MySQL优化(2)--------经常使用优化

前言

  以前已经简单介绍了MySQL的优化步骤,那么接下来天然而是就是经常使用的SQL优化,好比inseer、group by等经常使用SQL的优化,会涉及SQL语句内部细节(这正是我缺少的)。最后但愿本身能记录完成的一套MySQL优化博文!mysql

  注:其中部分我并无所有实验(并不表明是错的),这里只至关于记录下,接下来会慢慢补充!sql

  参考资料:《深刻浅出MySQL》(有须要PDF电子书的伙伴能够评论或者私信我)数据库

 


 

一、大批量插入数据优化

(1)对于MyISAM存储引擎的表,可使用:DISABLE KEYS 和 ENABLE KEYS 用来打开或者关闭 MyISAM 表非惟一索引的更新工具

ALTER TABLE tbl_name DISABLE KEYS;
loading the data
ALTER TABLE tbl_name ENABLE KEYS;

(2)对于InnoDB引擎,有如下几种优化措施:性能

  ① 导入的数据按照主键的顺序保存:这是由于InnoDB引擎表示按照主键顺序保存的,若是能将插入的数据提早按照排序好天然能省去不少时间。测试

  好比bulk_insert.txt文件是以表user主键的顺序存储的,导入的时间为15.23秒优化

mysql> load data infile 'mysql/bulk_insert.txt' into table user;
Query OK, 126732 rows affected (15.23 sec)
Records: 126732 Deleted: 0 Skipped: 0 Warnings: 0

  没有按照主键排序的话,时间为:26.54秒ui

mysql> load data infile 'mysql/bulk_insert.txt' into table user;
Query OK, 126732 rows affected (26.54 sec)
Records: 126732 Deleted: 0 Skipped: 0 Warnings: 0

  ② 导入数据前执行SET UNIQUE_CHECKS=0,关闭惟一性校验,带导入以后再打开设置为1:校验会消耗时间,在数据量大的状况下须要考虑。spa

  ③ 导入前设置SET AUTOCOMMIT=0,关闭自动提交,导入后结束再设置为1:这是由于自动提交会消耗部分时间与资源,虽然消耗不是很大,可是在数据量大的状况下仍是得考虑。code

二、INSERT的优化

(1)尽可能使用多个值表的 INSERT 语句,这种方式将大大缩减客户端与数据库之间的链接、关闭等消耗。(同一客户的状况下),即:

 INSERT INTO tablename values(1,2),(1,3),(1,4)

实验:插入8条数据到user表中(使用navicat客户端工具)

insert into user values(1,'test',replace(uuid(),'-',''));
insert into user values(2,'test',replace(uuid(),'-',''));
insert into user values(3,'test',replace(uuid(),'-',''));
insert into user values(4,'test',replace(uuid(),'-',''));
insert into user values(5,'test',replace(uuid(),'-',''));
insert into user values(6,'test',replace(uuid(),'-',''));
insert into user values(7,'test',replace(uuid(),'-',''));
insert into user values(8,'test',replace(uuid(),'-',''));

获得反馈:

[SQL] insert into user values(1,'test',replace(uuid(),'-',''));
受影响的行: 1
时间: 0.033s
[SQL] 
insert into user values(2,'test',replace(uuid(),'-',''));
受影响的行: 1
时间: 0.034s
[SQL] 
insert into user values(3,'test',replace(uuid(),'-',''));
受影响的行: 1
时间: 0.056s
[SQL] 
insert into user values(4,'test',replace(uuid(),'-',''));
受影响的行: 1
时间: 0.008s
[SQL] 
insert into user values(5,'test',replace(uuid(),'-',''));
受影响的行: 1
时间: 0.008s
[SQL] 
insert into user values(6,'test',replace(uuid(),'-',''));
受影响的行: 1
时间: 0.024s
[SQL] 
insert into user values(7,'test',replace(uuid(),'-',''));
受影响的行: 1
时间: 0.004s
[SQL] 
insert into user values(8,'test',replace(uuid(),'-',''));
受影响的行: 1
时间: 0.004s

总共的时间为0.171秒,接下来使用多值表形式:

insert into user values
(9,'test',replace(uuid(),'-','')),
(10,'test',replace(uuid(),'-','')),
(11,'test',replace(uuid(),'-','')),
(12,'test',replace(uuid(),'-','')),
(13,'test',replace(uuid(),'-','')),
(14,'test',replace(uuid(),'-','')),
(15,'test',replace(uuid(),'-','')),
(16,'test',replace(uuid(),'-',''));

获得反馈:

[SQL] insert into user values
(9,'test',replace(uuid(),'-','')),
(10,'test',replace(uuid(),'-','')),
(11,'test',replace(uuid(),'-','')),
(12,'test',replace(uuid(),'-','')),
(13,'test',replace(uuid(),'-','')),
(14,'test',replace(uuid(),'-','')),
(15,'test',replace(uuid(),'-','')),
(16,'test',replace(uuid(),'-',''));
受影响的行: 8
时间: 0.038s

获得时间为0.038,这样一来能够很明显节约时间优化SQL

(2)若是在不一样客户端插入不少行,可以使用INSERT DELAYED语句获得更高的速度,DELLAYED含义是让INSERT语句立刻执行其实数据都被放在内存的队列中。并无真正写入磁盘。LOW_PRIORITY恰好相反。

(3)将索引文件和数据文件分在不一样的磁盘上存放InnoDB引擎是在同一个表空间的)。

(4)若是批量插入,则能够增长bluk_insert_buffer_size变量值提供速度只对MyISAM有用

(5)当从一个文本文件装载一个表时,使用LOAD DATA INFILE,一般比INSERT语句快20倍

三、GROUP BY的优化

  在默认状况下,MySQL中的GROUP BY语句会对其后出现的字段进行默认排序(非主键状况),就比如咱们使用ORDER BY col1,col2,col3...因此咱们在后面跟上具备相同列(与GROUP BY后出现的col1,col2,col3...相同)ORDER BY子句并无影响该SQL的实际执行性能。

  那么就会有这样的状况出现,咱们对查询到的结果是否已经排序不在意时,可使用ORDER BY NULL禁止排序达到优化目的。下面使用EXPLAIN命令分析SQL。

  在user_1中执行select id, sum(money) form user_1 group by name时,会默认排序(注意group by后的column是非index才会体现group by的排序,若是是primary key,那以前说过了InnoDB默认是按照主键index排好序的

mysql> select*from user_1;
+----+----------+-------+
| id | name     | money |
+----+----------+-------+
|  1 | Zhangsan |    32 |
|  2 | Lisi     |    65 |
|  3 | Wangwu   |    44 |
|  4 | Lijian   |   100 |
+----+----------+-------+
4 rows in set

不由止排序,即不使用ORDER BY NULL时:有明显的Using filesort。

  

当使用ORDER BY NULL禁止排序后,Using filesort不存在

四、ORDER BY 的优化  

MySQL可使用一个索引来知足ORDER BY 子句的排序,而不须要额外的排序,可是须要知足如下几个条件:

(1)WHERE 条件和OREDR BY 使用相同的索引:即key_part1与key_part2是复合索引,where中使用复合索引中的key_part1

SELECT*FROM user WHERE key_part1=1 ORDER BY key_part1 DESC, key_part2 DESC;

(2)并且ORDER BY顺序和索引顺序相同:

SELECT*FROM user ORDER BY key_part1, key_part2;

(3)而且要么都是升序要么都是降序:

SELECT*FROM user ORDER BY key_part1 DESC, key_part2 DESC;

但如下几种状况则不使用索引:

(1)ORDER BY中混合ASC和DESC:

SELECT*FROM user ORDER BY key_part1 DESC, key_part2 ASC;

(2)查询行的关键字与ORDER BY所使用的不相同,即WHERE 后的字段与ORDER BY 后的字段是不同的

SELECT*FROM user WHERE key2 = ‘xxx’ ORDER BY key1;

(3)ORDER BY对不一样的关键字使用,即ORDER BY后的关键字不相同

SELECT*FROM user ORDER BY key1, key2;

五、OR的优化

当MySQL使用OR查询时,若是要利用索引的话,必须每一个条件列都使独立索引,而不是复合索引(多列索引),才能保证使用到查询的时候使用到索引。

好比咱们新建一张用户信息表user_info

mysql> select*from user_info;
+---------+--------+----------+-----------+
| user_id | idcard | name     | address    |
+---------+--------+----------+-----------+
|       1 | 111111 | Zhangsan | Kunming   |
|       2 | 222222 | Lisi     | Beijing   |
|       3 | 333333 | Wangwu   | Shanghai  |
|       4 | 444444 | Lijian   | Guangzhou |
+---------+--------+----------+-----------+
4 rows in set

以后建立ind_name_id(user_id, name)复合索引、id_index(id_index)独立索引,idcard主键索引三个索引。

mysql> show index from user_info;
+-----------+------------+-------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
| Table     | Non_unique | Key_name    | Seq_in_index | Column_name | Collation | Cardinality | Sub_part | Packed | Null | Index_type | Comment | Index_comment |
+-----------+------------+-------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
| user_info |          0 | PRIMARY     |            1 | idcard      | A         |           4 | NULL     | NULL   |      | BTREE      |         |               |
| user_info |          1 | ind_name_id |            1 | user_id     | A         |           4 | NULL     | NULL   |      | BTREE      |         |               |
| user_info |          1 | ind_name_id |            2 | name        | A         |           4 | NULL     | NULL   | YES  | BTREE      |         |               |
| user_info |          1 | id_index    |            1 | user_id     | A         |           4 | NULL     | NULL   |      | BTREE      |         |               |
+-----------+------------+-------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
4 rows in set

测试一:OR链接两个有单独索引的字段,整个SQL查询才会用到索引(index_merge),而且咱们知道OR其实是把每一个结果最后UNION一块儿的。

mysql> explain select*from user_info where user_id=1 or idcard='222222';
+----+-------------+-----------+------------+-------------+------------------------------+---------------------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table     | partitions | type        | possible_keys                | key                 | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra                                              |
+----+-------------+-----------+------------+-------------+------------------------------+---------------------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | user_info | NULL       | index_merge | PRIMARY,ind_name_id,id_index | ind_name_id,PRIMARY | 4,62    | NULL |    2 |      100 | Using sort_union(ind_name_id,PRIMARY); Using where |
+----+-------------+-----------+------------+-------------+------------------------------+---------------------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set

测试二:OR使用复合索引的字段name,与没有索引的address,整个SQL都是ALL全表扫描的

mysql> explain select*from user_info where name='Zhangsan' or address='Beijing';
+----+-------------+-----------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table     | partitions | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra       |
+----+-------------+-----------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | user_info | NULL       | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL |    4 |    43.75 | Using where |
+----+-------------+-----------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
1 row in set

交换OR位置而且使用另外的复合索引的列,也是ALL全表扫描:

mysql> explain select*from user_info where address='Beijing' or user_id=1;
+----+-------------+-----------+------------+------+----------------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table     | partitions | type | possible_keys        | key  | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra       |
+----+-------------+-----------+------------+------+----------------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | user_info | NULL       | ALL  | ind_name_id,id_index | NULL | NULL    | NULL |    4 |    43.75 | Using where |
+----+-------------+-----------+------------+------+----------------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
1 row in set

六、优化嵌套查询

使用嵌套查询有时候可使用更有效的JOIN链接代替,这是由于MySQL中不须要在内存中建立临时表完成SELECT子查询与主查询两部分查询工做。可是并非全部的时候都成立,最好是在on关键字后面的列有索引的话,效果会更好!

好比在表major中major_id是有索引的:

select * from student u left join major m on u.major_id=m.major_id where m.major_id is null;

而经过嵌套查询时,在内存中建立临时表完成SELECT子查询与主查询两部分查询工做,会有必定的消耗

select * from student u where major_id not in (select major_id from major);

七、使用SQL提示

SQL提示(SQL HINT)是优化数据库的一个重要手段,就是往SQL语句中加入一些人为的提示来达到优化目的。下面是一些经常使用的SQL提示:

(1)USE INDEX:使用USE INDEX是但愿MySQL去参考索引列表,就可让MySQL不须要考虑其余可用索引,其实也就是possible_keys属性下参考的索引值

mysql> explain select* from user_info use index(id_index,ind_name_id) where user_id>0;
+----+-------------+-----------+------------+------+----------------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table     | partitions | type | possible_keys        | key  | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra       |
+----+-------------+-----------+------------+------+----------------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | user_info | NULL       | ALL  | ind_name_id,id_index | NULL | NULL    | NULL |    4 |      100 | Using where |
+----+-------------+-----------+------------+------+----------------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
1 row in set

mysql> explain select* from user_info use index(id_index) where user_id>0;
+----+-------------+-----------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table     | partitions | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra       |
+----+-------------+-----------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | user_info | NULL       | ALL  | id_index      | NULL | NULL    | NULL |    4 |      100 | Using where |
+----+-------------+-----------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
1 row in set

(2)IGNORE INDEX忽略索引

咱们使用user_id判断,用不到其余索引时,能够忽略索引。即与USE INDEX相反,从possible_keys中减去不须要的索引,可是实际环境中不多使用。

mysql> explain select* from user_info ignore index(primary,ind_name_id,id_index) where user_id>0;
+----+-------------+-----------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table     | partitions | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra       |
+----+-------------+-----------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | user_info | NULL       | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL |    4 |    33.33 | Using where |
+----+-------------+-----------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
1 row in set

(3)FORCE INDEX强制索引

好比where user_id > 0,可是user_id在表中都是大于0的,天然就会进行ALL全表搜索,可是使用FORCE INDEX虽然执行效率不是最高(where user_id > 0条件决定的)但MySQL仍是使用索引。

mysql> explain select* from user_info where user_id>0;
+----+-------------+-----------+------------+------+----------------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table     | partitions | type | possible_keys        | key  | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra       |
+----+-------------+-----------+------------+------+----------------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | user_info | NULL       | ALL  | ind_name_id,id_index | NULL | NULL    | NULL |    4 |      100 | Using where |
+----+-------------+-----------+------------+------+----------------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
1 row in set

以后强制使用独立索引id_index(user_id):

mysql> explain select* from user_info force index(id_index) where user_id>0;
+----+-------------+-----------+------------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------------+
| id | select_type | table     | partitions | type  | possible_keys | key      | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra                 |
+----+-------------+-----------+------------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | user_info | NULL       | range | id_index      | id_index | 4       | NULL |    4 |      100 | Using index condition |
+----+-------------+-----------+------------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------------+
1 row in set

 


 

总结

  (1)不少时候数据库的性能是因为不合适(是指效率不高,可能会致使锁表等)的SQL语句形成,本篇博文只是介绍简单的SQL优化

  (2)其中有些优化在真正开发中是用不到的,可是一旦出问题性能降低的时候须要去一一分析。

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