TensorFlow 2.0+Keras 防坑指南

时间 2019-11-19

标签 tensorflow 2.0+keras keras 指南繁體版

原文原文链接

TensorFlow 2.0是对1.x版本作了一次大的瘦身，Eager Execution默认开启，而且使用Keras做为默认高级API，
这些改进大大下降的TensorFlow使用难度。html

本文主要记录了一次曲折的使用Keras+TensorFlow2.0的BatchNormalization的踩坑经历，这个坑差点要把TF2.0的新特性都毁灭殆尽，若是你在学习TF2.0的官方教程，不妨一观。git

问题的产生

从教程[1]https://www.tensorflow.org/alpha/tutorials/images/transfer_learning?hl=zh-cn（讲述如何Transfer Learning）提及：github

IMG_SHAPE = (IMG_SIZE, IMG_SIZE, 3)
# Create the base model from the pre-trained model MobileNet V2
base_model = tf.keras.applications.MobileNetV2(input_shape=IMG_SHAPE,
                                               include_top=False,weights='imagenet')
model = tf.keras.Sequential([
  base_model,
    tf.keras.layers.GlobalAveragePooling2D(),
    tf.keras.layers.Dense(NUM_CLASSES)
])

简单的代码咱们就复用了MobileNetV2的结构建立了一个分类器模型，接着咱们就能够调用Keras的接口去训练模型：app

model.compile(optimizer=tf.keras.optimizers.RMSprop(lr=base_learning_rate),

              loss='sparse_categorical_crossentropy',

              metrics=['sparse_categorical_accuracy'])

model.summary()

history = model.fit(train_batches.repeat(),

                    epochs=20,

                    steps_per_epoch = steps_per_epoch,

                    validation_data=validation_batches.repeat(),

                    validation_steps=validation_steps)

输出的结果看，一块儿都很完美：函数

Model: "sequential"

_________________________________________________________________

Layer (type)                 Output Shape              Param #

=================================================================

mobilenetv2_1.00_160 (Model) (None, 5, 5, 1280)        2257984

_________________________________________________________________

global_average_pooling2d (Gl (None, 1280)              0

_________________________________________________________________

dense (Dense)                (None, 2)                 1281

=================================================================

Total params: 2,259,265

Trainable params: 1,281

Non-trainable params: 2,257,984

_________________________________________________________________

Epoch 11/20

581/581 [==============================] - 134s 231ms/step - loss: 0.4208 - accuracy: 0.9484 - val_loss: 0.1907 - val_accuracy: 0.9812

Epoch 12/20

581/581 [==============================] - 114s 197ms/step - loss: 0.3359 - accuracy: 0.9570 - val_loss: 0.1835 - val_accuracy: 0.9844

Epoch 13/20

581/581 [==============================] - 116s 200ms/step - loss: 0.2930 - accuracy: 0.9650 - val_loss: 0.1505 - val_accuracy: 0.9844

Epoch 14/20

581/581 [==============================] - 114s 196ms/step - loss: 0.2561 - accuracy: 0.9701 - val_loss: 0.1575 - val_accuracy: 0.9859

Epoch 15/20

581/581 [==============================] - 119s 206ms/step - loss: 0.2302 - accuracy: 0.9715 - val_loss: 0.1600 - val_accuracy: 0.9812

Epoch 16/20

581/581 [==============================] - 115s 197ms/step - loss: 0.2134 - accuracy: 0.9747 - val_loss: 0.1407 - val_accuracy: 0.9828

Epoch 17/20

581/581 [==============================] - 115s 197ms/step - loss: 0.1546 - accuracy: 0.9813 - val_loss: 0.0944 - val_accuracy: 0.9828

Epoch 18/20

581/581 [==============================] - 116s 200ms/step - loss: 0.1636 - accuracy: 0.9794 - val_loss: 0.0947 - val_accuracy: 0.9844

