SymPy是一个符号计算的Python库。它的目标是成为一个全功能的计算机代数系统,同时保持代码简 洁、易于理解和扩展。它彻底由Python写成,不依赖于外部库。SymPy支持符号计算、高精度计算、模式匹配、绘图、解方程、微积分、组合数学、离散 数学、几何学、几率与统计、物理学等方面的功能。(来自维基百科的描述)html
更多内容请查看本人我的博客:https://huiyang865.github.io/2016/08/27/sympy/python
安装命令:pip install sympylinux
SymPy有三个内建的数值类型:实数,有理数和整数。有理数类用两个整数来表示一个有理数。分子与分母,因此Rational(1,2)表明1/2,Rational(5,2)表明5/2,等等。git
>>>from sympy import * >>>a = Rational(1,2) >>>a 1/2 >>>a*2 1 >>>Rational(2)**50/Rational(10)**50 1/88817841970012523233890533447265625
当利用Python的整数计算时要注意一下,Python只会截取除法的整数部分:github
>>>1/2 0 >>>1.0/2 0.5
然而你能够:算法
>>>from __future__ import division >>>1/2 #doctest: +SKIP 0.5
正确的除法在python3k和isympy中这样作,是标准的。express
咱们也能够有一些特殊的常数,像e和pi,它们会被看成符号去对待。(1+pi不会求得值,反而它会保持为1+pi),例如:app
>>>pi**2 pi**2 >>>pi.evalf() 3.14159265358979 >>>(pi+exp(1)).evalf() 5.85987448204884
正如你看到的,evalf()函数能够用求出表达式的浮点数。
有一个无穷大的类型,被成为oo:函数
>>>oo > 99999 True >>>oo + 1 oo If the substitution will be followed by numerical evaluation, it is better to pass the substitution to evalf as >>> (1/x).evalf(subs={x: 3.0}, n=21) 0.333333333333333333333 rather than >>> (1/x).subs({x: 3.0}).evalf(21) 0.333333333333333314830
对比与其余的计算机代数系统,在SymPy中要明确声明符号变量:ui
>>> x = symbols('x') >>> x + 1 x + 1 >>>x,y,z=symbols('x y z') >>> crazy = symbols('unrelated') >>> crazy + 1 unrelated + 1 >>> x = symbols('x') >>> expr = x + 1 >>> x = 2 >>> print(expr) x + 1 Changing x to 2 had no effect on expr. This is because x = 2 changes the Python variable x to 2, but has no effect on the SymPy Symbol x, which was what we used in creating expr.
>>> x = symbols('x') >>> expr = x + 1 >>> expr.subs(x, 2) 3 >>> from sympy import pi, exp, limit, oo >>> from sympy.abc import x, y >>> (1 + x*y).subs(x, pi) pi*y + 1 >>> (1 + x*y).subs({x:pi, y:2}) 1 + 2*pi >>> (1 + x*y).subs([(x, pi), (y, 2)]) 1 + 2*pi >>> reps = [(y, x**2), (x, 2)] >>> (x + y).subs(reps) 6 >>> (x + y).subs(reversed(reps)) x**2 + 2 >>> (x**2 + x**4).subs(x**2, y) y**2 + y >>> (x**2 + x**4).xreplace({x**2: y}) x**4 + y >>> (x/y).subs([(x, 0), (y, 0)]) 0 >>> (x/y).subs([(x, 0), (y, 0)], simultaneous=True) nan >>> ((x + y)/y).subs({x + y: y, y: x + y}) 1 >>> ((x + y)/y).subs({x + y: y, y: x + y}, simultaneous=True) y/(x + y) >>> limit(x**3 - 3*x, x, oo) oo
调用方式:[subs(*args, **kwargs)]
局部的代数式展开,使用apart(expr, x):
In [1]: 1/( (x+2)*(x+1) ) Out[1]: 1 ─────────────── (2 + x)*(1 + x) In [2]: apart(1/( (x+2)*(x+1) ), x) Out[2]: 1 1 ───── - ───── 1 + x 2 + x In [3]: (x+1)/(x-1) Out[3]: -(1 + x) ──────── 1 - x In [4]: apart((x+1)/(x-1), x) Out[4]: 2 1 - ───── 1 - x
(至关于展开的逆运算),使用together(expr, x):
In [7]: together(1/x + 1/y + 1/z) Out[7]: x*y + x*z + y*z ─────────────── x*y*z In [8]: together(apart((x+1)/(x-1), x), x) Out[8]: -1 - x ────── 1 - x In [9]: together(apart(1/( (x+2)*(x+1) ), x), x) Out[9]: 1 ─────────────── (2 + x)*(1 + x)
在sympy中极限容易求出,它们遵循极限语法 limit(function, variable, point) ,因此计算x->0时f(x)的极限,即limit(f, x, 0):
>>>from sympy import * >>>x=Symbol("x") >>>limit(sin(x)/x, x, 0) 1 >>>limit(x, x, oo) oo >>>limit(1/x, x, oo) 0 >>>limit(x**x, x, 0) 1
有一些特殊的极限的例子,能够阅读文件test_demidovich.py
