Python多进程编程

时间  2019-12-13
标签 python 进程 编程 栏目 Python 繁體版
原文   原文链接

序. multiprocessing
python中的多线程其实并非真正的多线程，若是想要充分地使用多核CPU的资源，在python中大部分状况须要使用多进程。Python提供了很是好用的多进程包multiprocessing，只须要定义一个函数，Python会完成其余全部事情。借助这个包，能够轻松完成从单进程到并发执行的转换。multiprocessing支持子进程、通讯和共享数据、执行不一样形式的同步，提供了Process、Queue、Pipe、Lock等组件。html

1. Process

建立进程的类：Process([group [, target [, name [, args [, kwargs]]]]])，target表示调用对象，args表示调用对象的位置参数元组。kwargs表示调用对象的字典。name为别名。group实质上不使用。
方法：is_alive()、join([timeout])、run()、start()、terminate()。其中，Process以start()启动某个进程。python

属性：authkey、daemon（要经过start()设置）、exitcode(进程在运行时为None、若是为–N，表示被信号N结束）、name、pid。其中daemon是父进程终止后自动终止，且本身不能产生新进程，必须在start()以前设置。安全

 

例1.1：建立函数并将其做为单个进程多线程

复制代码 
import multiprocessing
import time

def worker(interval):
    n = 5
    while n > 0:
        print("The time is {0}".format(time.ctime()))
        time.sleep(interval)
        n -= 1

if __name__ == "__main__":
    p = multiprocessing.Process(target = worker, args = (3,))
    p.start()
    print "p.pid:", p.pid
    print "p.name:", p.name
    print "p.is_alive:", p.is_alive()
复制代码

结果并发

p.pid: 8736
p.name: Process-1
p.is_alive: True
The time is Tue Apr 21 20:55:12 2015
The time is Tue Apr 21 20:55:15 2015
The time is Tue Apr 21 20:55:18 2015
The time is Tue Apr 21 20:55:21 2015
The time is Tue Apr 21 20:55:24 2015

 

例1.2：建立函数并将其做为多个进程app

复制代码 
import multiprocessing
import time

def worker_1(interval):
    print "worker_1"
    time.sleep(interval)
    print "end worker_1"

def worker_2(interval):
    print "worker_2"
    time.sleep(interval)
    print "end worker_2"

def worker_3(interval):
    print "worker_3"
    time.sleep(interval)
    print "end worker_3"

if __name__ == "__main__":
    p1 = multiprocessing.Process(target = worker_1, args = (2,))
    p2 = multiprocessing.Process(target = worker_2, args = (3,))
    p3 = multiprocessing.Process(target = worker_3, args = (4,))

    p1.start()
    p2.start()
    p3.start()

    print("The number of CPU is:" + str(multiprocessing.cpu_count()))
    for p in multiprocessing.active_children():
        print("child   p.name:" + p.name + "\tp.id" + str(p.pid))
    print "END!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"
复制代码

结果dom

The number of CPU is:4
child   p.name:Process-3	p.id7992
child   p.name:Process-2	p.id4204
child   p.name:Process-1	p.id6380
END!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
worker_1
worker_3
worker_2
end worker_1
end worker_2
end worker_3

 

例1.3：将进程定义为类async

复制代码 
import multiprocessing
import time

class ClockProcess(multiprocessing.Process):
    def __init__(self, interval):
        multiprocessing.Process.__init__(self)
        self.interval = interval

    def run(self):
        n = 5
        while n > 0:
            print("the time is {0}".format(time.ctime()))
            time.sleep(self.interval)
            n -= 1

if __name__ == '__main__':
    p = ClockProcess(3)
    p.start()
复制代码

注：进程p调用start()时，自动调用run()函数

结果

the time is Tue Apr 21 20:31:30 2015
the time is Tue Apr 21 20:31:33 2015
the time is Tue Apr 21 20:31:36 2015
the time is Tue Apr 21 20:31:39 2015
the time is Tue Apr 21 20:31:42 2015

 

例1.4：daemon程序对比结果

#1.4-1 不加daemon属性

复制代码 
import multiprocessing
import time

def worker(interval):
    print("work start:{0}".format(time.ctime()));
    time.sleep(interval)
    print("work end:{0}".format(time.ctime()));

if __name__ == "__main__":
    p = multiprocessing.Process(target = worker, args = (3,))
    p.start()
    print "end!"
复制代码

结果

end!
work start:Tue Apr 21 21:29:10 2015
work end:Tue Apr 21 21:29:13 2015

#1.4-2 加上daemon属性

复制代码 
import multiprocessing
import time

def worker(interval):
    print("work start:{0}".format(time.ctime()));
    time.sleep(interval)
    print("work end:{0}".format(time.ctime()));

if __name__ == "__main__":
    p = multiprocessing.Process(target = worker, args = (3,))
    p.daemon = True
    p.start()
    print "end!"
复制代码

结果

end!