Epoch 19/20

581/581 [==============================] - 115s 198ms/step - loss: 0.1356 - accuracy: 0.9823 - val_loss: 0.1169 - val_accuracy: 0.9828

Epoch 20/20

581/581 [==============================] - 116s 199ms/step - loss: 0.1243 - accuracy: 0.9849 - val_loss: 0.1121 - val_accuracy: 0.9875

然而这种写法仍是不方便Debug，咱们但愿能够精细的控制迭代的过程，并可以看到中间结果，因此咱们训练的过程改为了这样：学习

optimizer = tf.keras.optimizers.RMSprop(lr=base_learning_rate)
train_accuracy = tf.keras.metrics.SparseCategoricalAccuracy(name='train_accuracy')


@tf.function

def train_cls_step(image, label):

    with tf.GradientTape() as tape:

        predictions = model(image)

        loss = tf.keras.losses.SparseCategoricalCrossentropy()(label, predictions)

    gradients = tape.gradient(loss, model.trainable_variables)

    optimizer.apply_gradients(zip(gradients, model.trainable_variables))

    train_accuracy(label, predictions)


for images, labels in train_batches:

    train_cls_step(images,labels)

从新训练后，结果依然很完美！测试

可是，这时候咱们想对比一下Finetune和重头开始训练的差异，因此把构建模型的代码改为了这样：ui

base_model = tf.keras.applications.MobileNetV2(input_shape=IMG_SHAPE,

                                              include_top=False,weights=None)

使得模型的权重随机生成，这时候训练结果就开始抽风了，Loss不降低，Accuracy稳定在50%附近游荡：spa

Step #10: loss=0.6937199831008911 acc=46.5625%

Step #20: loss=0.6932525634765625 acc=47.8125%

Step #30: loss=0.699873685836792 acc=49.16666793823242%

Step #40: loss=0.6910845041275024 acc=49.6875%

Step #50: loss=0.6935917139053345 acc=50.0625%

Step #60: loss=0.6965731382369995 acc=49.6875%

Step #70: loss=0.6949992179870605 acc=49.19642639160156%

Step #80: loss=0.6942993402481079 acc=49.84375%

Step #90: loss=0.6933775544166565 acc=49.65277862548828%

Step #100: loss=0.6928421258926392 acc=49.5%

Step #110: loss=0.6883170008659363 acc=49.54545593261719%

Step #120: loss=0.695658802986145 acc=49.453125%

Step #130: loss=0.6875559091567993 acc=49.61538314819336%

Step #140: loss=0.6851695775985718 acc=49.86606979370117%

Step #150: loss=0.6978713274002075 acc=49.875%

Step #160: loss=0.7165156602859497 acc=50.0%

Step #170: loss=0.6945627331733704 acc=49.797794342041016%

Step #180: loss=0.6936900615692139 acc=49.9305534362793%

Step #190: loss=0.6938323974609375 acc=49.83552551269531%

Step #200: loss=0.7030564546585083 acc=49.828125%

Step #210: loss=0.6926192045211792 acc=49.76190185546875%

Step #220: loss=0.6932414770126343 acc=49.786930084228516%

Step #230: loss=0.6924526691436768 acc=49.82337188720703%

Step #240: loss=0.6882281303405762 acc=49.869789123535156%

Step #250: loss=0.6877702474594116 acc=49.86249923706055%

Step #260: loss=0.6933954954147339 acc=49.77163314819336%

Step #270: loss=0.6944763660430908 acc=49.75694274902344%

Step #280: loss=0.6945018768310547 acc=49.49776840209961%

咱们将predictions的结果打印出来，发现batch内每一个输出都是如出一辙的：code

0 = tf.Tensor([0.51352817 0.48647183], shape=(2,), dtype=float32)

1 = tf.Tensor([0.51352817 0.48647183], shape=(2,), dtype=float32)

2 = tf.Tensor([0.51352817 0.48647183], shape=(2,), dtype=float32)