能够对任意SymPy表达式微分。diff(func, var)。例如:
>>>from sympy import * >>>x = Symbol('x') >>>diff(sin(x), x) cos(x) >>>diff(sin(2*x), x) 2*cos(2*x) >>>diff(tan(x), x) 1 + tan(x)**2
能够经过如下验证:
>>>limit((tan(x+y)-tan(x))/y, y, 0) 1 + tan(x)**2
计算高阶微分 diff(func, var, n) :
>>>diff(sin(2*x), x, 1) 2*cos(2*x) >>>diff(sin(2*x), x, 2) -4*sin(2*x) >>>diff(sin(2*x), x, 3) -8*cos(2*x)
函数 series(var, point, order):
>>>from sympy import * >>>x = Symbol('x') >>>cos(x).series(x, 0, 10) 1 - x**2/2 + x**4/24 - x**6/720 + x**8/40320 + O(x**10) >>>(1/cos(x)).series(x, 0, 10) 1 + x**2/2 + 5*x**4/24 + 61*x**6/720 + 277*x**8/8064 + O(x**10)
SymPy支持不定积分,超越函数与特殊函数的定积分。SymPy有力的扩展Risch-Norman 算法和模型匹配算法。
>>>from sympy import * >>>x, y = symbols('xy')
初等函数:
>>>integrate(6*x**5, x) x**6 >>>integrate(sin(x), x) -cos(x) >>>integrate(log(x), x) -x + x*log(x) >>>integrate(2*x + sinh(x), x) cosh(x) + x**2
特殊函数:
>>>integrate(exp(-x**2)*erf(x), x) pi**(1/2)*erf(x)**2/4
定积分:
>>>integrate(x**3, (x, -1, 1)) 0 >>integrate(sin(x), (x, 0, pi/2)) 1 >>>integrate(cos(x), (x, -pi/2, pi/2)) 2
一些广义积分也能够被支持:
>>>integrate(exp(-x), (x, 0, oo)) 1 >>>integrate(log(x), (x, 0, 1)) -1
>>>from sympy import Symbol, exp, I >>>x = Symbol("x") >>>exp(I*x).expand() exp(I*x) >>>exp(I*x).expand(complex=True) I*exp(-im(x))*sin(re(x)) + cos(re(x))*exp(-im(x)) >>>x = Symbol("x", real=True) >>>exp(I*x).expand(complex=True) I*sin(x) + cos(x)
三角函数::
In [1]: sin(x+y).expand(trig=True) Out[1]: cos(x)*sin(y) + cos(y)*sin(x) In [2]: cos(x+y).expand(trig=True) Out[2]: cos(x)*cos(y) - sin(x)*sin(y) In [3]: sin(I*x) Out[3]: I*sinh(x) In [4]: sinh(I*x) Out[4]: I*sin(x) In [5]: asinh(I) Out[5]: π*I ─── 2 In [6]: asinh(I*x) Out[6]: I*asin(x) In [15]: sin(x).series(x, 0, 10) Out[15]: 3 5 7 9 x x x x x - ── + ─── - ──── + ────── + O(x**10) 6 120 5040 362880 In [16]: sinh(x).series(x, 0, 10) Out[16]: 3 5 7 9 x x x x x + ── + ─── + ──── + ────── + O(x**10) 6 120 5040 362880 In [17]: asin(x).series(x, 0, 10) Out[17]: 3 5 7 9 x 3*x 5*x 35*x x + ── + ──── + ──── + ───── + O(x**10) 6 40 112 1152 In [18]: asinh(x).series(x, 0, 10) Out[18]: 3 5 7 9 x 3*x 5*x 35*x x - ── + ──── - ──── + ───── + O(x**10) 6 40 112 1152
球谐函数:
In [1]: from sympy.abc import theta, phi In [2]: Ylm(1, 0, theta, phi) Out[2]: ———— ╲╱ 3 *cos(θ) ──────────── —— 2*╲╱ π In [3]: Ylm(1, 1, theta, phi) Out[3]: —— I*φ -╲╱ 6 *│sin(θ)│*ℯ ──────────────────── —— 4*╲╱ π In [4]: Ylm(2, 1, theta, phi) Out[4]: ——— I*φ -╲╱ 30 *│sin(θ)│*cos(θ)*ℯ ──────────────────────────── —— 4*╲╱ π
阶乘和伽玛函数:
In [1]: x = Symbol("x") In [2]: y = Symbol("y", integer=True) In [3]: factorial(x) Out[3]: Γ(1 + x) In [4]: factorial(y) Out[4]: y! In [5]: factorial(x).series(x, 0, 3) Out[5]: 2 2 2 2 x *EulerGamma π *x 1 - x*EulerGamma + ────────────── + ───── + O(x**3) 2 12
Zeta函数:
In [18]: zeta(4, x) Out[18]: ζ(4, x) In [19]: zeta(4, 1) Out[19]: 4 π ── 90 In [20]: zeta(4, 2) Out[20]: 4 π -1 + ── 90 In [21]: zeta(4, 3) Out[21]: 4 17 π - ── + ── 16 90