注：因子进程设置了daemon属性，主进程结束，它们就随着结束了。

#1.4-3 设置daemon执行完结束的方法

复制代码 
import multiprocessing
import time

def worker(interval):
    print("work start:{0}".format(time.ctime()));
    time.sleep(interval)
    print("work end:{0}".format(time.ctime()));

if __name__ == "__main__":
    p = multiprocessing.Process(target = worker, args = (3,))
    p.daemon = True
    p.start()
    p.join()
    print "end!"
复制代码

结果

work start:Tue Apr 21 22:16:32 2015
work end:Tue Apr 21 22:16:35 2015
end!

2. Lock

当多个进程须要访问共享资源的时候，Lock能够用来避免访问的冲突。

复制代码 
import multiprocessing
import sys

def worker_with(lock, f):
    with lock:
        fs = open(f, 'a+')
        n = 10
        while n > 1:
            fs.write("Lockd acquired via with\n")
            n -= 1
        fs.close()
        
def worker_no_with(lock, f):
    lock.acquire()
    try:
        fs = open(f, 'a+')
        n = 10
        while n > 1:
            fs.write("Lock acquired directly\n")
            n -= 1
        fs.close()
    finally:
        lock.release()
    
if __name__ == "__main__":
    lock = multiprocessing.Lock()
    f = "file.txt"
    w = multiprocessing.Process(target = worker_with, args=(lock, f))
    nw = multiprocessing.Process(target = worker_no_with, args=(lock, f))
    w.start()
    nw.start()
    print "end"
复制代码

结果（输出文件）

Lockd acquired via with
Lockd acquired via with
Lockd acquired via with
Lockd acquired via with
Lockd acquired via with
Lockd acquired via with
Lockd acquired via with
Lockd acquired via with
Lockd acquired via with
Lock acquired directly
Lock acquired directly
Lock acquired directly
Lock acquired directly
Lock acquired directly
Lock acquired directly
Lock acquired directly
Lock acquired directly
Lock acquired directly

3. Semaphore

Semaphore用来控制对共享资源的访问数量，例如池的最大链接数。

复制代码 
import multiprocessing
import time

def worker(s, i):
    s.acquire()
    print(multiprocessing.current_process().name + "acquire");
    time.sleep(i)
    print(multiprocessing.current_process().name + "release\n");
    s.release()

if __name__ == "__main__":
    s = multiprocessing.Semaphore(2)
    for i in range(5):
        p = multiprocessing.Process(target = worker, args=(s, i*2))
        p.start()
复制代码

结果

Process-1acquire
Process-1release

Process-2acquire
Process-3acquire
Process-2release

Process-5acquire
Process-3release

Process-4acquire
Process-5release

Process-4release

4. Event

Event用来实现进程间同步通讯。

复制代码 
import multiprocessing
import time

def wait_for_event(e):
    print("wait_for_event: starting")
    e.wait()
    print("wairt_for_event: e.is_set()->" + str(e.is_set()))

def wait_for_event_timeout(e, t):
    print("wait_for_event_timeout:starting")
    e.wait(t)
    print("wait_for_event_timeout:e.is_set->" + str(e.is_set()))

if __name__ == "__main__":
    e = multiprocessing.Event()
    w1 = multiprocessing.Process(name = "block",
            target = wait_for_event,
            args = (e,))

    w2 = multiprocessing.Process(name = "non-block",
            target = wait_for_event_timeout,
            args = (e, 2))
    w1.start()
    w2.start()

    time.sleep(3)

    e.set()
    print("main: event is set")
复制代码

结果

wait_for_event: starting
wait_for_event_timeout:starting
wait_for_event_timeout:e.is_set->False
main: event is set
wairt_for_event: e.is_set()->True