3 = tf.Tensor([0.51352817 0.48647183], shape=(2,), dtype=float32)

4 = tf.Tensor([0.51352817 0.48647183], shape=(2,), dtype=float32)

5 = tf.Tensor([0.51352817 0.48647183], shape=(2,), dtype=float32)

6 = tf.Tensor([0.51352817 0.48647183], shape=(2,), dtype=float32)

7 = tf.Tensor([0.51352817 0.48647183], shape=(2,), dtype=float32)

8 = tf.Tensor([0.51352817 0.48647183], shape=(2,), dtype=float32)

9 = tf.Tensor([0.51352817 0.48647183], shape=(2,), dtype=float32)

只是修改了初始权重，为什么会产生这样的结果？

问题排查

实验1

是否是训练不够充分，或者learning rate设置的不合适？
通过几轮调整，发现不管训练多久，learning rate变大变小，都没法改变这种结果

实验2

既然是权重的问题，是否是权重随机初始化的有问题，把初始权重拿出来统计了一下，一切正常

实验3

这种问题根据以前的经验，在导出Inference模型的时候BatchNormalization没有处理好会出现这种一个batch内全部结果都同样的问题。可是如何解释训练的时候为何会出现这个问题？并且为何Finetue不会出现问题呢？只是改了权重的初始值而已呀
按照这个方向去Google的一番，发现了Keras的BatchNormalization确实有不少issue，其中一个问题是在保存模型的是BatchNormalzation的moving mean和moving variance不会被保存[6]https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/issues/16455，而另一个issue提到问题就和咱们问题有关系的了：
[2] https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/issues/19643
[3] https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/issues/23873
最后，这位做者找到了缘由，而且总结在了这里：
[4] https://pgaleone.eu/tensorflow/keras/2019/01/19/keras-not-yet-interface-to-tensorflow/

根据这个提示，咱们作了以下尝试：

实验3.1

改用model.fit的写法进行训练，在最初的几个epoch里面，咱们发现好的一点的是training accuracy已经开始缓慢提高了，可是validation accuracy存在原来的问题。并且经过model.predict_on_batch()拿到中间结果，发现依然仍是batch内输出都同样。

Epoch 1/20

581/581 [==============================] - 162s 279ms/step - loss: 0.6768 - sparse_categorical_accuracy: 0.6224 - val_loss: 0.6981 - val_sparse_categorical_accuracy: 0.4984

Epoch 2/20

581/581 [==============================] - 133s 228ms/step - loss: 0.4847 - sparse_categorical_accuracy: 0.7684 - val_loss: 0.6931 - val_sparse_categorical_accuracy: 0.5016

Epoch 3/20

581/581 [==============================] - 130s 223ms/step - loss: 0.3905 - sparse_categorical_accuracy: 0.8250 - val_loss: 0.6996 - val_sparse_categorical_accuracy: 0.4984

Epoch 4/20

581/581 [==============================] - 131s 225ms/step - loss: 0.3113 - sparse_categorical_accuracy: 0.8660 - val_loss: 0.6935 - val_sparse_categorical_accuracy: 0.5016

可是，随着训练的深刻，结果出现了逆转，开始变得正常了（tf.function的写法是不管怎么训练都不会变化，幸亏没有放弃治疗）（追加：其实这里仍是有问题的，继续看后面，当时就以为怪怪的，不该该收敛这么慢）

Epoch 18/20

581/581 [==============================] - 131s 226ms/step - loss: 0.0731 - sparse_categorical_accuracy: 0.9725 - val_loss: 1.4896 - val_sparse_categorical_accuracy: 0.8703

Epoch 19/20

581/581 [==============================] - 130s 225ms/step - loss: 0.0664 - sparse_categorical_accuracy: 0.9748 - val_loss: 0.6890 - val_sparse_categorical_accuracy: 0.9016

Epoch 20/20

581/581 [==============================] - 126s 217ms/step - loss: 0.0631 - sparse_categorical_accuracy: 0.9768 - val_loss: 1.0290 - val_sparse_categorical_accuracy: 0.9031