In [1]: chebyshevt(2, x) Out[1]: 2 -1 + 2*x In [2]: chebyshevt(4, x) Out[2]: 2 4 1 - 8*x + 8*x In [3]: legendre(2, x) Out[3]: 2 3*x -1/2 + ──── 2 In [4]: legendre(8, x) Out[4]: 2 4 6 8 35 315*x 3465*x 3003*x 6435*x ─── - ────── + ─────── - ─────── + ─────── 128 32 64 32 128 In [5]: assoc_legendre(2, 1, x) Out[5]: ————— ╱ 2 -3*x*╲╱ 1 - x In [6]: assoc_legendre(2, 2, x) Out[6]: 2 3 - 3*x In [7]: hermite(3, x) Out[7]: 3 -12*x + 8*x
在isympy中:
In [4]: f(x).diff(x, x) + f(x) #注意在使用输入该命令以前,必定要声明f=Function('f') Out[4]: 2 d ─────(f(x)) + f(x) dx dx In [5]: dsolve(f(x).diff(x, x) + f(x), f(x)) Out[5]: C₁*sin(x) + C₂*cos(x)
在isympy中:
In [7]: solve(x**4 - 1, x) Out[7]: [i, 1, -1, -i] In [8]: solve([x + 5*y - 2, -3*x + 6*y - 15], [x, y]) Out[8]: {y: 1, x: -3}
矩阵由矩阵类创立建:
>>>from sympy import Matrix >>>Matrix([[1,0], [0,1]]) [1, 0] [0, 1]
不仅是数值矩阵,亦可为代数矩阵,即矩阵中存在符号:
>>>x = Symbol('x') >>>y = Symbol('y') >>>A = Matrix([[1,x], [y,1]]) >>>A [1, x] [y, 1] >>>A**2 [1 + x*y, 2*x] [ 2*y, 1 + x*y]
关于矩阵更多的例子,请看线性代数教程。
使用 .match()方法,引用Wild类,来执行表达式的匹配。该方法会返回一个字典。
>>>from sympy import * >>>x = Symbol('x') >>>p = Wild('p') >>>(5*x**2).match(p*x**2) {p_: 5} >>>q = Wild('q') >>>(x**2).match(p*x**q) {p_: 1, q_: 2}
若是匹配不成功,则返回None:
>>>print (x+1).match(p**x) None
可使用Wild类的‘exclude’参数(排除参数),排除不须要和无心义的匹配结果,来保证结论中的显示是惟一的:
>>>x = Symbol('x') >>>p = Wild('p', exclude=[1,x]) >>>print (x+1).match(x+p) # 1 is excluded None >>>print (x+1).match(p+1) # x is excluded None >>>print (x+1).match(x+2+p) # -1 is not excluded {p_: -1}
str(expression)返回以下:
>>>from sympy import Integral >>>from sympy.abc import x >>>print x**2 x**2 >>>print 1/x 1/x >>>print Integral(x**2, x) Integral(x**2, x)
用pprint函数能够输出不错的ascii艺术:
>>>from sympy import Integral, pprint >>>from sympy.abc import x >>>pprint(x**2) #doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE 2 x >>>pprint(1/x) 1 - x >>>pprint(Integral(x**2, x)) / | | 2 | x dx | /
[Pretty PrintingWiki]
提示:在python解释器中,为使pretty printing为默认输出,使用:
$ python Python 2.5.2 (r252:60911, Jun 25 2008, 17:58:32) [GCC 4.3.1] on linux2 Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. >>> from sympy import * >>> import sys >>> sys.displayhook = pprint >>> var("x") x >>> x**3/3 3 x -- 3 >>> Integral(x**2, x) #doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE / | | 2 | x dx | /
Python printing
>>>from sympy.printing.python import python >>>from sympy import Integral >>>from sympy.abc import x >>>print python(x**2) x = Symbol('x') e = x**2 >>>print python(1/x) x = Symbol('x') e = 1/x >>>print python(Integral(x**2, x)) x = Symbol('x') e = Integral(x**2, x)
LaTeX printing
>>>from sympy import Integral, latex >>>from sympy.abc import x >>>latex(x**2) $x^{2}$ >>>latex(1/x) $\frac{1}{x}$ >>>latex(Integral(x**2, x)) $\int x^{2}\,dx$
MathML
>>>from sympy.printing.mathml import mathml >>>from sympy import Integral, latex >>>from sympy.abc import x >>>print mathml(x**2) <apply><power/><ci>x</ci><cn>2</cn></apply> >>>print mathml(1/x) <apply><power/><ci>x</ci><cn>-1</cn></apply>
Pyglet
>>>from sympy import Integral, preview >>>from sympy.abc import x >>>preview(Integral(x**2, x)) #doctest:+SKIP
Isympy默认调用pprint,因此这就是为何看到pretty printing为默认的。
有一个打印的有效模块,sympy.printing。用这个模块实现其余的打印: