Cooperation、Collaboration与Coordination的区别

Cooperation、Collaboration与Coordination的区别

做者：凯鲁嘎吉 - 博客园 http://www.cnblogs.com/kailugaji/

1. Cooperation

1.1 同根词

v.  cooperate

n.  cooperation

adj.  cooperative

1.2 词义解释

Cooperation is simply splitting up the work and getting it done. To work or act together toward a common end or purpose. Cooperation is important in networks where individuals exchange relevant information and resources in support of each other’s goals, rather than a shared goal. Something new may be achieved as a result, but it arises from the individual, not from a collective team effort.

Cooperation 的意思有“合做、协做”， 通力协做可是各有分工，你们各取所需，解决某些问题，另外它还有“配合、协助”的意思，指“一方与其它方相互配合完成任务”，表示的意思定义较为普遍，并且传达纯粹的“共同努力”的概念，重点在于共同努力自己的过程。一般在英文语境中Cooperation 给人“长期合做”的印象。

1.3 例句

The leaders met to discuss future cooperation between the two countries.

领导人会晤讨论两国将来的合做。这里用 cooperation 来体现两国能够在众多领域“相互配合”，经过合做对各自的国家都有利。

This biography was written with the cooperation of the Nobel Prize winner’s family.

这篇传记是获得了诺贝尔奖获奖者家庭的配合写成的。这里咱们能够从 cooperation 看出，诺贝尔奖获奖者的家人提供了信息帮助做家写书，起“协助”做用。

We make mobile phone components in cooperation with our US partner.

咱们与美国合做伙伴联合生产手机零件。这里 cooperation 指“长期的合做”，咱们公司与美国合做伙伴各自有明确的责任，相互配合完成生产任务。

The patient did not cooperate with her physical therapist.

病人没有和她的理疗师合做。

Your cooperation in dealing with this problem is requested.

请大家合做处理这个问题。

The referee did not cooperate with the editor.

裁判没有与编辑合做。

Japan and France cooperate on improving safety of nuclear power stations.

日本和法国在改善核电站安全方面进行合做。（这里，双方将从合做中受益，但都是为了各自的利益。）

如下几个例句中，只能用 cooperation，指“配合、协助”。好比:

Thank you for your cooperation!

感谢您的配合。这是一个固定表达，常常出如今公共告示上。

We ask for your full cooperation during the investigation.

咱们要求你彻底配合咱们的调查。

以上咱们能够感受 cooperation 所表述的合做是“单纯的合做，配合对方”，没有 collaboration 所表达的“不分彼此的合做”的意思。

2. Collaboration

2.1 同根词

v.  collaborate

n.  collaboration

adj.  collaborative

2.2 词义解释

Collaboration is when you brainstorm, create, and share possible solutions. To work together, especially in a joint intellectual effort. Collaboration is working together to create something new in support of a shared vision. The key points are that it is not through individual effort, something new is created, and that the glue is the shared vision.

Collaboration 的意思是“合做、协做”，指“两个或更多的人或团队一块儿合做，共同创造或实现同一个目标”。为了一个共同目标而努力奋斗，不分彼此。一般状况下是不可数名词，当它指具体项目时就是可数名词了。Collaboration 一般给人有“积极、主动参与”的印象，表达的概念更为精准。具体而言，Collaboration不只是纯粹的“共同努力”，其表达了“经过共同努力达到特定结果”的概念，强调这个过程但愿达到的成果。一般在英文语境中Collaboration 给人感受是针对一个“有时限的项目”。

2.3 例句

We can work in collaboration to make this conference a success.

咱们能够一块儿合做，使此次会议取得成功。这里 collaboration 是不可数名词。

Jake wrote a book on UK early years education in collaboration with child development specialist Ruth.

Jake 与儿童发展专家 Ruth 合做，共同撰写了一本有关“英国早教”的书。

Our company was involved in a collaboration with another organization to raise awareness of cyberbullying.

咱们公司和另外一家机构合做，共同提升大众对“网络欺凌”的认识。

It’s important that creative collaboration is encouraged between departments.