5. Queue

Queue是多进程安全的队列，可使用Queue实现多进程之间的数据传递。put方法用以插入数据到队列中，put方法还有两个可选参数：blocked和timeout。若是blocked为True（默认值），而且timeout为正值，该方法会阻塞timeout指定的时间，直到该队列有剩余的空间。若是超时，会抛出Queue.Full异常。若是blocked为False，但该Queue已满，会当即抛出Queue.Full异常。
 
get方法能够从队列读取而且删除一个元素。一样，get方法有两个可选参数：blocked和timeout。若是blocked为True（默认值），而且timeout为正值，那么在等待时间内没有取到任何元素，会抛出Queue.Empty异常。若是blocked为False，有两种状况存在，若是Queue有一个值可用，则当即返回该值，不然，若是队列为空，则当即抛出Queue.Empty异常。Queue的一段示例代码：
复制代码 
import multiprocessing

def writer_proc(q):      
    try:         
        q.put(1, block = False) 
    except:         
        pass   

def reader_proc(q):      
    try:         
        print q.get(block = False) 
    except:         
        pass

if __name__ == "__main__":
    q = multiprocessing.Queue()
    writer = multiprocessing.Process(target=writer_proc, args=(q,))  
    writer.start()   

    reader = multiprocessing.Process(target=reader_proc, args=(q,))  
    reader.start()  

    reader.join()  
    writer.join()
复制代码

结果

1

6. Pipe

Pipe方法返回(conn1, conn2)表明一个管道的两个端。Pipe方法有duplex参数，若是duplex参数为True(默认值)，那么这个管道是全双工模式，也就是说conn1和conn2都可收发。duplex为False，conn1只负责接受消息，conn2只负责发送消息。
 
send和recv方法分别是发送和接受消息的方法。例如，在全双工模式下，能够调用conn1.send发送消息，conn1.recv接收消息。若是没有消息可接收，recv方法会一直阻塞。若是管道已经被关闭，那么recv方法会抛出EOFError。
复制代码 
import multiprocessing
import time

def proc1(pipe):
    while True:
        for i in xrange(10000):
            print "send: %s" %(i)
            pipe.send(i)
            time.sleep(1)

def proc2(pipe):
    while True:
        print "proc2 rev:", pipe.recv()
        time.sleep(1)

def proc3(pipe):
    while True:
        print "PROC3 rev:", pipe.recv()
        time.sleep(1)

if __name__ == "__main__":
    pipe = multiprocessing.Pipe()
    p1 = multiprocessing.Process(target=proc1, args=(pipe[0],))
    p2 = multiprocessing.Process(target=proc2, args=(pipe[1],))
    #p3 = multiprocessing.Process(target=proc3, args=(pipe[1],))

    p1.start()
    p2.start()
    #p3.start()

    p1.join()
    p2.join()
    #p3.join()
复制代码

结果

7. Pool

在利用Python进行系统管理的时候，特别是同时操做多个文件目录，或者远程控制多台主机，并行操做能够节约大量的时间。当被操做对象数目不大时，能够直接利用multiprocessing中的Process动态成生多个进程，十几个还好，但若是是上百个，上千个目标，手动的去限制进程数量却又太过繁琐，此时能够发挥进程池的功效。
Pool能够提供指定数量的进程，供用户调用，当有新的请求提交到pool中时，若是池尚未满，那么就会建立一个新的进程用来执行该请求；但若是池中的进程数已经达到规定最大值，那么该请求就会等待，直到池中有进程结束，才会建立新的进程来它。

 

例7.1：使用进程池（非阻塞）

复制代码 
#coding: utf-8
import multiprocessing
import time

def func(msg):
    print "msg:", msg
    time.sleep(3)
    print "end"

if __name__ == "__main__":
    pool = multiprocessing.Pool(processes = 3)
    for i in xrange(4):
        msg = "hello %d" %(i)
        pool.apply_async(func, (msg, ))   #维持执行的进程总数为processes，当一个进程执行完毕后会添加新的进程进去

    print "Mark~ Mark~ Mark~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~"
    pool.close()
    pool.join()   #调用join以前，先调用close函数，不然会出错。执行完close后不会有新的进程加入到pool,join函数等待全部子进程结束
    print "Sub-process(es) done."
复制代码

一次执行结果

mMsg: hark~ Mark~ Mark~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ello 0

msg: hello 1
msg: hello 2
end
msg: hello 3
end
end
end
Sub-process(es) done.

