4.4grep及egrep的用法

        练习:
            一、显示/proc/meminfo文件中以大写或小写S开头的行;
            # grep -i '^s' /proc/meminfo
            # grep '^[Ss]' /proc/meminfolinux

            # grep -E '^(S|s)' /proc/meminfo正则表达式

            二、显示/etc/passwd文件中其默认shell为非/sbin/nologin的用户;
            # grep -v "/sbin/nologin$" /etc/passwd | cut -d: -f1shell

            三、显示/etc/passwd文件中其默认shell为/bin/bash的用户;
                进一步:仅显示上述结果中其ID号最大的用户;
            # grep "/bin/bash$" /etc/passwd | sort -t: -k3 -n | tail -1 | cut -d: -f1                bash

            四、找出/etc/passwd文件中的一位数或两位数;
            # grep "\<[0-9][0-9]\?\>" /etc/passwd
            # grep "\<[0-9]\{1,2\}\>" /etc/passwdspa

            五、显示/boot/grub/grub.conf中以致少一个空白字符开头的行;
            # grep "^[[:space:]]\{1,\}" /boot/grub/grub.confit

            六、显示/etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit文件中,以#开头,后面跟至少一个空白字符,然后又有至少一个非空白字符的行;
            # grep "^#[[:space:]]\{1,\}[^[:space:]]\{1,\}" /etc/rc.d/rc.sysinitio

            七、找出netstat -tan命令执行结果中以'LISTEN'结尾的行;
            # netstat -tan | grep "LISTEN[[:space:]]*$"function

            八、添加用户bash, testbash, basher, nologin(SHELL为/sbin/nologin),而找出当前系统上其用户名和默认shell相同的用户;
            # grep "^\([[:alnum:]]\{1,\}\):.*\1$" /etc/passwd
            #grep "^\<\([[:alnum:]]*\)\>.*\1$" /etc/passwdtest

            九、扩展题:新建一个文本文件,假设有以下内容:
                He like his lover.
                He love his lover.
                He like his liker.
                He love his liker.
            找出其中最后一个单词是由此前某单词加r构成的行。
                \(l..e\).*\1r     [root@linux_basic ~]#grep "\<\(....\)\>.*\1r" hello 扩展

        扩展正则表达式:
            字符匹配:
                .
                []
                [^]
            次数匹配:
                *:匹配其前字符任意次
                ?: 匹配其前字符0次或1次
                +: 匹配其前字符至少1次;
                {m}: 匹配其前字符精确匹配m次
                {m,n}: 匹配其前字符至少m次,至多n次
                {m,}
                {0,n}
            锚定:
                ^
                $
                \<, \b
                \>, \b
                ^$, ^[[:space:]]*$
            分组:
                ()

                引用:\1, \2, \3

            或者:
                a|b: a或者b
                    con(C|c)at
                        concat或conCat?
                    conC|cat          conC或cat  

            grep -E  'PATTERN' FILE...
            egrep 'PATTERN' FILE...

            练习:使用扩展的正则表达式
            十、显示当前系统上root、fedora或user1用户的默认shell;
            # grep -E "^(root|fedora|user1):" /etc/passwd | cut -d: -f7

            十一、找出/etc/rc.d/init.d/functions文件中某单词后跟一组小括号“()”行;
            # grep -o -E "\<[[:alnum:]]+\>\(\)" /etc/rc.d/init.d/functions
            #grep -o "\<[[:alnum:]]\{1,\}\>()" /etc/rc.d/init.d/functions
            # grep -o -E "\<[[:alpha:]]+\(\)" /etc/rc.d/init.d/functions

[root@linux_basic ~]#echo "/etc/rc.d/init.d/" | grep -o -E "[^/].+/$"   .  这里是任意单个字符
etc/rc.d/init.d/
[root@linux_basic ~]#echo "/etc/rc.d/init.d/" | grep -o -E "[^/]+/?$"
init.d/

            十二、使用echo命令输出一个路径,然后使用grep取出其基名;
                echo "/etc/sysconfig/" | grep -o -E "[[:alnum:]]+/?"

                # echo "/etc/sysconfig/" | grep -o -E "[^/]+/?$" | cut -d/ -f1
[root@linux_basic ~]#echo "/etc/rc.d/init.d/" | grep -o "[^/]\{1,\}/\?$"
init.d/
# basename /etc/init.d/rc.d
rc.d
# dirname /etc/init.d/rc.d
/etc/init.d

            1三、找出ifconfig命令结果中的1-255之间的数字;             # ifconfig | grep -o -E "\<([1-9]|[1-9][0-9]|1[0-9][0-9]|2[0-4][0-9]|25[0-5])\>"

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