通多model.predict_on_batch()拿到的结果也和这个Accuracy也是一致的

实验3.2

经过上一个实验，咱们验证了确实若是只经过Keras的API去训练，是正常。更深层的缘由是什么呢？是否是BatchNomalization没有update moving mean和moving variance致使的呢？答案是Yes
咱们分别在两中训练方法先后，打印 moving mean和moving variance的值：

def get_bn_vars(collection):

    moving_mean, moving_variance = None, None    for var in collection:

        name = var.name.lower()

        if "variance" in name:

            moving_variance = var

        if "mean" in name:

            moving_mean = var



    if moving_mean is not None and moving_variance is not None:

        return moving_mean, moving_variance

    raise ValueError("Unable to find moving mean and variance")

mean, variance = get_bn_vars(model.variables)

print(mean)

print(variance)

咱们发现，确实若是使用model.fit()进行训练，mean和variance是在update的(虽然更新的速率看着有些奇怪)，可是对于tf.function那种写法这两个值就没有被update

那这里咱们也能够解释为何Finetune不会出现问题了，由于imagenet训练的mean, variance已是一个比较好的值了，即便不更新也能够正常使用

实验3.3

是否是改为[4]里面说的方法构建动态的Input_Shape的模型就OK了呢？

class MyModel(Model):

    def __init__(self):

        super(MyModel, self).__init__()

        self.conv1 = Conv2D(32, 3, activation='relu')

        self.batch_norm1=BatchNormalization()

        self.flatten = Flatten()

        self.d1 = Dense(128, activation='relu')

        self.d2 = Dense(10, activation='softmax')



    def call(self, x):

        x = self.conv1(x)

        x = self.batch_norm1(x)

        x = self.flatten(x)

        x = self.d1(x)

        return self.d2(x)

model = MyModel()

#model.build((None,28,28,1))

model.summary()



@tf.functiondef train_step(image, label):

    with tf.GradientTape() as tape:

        predictions = model(image)

        loss = loss_object(label, predictions)

    gradients = tape.gradient(loss, model.trainable_variables)

    optimizer.apply_gradients(zip(gradients, model.trainable_variables))



    train_loss(loss)

    train_accuracy(label, predictions)

模型以下：

Model: "my_model"

_________________________________________________________________

Layer (type)                 Output Shape              Param #  

=================================================================

conv2d (Conv2D)              multiple                  320      

_________________________________________________________________

batch_normalization_v2 (Batc multiple                  128      

_________________________________________________________________

flatten (Flatten)            multiple                  0        

_________________________________________________________________

dense (Dense)                multiple                  2769024  

_________________________________________________________________

dense_1 (Dense)              multiple                  1290      

=================================================================

Total params: 2,770,762

Trainable params: 2,770,698

Non-trainable params: 64

从Output Shape看，构建模型没问题
跑了一遍MINST，结果也很不错！
以防万一，咱们一样测试了一下mean和variance是否被更新，然而结果出乎意料，并无！
也就是说[4]里面说的方案在咱们这里并不可行

实验3.4

既然咱们定位问题是在BatchNormalization这里，因此就想到BatchNormalization的training和testing时候行为是不一致的，在testing的时候moving mean和variance是不须要update的，那么会不会是tf.function的这种写法并不会自动更改这个状态呢？
查看源码，发现BatchNormalization的call()存在一个training参数，并且默认是False

Call arguments:

   inputs: Input tensor (of any rank).

   training: Python boolean indicating whether the layer should behave in

     training mode or in inference mode.

     - `training=True`: The layer will normalize its inputs using the

       mean and variance of the current batch of inputs.

     - `training=False`: The layer will normalize its inputs using the

       mean and variance of its moving statistics, learned during training.