函数解释：

  • apply_async(func[, args[, kwds[, callback]]]) 它是非阻塞，apply(func[, args[, kwds]])是阻塞的（理解区别，看例1例2结果区别）
  • close()    关闭pool，使其不在接受新的任务。
  • terminate()    结束工做进程，不在处理未完成的任务。
  • join()    主进程阻塞，等待子进程的退出， join方法要在close或terminate以后使用。

执行说明：建立一个进程池pool，并设定进程的数量为3，xrange(4)会相继产生四个对象[0, 1, 2, 4]，四个对象被提交到pool中，因pool指定进程数为3，因此0、一、2会直接送到进程中执行，当其中一个执行完过后才空出一个进程处理对象3，因此会出现输出“msg: hello 3”出如今"end"后。由于为非阻塞，主函数会本身执行自个的，不搭理进程的执行，因此运行完for循环后直接输出“mMsg: hark~ Mark~ Mark~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~”，主程序在pool.join（）处等待各个进程的结束。

 

例7.2：使用进程池（阻塞）

复制代码 
#coding: utf-8
import multiprocessing
import time

def func(msg):
    print "msg:", msg
    time.sleep(3)
    print "end"

if __name__ == "__main__":
    pool = multiprocessing.Pool(processes = 3)
    for i in xrange(4):
        msg = "hello %d" %(i)
        pool.apply(func, (msg, ))   #维持执行的进程总数为processes，当一个进程执行完毕后会添加新的进程进去

    print "Mark~ Mark~ Mark~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~"
    pool.close()
    pool.join()   #调用join以前，先调用close函数，不然会出错。执行完close后不会有新的进程加入到pool,join函数等待全部子进程结束
    print "Sub-process(es) done."
复制代码

一次执行的结果

msg: hello 0
end
msg: hello 1
end
msg: hello 2
end
msg: hello 3
end
Mark~ Mark~ Mark~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Sub-process(es) done.

　　

例7.3：使用进程池，并关注结果

复制代码 
import multiprocessing
import time

def func(msg):
    print "msg:", msg
    time.sleep(3)
    print "end"
    return "done" + msg

if __name__ == "__main__":
    pool = multiprocessing.Pool(processes=4)
    result = []
    for i in xrange(3):
        msg = "hello %d" %(i)
        result.append(pool.apply_async(func, (msg, )))
    pool.close()
    pool.join()
    for res in result:
        print ":::", res.get()
    print "Sub-process(es) done."
复制代码

一次执行结果

msg: hello 0
msg: hello 1
msg: hello 2
end
end
end
::: donehello 0
::: donehello 1
::: donehello 2
Sub-process(es) done.

 

例7.4：使用多个进程池

复制代码 
#coding: utf-8
import multiprocessing
import os, time, random

def Lee():
    print "\nRun task Lee-%s" %(os.getpid()) #os.getpid()获取当前的进程的ID
    start = time.time()
    time.sleep(random.random() * 10) #random.random()随机生成0-1之间的小数
    end = time.time()
    print 'Task Lee, runs %0.2f seconds.' %(end - start)

def Marlon():
    print "\nRun task Marlon-%s" %(os.getpid())
    start = time.time()
    time.sleep(random.random() * 40)
    end=time.time()
    print 'Task Marlon runs %0.2f seconds.' %(end - start)

def Allen():
    print "\nRun task Allen-%s" %(os.getpid())
    start = time.time()
    time.sleep(random.random() * 30)
    end = time.time()
    print 'Task Allen runs %0.2f seconds.' %(end - start)

def Frank():
    print "\nRun task Frank-%s" %(os.getpid())
    start = time.time()
    time.sleep(random.random() * 20)
    end = time.time()
    print 'Task Frank runs %0.2f seconds.' %(end - start)
        
if __name__=='__main__':
    function_list=  [Lee, Marlon, Allen, Frank] 
    print "parent process %s" %(os.getpid())

    pool=multiprocessing.Pool(4)
    for func in function_list:
        pool.apply_async(func)     #Pool执行函数，apply执行函数,当有一个进程执行完毕后，会添加一个新的进程到pool中

    print 'Waiting for all subprocesses done...'
    pool.close()
    pool.join()    #调用join以前，必定要先调用close() 函数，不然会出错, close()执行后不会有新的进程加入到pool,join函数等待素有子进程结束
    print 'All subprocesses done.'
复制代码

一次执行结果

parent process 7704

Waiting for all subprocesses done...
Run task Lee-6948

Run task Marlon-2896

Run task Allen-7304

Run task Frank-3052
Task Lee, runs 1.59 seconds.
Task Marlon runs 8.48 seconds.
Task Frank runs 15.68 seconds.
Task Allen runs 18.08 seconds.
All subprocesses done.

阅读原文

相关连接：

python队列Queue

Queue 2.x doc Queue 3.x doc 

multiprocessing doc

Threadpool doc

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