ES6 的类提供了几点明显的好处:html
兼容当前大量的代码。
相对于构造器和构造器继承,类使初学者更容易入门。
子类化在语言层面支持。
能够子类化内置的构造器。
再也不须要继承库;框架之间的代码变得更加轻便。
为未来的高级特性奠基了基础: traits (或者 mixins ), 不可变实例,等等。
使工具可以静态分析代码( IDE ,类型检测器,代码风格检测器,等等)。git
ES6 类掩盖了 JavaScript 继承的本质;
类会禁锢你,由于强制性的 new。es6
function Point(x, y){ this.x = x; this.y = y; } Point.prototype.toString = function(){ return "(" + this.x + "," + this.y + ")"; } const p = new Point(1,2); console.log(p);//Point {x: 1, y: 2} console.log(p.toString());//(1,2)
上面代码的改用class来写github
class Points { constructor(x, y) { this.x = x; this.y = y; } toString(){ return '(' + this.x + ',' + this.y + ')'; } } const ps = new Points(1, 2); console.log(ps);//Points {x: 1, y: 2} console.log(ps.toString());//(1,2)
ES6的类能够看做构造函数的另外一种写法bash
class Cty{ //.... } console.log(typeof Cty);//function console.log(Cty === Cty.prototype.constructor);//true //类的数据类型是函数,类自己就指向构造函数
使用的时候,也是直接对类使用new命令,跟构造函数的用法彻底一致框架
class Bar { doStuff(){ console.log('stuff'); } } const b =new Bar(); b.doStuff();//stuff
类的实例上面的方法,其实就是调用原型上的方法函数
class B {}; const BS = new B(); console.log(BS.constructor === B.prototype.constructor);//true
class Poin{ constructor(x,y){ this.x = x; this.y = y; } toString(){ return `(${this.x},${this.y})`; } } class ColorPoin extends Poin{ constructor(x,y,color){ super(x,y); this.color = color; } toString(){ return super.toString() + " in " + this. color; } } // 类型 console.log(typeof Poin);//function //news实例 const cp = new ColorPoin(25,8,'green'); console.log(cp.toString());//(25,8) in green console.log(cp instanceof ColorPoin);//true console.log(cp instanceof Poin);//true // instanceof测试构造函数的prototype属性是否出如今对象的原型链中的任何位置
下面是一些方法:工具
class ObjAssign { constructor(name, age){ this.name = name; this.age = age; } } Object.assign(ObjAssign.prototype,{ toString(){ console.log("string"); }, toValue(){ console.log("value") } }) const Obj = new ObjAssign('Bob',24); console.log(Obj); Obj.toString();//string Obj.toValue();//value console.log(Object.keys(ObjAssign.prototype));//["toString", "toValue"] console.log(Object.getOwnPropertyNames(ObjAssign.prototype));// ["constructor", "toString", "toValue"]
class Pott { constructor(x,y){ this.x = x; this.y = y; } toString() { return '(' + this.x + ',' + this.y + ')'; } } const pott = new Pott(2,3); pott.toString(); console.log(pott.hasOwnProperty("x"));//true console.log(pott.hasOwnProperty("y"));//true console.log(pott.hasOwnProperty("toString"));//false console.log(pott); console.log(pott.__proto__); console.log(pott.__proto__.hasOwnProperty("toString"));//true const p1 = new Pott(2,3); const p2 = new Pott(3,3); console.log(p1.__proto__ === p2.__proto__);//true p1.__proto__.printName = function(){ return "Oops"; } console.log(p1.printName());//Oops console.log(p2.printName());//Oops const p3 = new Pott(4,2); console.log(p3.printName());//Oops
prop属性有对应的存值函数和取值函数测试
class MyClass { constructor(){ //... } get prop(){ return 'getter'; } set prop(value){ console.log("setter:" + value); } } const inst = new MyClass(); inst.prop = 123;//setter: 123 console.log(inst.prop)//getter
class CustomHTMLElement { constructor(element) { this.element = element; } get html() { return this.element.innerHTML; } set html(value) { this.element.innerHTML = value; } } const descriptor = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor( CustomHTMLElement.prototype, "html" ); console.log("get" in descriptor) // true console.log("set" in descriptor) // true
const MyCl = class Me { getClassName() { return Me.name; } } const inMe = new MyCl(); console.log(inMe.getClassName());//Me 只在class内部有定义
const person = new class{ constructor(name){ this.name = name; } sayName(){ console.log(this.name); } }('张三'); person.sayName();//张三
class Mine { //... } console.log(Mine.name);//Mine
this.printName = this.printName.bind(this)绑定解决this
class Logger{ constructor(){ this.printName = this.printName.bind(this); } printName(name = 'there'){ this.print(`Hello ${name}`); } print(text){ console.log(text); } } const logger = new Logger(); const {printName} = logger; printName();//Hello there
若是在一个方法前,加上static关键字,就表示该方法不会被实例继承,而是经过类来调用
class Foo{ static classMethod() { return 'hello'; } } console.log(Foo.classMethod());//Hello const foo = new Foo(); // console.log(foo.classMethod())//foo.classMethod is not a function
class Fun { static bar(){ this.baz(); } static baz(){ console.log('hello'); } baz(){ console.log('world'); } } Fun.bar();//hello
父类静态方法能够被子类调用
class Func{ static classMethod() { return 'hello'; } } class Baa extends Func{ static classMethod(){ console.log(super.classMethod + ",too") ; } } Baa.classMethod();//hello,too
class IncreasingCounter{ // constructor(){ // this._count = 0; // } _count = 0; get value(){ console.log('getting the current value'); return this._count; } increment(){ this._count++; } }
确保函数只能经过new命令调用
function PersonMan(name){ if(new.target !== undefined){ this.name = name; }else{ throw new Error('必须使用new命令生成实例') } } function PersonWoman(name){ if(new.target === PersonWoman){ this.name = name; }else{ throw new Error('必须使用new命令生成实例') } } const personman = new PersonMan('张三'); const personwoman = new PersonWoman('张三'); // const personwoman2 = PersonWoman.call(PersonWoman,'张三');//报错
内部调用new.target会返回当前的class
class Rectangle{ constructor(length,width){ console.log(new.target); console.log(new.target===Rectangle); this.length = length; this.width = width; } } const rectangle = new Rectangle(3,4);
子类继承父类时,new.target会返回子类
class Rec{ constructor(length,width){ console.log(new.target); console.log(new.target===Rectangle); console.log(new.target===Square); this.length = length; this.width = width; //... } } class Square extends Rec{ constructor(length,width){ super(length,width); } } const squareA = new Square(3,6);//false/true