因此，作了以下改进：

class MyModel(Model):

    def __init__(self):

        super(MyModel, self).__init__()

        self.conv1 = Conv2D(32, 3, activation='relu')

        self.batch_norm1=BatchNormalization()

        self.flatten = Flatten()

        self.d1 = Dense(128, activation='relu')

        self.d2 = Dense(10, activation='softmax')



    def call(self, x,training=True):

        x = self.conv1(x)

        x = self.batch_norm1(x,training=training)

        x = self.flatten(x)

        x = self.d1(x)

        return self.d2(x)





model = MyModel()

#model.build((None,28,28,1))

model.summary()



@tf.functiondef train_step(image, label):

    with tf.GradientTape() as tape:

        predictions = model(image,training=True)

        loss = loss_object(label, predictions)

    gradients = tape.gradient(loss, model.trainable_variables)

    optimizer.apply_gradients(zip(gradients, model.trainable_variables))



    train_loss(loss)

    train_accuracy(label, predictions)



@tf.functiondef test_step(image, label):

    predictions = model(image,training=False)

    t_loss = loss_object(label, predictions)



    test_loss(t_loss)

    test_accuracy(label, predictions)

结果显示，moving mean和variance开始更新啦，测试Accuracy也是符合预期
因此，咱们能够肯定问题的根源在于须要指定BatchNormalization是在training仍是在testing！

实验3.5

3.4中方法虽然解决了咱们的问题，可是它是使用构建Model的subclass的方式，而咱们以前的MobileNetV2是基于更加灵活Keras Functional API构建的，因为没法控制call()函数的定义，没有办法灵活切换training和testing的状态，另外用Sequential的方式构建时也是同样。
[5]https://blog.keras.io/keras-as-a-simplified-interface-to-tensorflow-tutorial.html
[7]https://github.com/keras-team/keras/issues/7085
[8]https://github.com/keras-team/keras/issues/6752
从5[8]中，我了解到两个状况，

1. tf.keras.backend.set_learning_phase()能够改变training和testing的状态；
1. model.updates和layer.updates 存着old_value和new_value的Assign Op

因此我首先尝试：

tf.keras.backend.set_learning_phase(True)

结果，MobileNetV2构建的模型也能够正常工做了。
并且收敛的速度彷佛比model.fit()还快了不少，结合以前model.fit()收敛慢的困惑，这里又增长的一个实验，在model.fit()的版本里面也加上这句话，发现一样收敛速度也变快了！1个epoch就能获得不错的结果了！
所以，这里又产生了一个问题model.fit()到底有没有设learning_phase状态？若是没有是怎么作moving mean和variance的update的？
第二个方法，因为教程中讲述的是如何在1.x的版本构建，而在eager execution模式下，彷佛没有办法去run这些Assign Operation。仅作参考吧

update_ops = []

for assign_op in model.updates:

    update_ops.append(assign_op))
#可是不知道拿到这些update_ops在eager execution模式下怎么处理呢？

结论

总结一下，咱们从[4]找到了解决问题的启发点，可是最终证实[4]里面的问题和解决方法用到咱们这里并不能真正解决问题，问题的关键仍是在于Keras+TensorFlow2.0里面咱们如何处理在training和testing状态下行为不一致的Layer；以及对于model.fit()和tf.funtion这两种训练方法的区别，最终来看model.fit()里面彷佛包含不少诡异的行为。
最终的使用建议以下：

在使用model.fit()或者model.train_on_batch()这种Keras的API训练模型时，也推荐手动设置tf.keras.backend.set_learning_phase(True)，能够加快收敛
若是使用eager execution这种方法，

1）使用构建Model的subclass，可是针对call()设置training的状态，对于BatchNoramlization，Dropout这样的Layer进行不一样处理
2）使用Functional API或者Sequential的方式构建Model，设置tf.keras.backend.set_learning_phase(True)，可是注意在testing的时候改变一下状态

最后，为何TF 2.0的教程里面没有说起这些？默认你已经精通Keras了吗？[捂脸哭]

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