权利集中在少数的大公司手中，出于经济利益的考虑，他们不肯解决这些问题：

• 社交网络上的诋毁性言论、(信息)骚扰，等其余攻击
  
• 政府和企业对网络中立性的反复伤害
  
• 为了利益或政治目的的舆论操纵和造谣
  
• 正_攵_广_付实施的(内容)审查和全面断网
  

These are some of the problems and use-cases addressed by a new wave of projects, products and platforms building on or with web technologies but with a twist: They’re using decentralized or distributed network architectures instead of the centralized networks we use now, in order to let the users control their online experience without intermediaries, whether government or corporate. This new structural approach gives rise to the idea of a ‘decentralized web’, often conveniently shortened to ‘dweb’.

如今新出现的一波基于 Web 技术的项目、产品和平台已经解决了其中的一些问题和使用场景——虽然力量还很薄弱：他们使用的是去中心化和分布式的网络架构，而不是如今咱们使用的中心式的网络，以此来让用户拥有在线体验的自主权，无需中间人(不论是政府仍是企业）的参与。随着这种新式的结构浮现的即是“decentrailized web”（去中心化的 Web）的概念，习惯简称为“dweb”。

You can read a number of perspectives on centralization, and why it’s an important issue for us to tackle, in Mozilla’s Internet Health Report, released earlier this year.

在 Mozilla 今年早些时候发布的互联网健康报告中，你能够了解到关于中心式(网络)的许多方面，以及为什么解决这个问题对咱们来讲是如此的重要。

Dweb 中的这个 “D” 是什么？

The “d” in “dweb” usually stands for either decentralized or distributed.
What is the difference between distributed vs decentralized architectures? Here’s a visual illustration:

“dweb”中的这个“d”一般指的是 decentralized (去中心化的) 或者 distributed (分布式的)。这两种架构之间的区别又是什么呢？这里有一张视觉化的说明：

(Image credit: Openclipart.org, your best source for technical clip art with animals)

(图片来源：Openclipart.org——最好的技术类动物剪贴画做品素材网站)

In centralized systems, one entity has control over the participation of all other entities. In decentralized systems, power over participation is divided between more than one entity. In distributed systems, no one entity has control over the participation of any other entity.

在中心化的(Centralized)系统中，一个实体拥有全部其余全部参与者的控制权；在去中心化的系统中，参与者的权利被分发到超过一个以上的实体上；而在分布式系统中，没有任何一个实体拥有任何其余一个参与者的控制权。

Examples of centralization on the web today are the domain name system (DNS), servers run by a single company, and social networks designed for controlled communication.

在现今的 Web 中，中心化的例子包括域名系统（DNS）、由一家公司运营的服务，以及通信可受控制的社交网络。

A few examples of decentralized or distributed projects that became household names are Napster, BitTorrent and Bitcoin.

而去中心化和分布式的例子则较少，具体项目有 Napster、BitTorrent 和 Bitcoin (比特币)。

Some of these new dweb projects are decentralizing identity and social networking. Some are building distributed services in or on top of the existing centralized web, and others are distributed application protocols or platforms that run the web stack (HTML, JavaScript and CSS) on something other than HTTP. Also, there are blockchain-based platforms that run anything as long as it can be compiled into WebAssembly.

这些 dweb 项目，其中一些旨在对身份和社交网络去中心化，另一些旨在在现有的中心式网络之上/之中构建分布式的服务，其余的则是能够无需 HTTP 来运行 Web 栈（HTML、JavaScript、CSS）的分布式应用协议和平台。除此以外，还有能够运行任何东西的基于区块链的平台——只要它能够被编译为 WebAssembly。

进入正题（Here We Go）

Mozilla’s mission is to put users in control of their experiences online. While some of these projects and technologies turn the familiar on its head (no servers! no DNS! no HTTP(S)!), it’s important for us to explore their potential for empowerment.

Mozilla 的使命就是让用户拥有对本身的在线体验的控制权。虽然某些项目和技术还只是头脑中的概念(无服务器！无 DNS！无 HTTP/HTTPs！) ，不过这对咱们认识到它们在权利分配方面的潜力很是重要。

This is the first post in a series. We’ll introduce projects that cover social communication, online identity, file sharing, new economic models, as well as high-level application platforms. All of this work is either decentralized or distributed, minimizing or entirely removing centralized control.

本文是系列文章中的第一篇。接下来咱们还会介绍涉及到社交通信、在线身份、文件分享、新经济模型，以及高级应用程序平台等的项目。全部这些工做(项目)都是去中心化或分布式的，旨在最小化或者完全摆脱中心式的控制。

You’ll meet the people behind these projects, and learn about their values and goals, the technical architectures used, and see basic code examples of using the project or platform.

你也将接触到这些项目背后的人员，了解他们的价值观和理想、使用的技术架构，以及浏览一些使用这些项目和平台的基础代码示例。

So leave your assumptions at the door, and get ready to learn what a web more fully in users’ control could look like.

因此，请在进入正题前留下你的设想，而后准备好去了解一个用户本身更全面地拥有控制权的 Web 的样子。

Note: This post is the introduction. The following posts in the series are listed below.

• Social Feeds with Secure Scuttlebutt
• Building a Resilient Web with WebTorrent

注意：这篇贴文是简介篇。本系列随后的贴文以下。（译注：如下，中文为翻译连接，英文为原文连接）

• 基于 Secure Scuttlebutt 的社交信息流 (Social Feeds with Secure Scuttlebutt)

• 用 WebTorrent 构建一个可复原的 Web (Building a Resilient Web With WebTorrent)

关于 Dietrich Ayala

Dietrich Ayala is a developer advocate at Mozilla, the non-profit makers of the Firefox web browser, where he's been working for internet freedom and shipping open source software to hundreds of millions of people for over a decade.

Dietrich Ayala 是 Mozilla ——Firefox 浏览器背后的非盈利的开发方——的一名开发人员倡导者，在这里，他已经为网络自由及为数亿人带来开源软件工做了10年之久了。

他的主页：metafluff.com/

他的Twitter：@dietrich