鼓励部门之间有创造性的合做是很重要的。

Thomas and Yamada have collaborated on several research projects.

托马斯和山田合做了几个研究项目。

We are presently collaborating on three papers.

咱们目前正在合做写三篇论文。

Their collaboration produced important results.

他们的合做产生了重要的成果。

USA and Russia collaborated to build the International Space Station.

美国和俄罗斯合做建造了国际空间站。（这里，最终目标是全部相关方的共同目标。）

在以上几个例句中咱们都能感觉到合做方之间那种“不分彼此，积极、主动合做或参与”的感受。

3. Coordination

3.1 同根词

v.  coordinate

n.  coordination

adj.  coordinative

3.2 词义解释

Coordination is sharing information and resources so that each party can accomplish their part in support of a mutual objective. It is about teamwork in implementation. Not creating something new. Work together harmoniously. The regulation of diverse elements into an integrated and harmonious operation.

3.3 例句

Intoxication interferes with speech and coordination.

醉酒会影响言语能力和协调性。

This grave situation shows the urgency of enhancing international coordination and cooperation.

形势越严峻，越显示出增强国际协调和合做的必要和迫切。

Facilitate team collaboration and coordination throughout the software lifecycle.

促进团队协做和整个软件生命周期中的协做。

4. 三者比较

	Coordination	Cooperation	Collaboration
Preconditions for Success ("Must-Haves")	Shared objectives; Need for more than one person to be involved; Understanding of who needs to do what by when	Shared objectives; Need for more than one person to be involved; Mutual trust and respect; Acknowledgment of mutual benefit of working together	Shared objectives; Sense of urgency and commitment; Dynamic process; Sense of belonging; Open communication; Mutual trust and respect; Complementary, diverse skills and knowledge; Intellectual agility
Enablers (Additional "Nice to Haves")	Appropriate tools; Problem resolution mechanism	Frequent consultation and knowledge-sharing between participants; Clear role definitions; Appropriate tools	Right mix of people; Collaboration skills and practice collaborating; Good facilitator(s); Collaborative 'Four Practices' mindset and other appropriate tools
Purpose of Using This Approach	Avoid gaps & overlap in individuals' assigned work	Obtain mutual benefit by sharing or partitioning work	Achieve collective results that the participants would be incapable of accomplishing working alone
Desired Outcome	Efficiently-achieved results meeting objectives	Same as for Coordination, plus savings in time and cost	Same as for Cooperation, plus innovative, extraordinary, breakthrough results, and collective 'we did that!' accomplishment
Optimal Application	Harmonizing tasks, roles and schedules in simple environments and systems	Solving problems in complicated environments and systems	Enabling the emergence of understanding and realization of shared visions in complex environments and systems
Examples	Project to implement off-the-shelf IT application; Traffic flow regulation	Marriage; Operating a local community-owned utility or grain elevator; Coping with an epidemic or catastrophe	Brainstorming to discover a dramatically better way to do something; Jazz or theatrical improvisation; Co-creation
Appropriate Tools	Project management tools with schedules, roles, critical path (CPM), PERT and GANTT charts; "who will do what by when" action lists	Systems thinking; Analytical tools (root cause analysis etc.)	Appreciative inquiry; Open Space meeting protocols; Four Practices; Conversations; Stories
Degree of interdependence in designing the effort's work-products (and need for physical co-location of participants)	Minimal	Considerable	Substantial
Degree of individual latitude in carrying out the agreed-upon design	Minimal	Considerable	Substantial

5. 参考资料

Collaboration 和 cooperation 的区别  http://www.xdf.cn/bbc/yingyu/201707/10697111.html

Cooperate 与 Collaborate https://www.enago.cn/academy/cooperate-%E4%B8%8E-collaborate/

cooperative 和 collaborative的区别？https://www.zhihu.com/question/24216541

如何使用正确的英文词汇系列讲座(26）: 合做的英文怎么说？http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-3316383-1181939.html

collaborate COOPERATE COODINATE有什么细微的区别吗？ https://zhidao.baidu.com/question/586719279.html

cooperation VS. collaboration 区别 http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_6478252a01011gqi.html