python---aiohttp的使用

1.aiohttp的简单使用(配合asyncio模块)

import asyncio,aiohttp

async def fetch_async(url): print(url) async with aiohttp.request("GET",url) as r: reponse = await r.text(encoding="utf-8")  #或者直接await r.read()不编码,直接读取,适合于图像等没法编码文件 print(reponse) tasks = [fetch_async('http://www.baidu.com/'), fetch_async('http://www.chouti.com/')] event_loop = asyncio.get_event_loop() results = event_loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.gather(*tasks)) event_loop.close()

2.发起一个session请求

import asyncio,aiohttp

async def fetch_async(url):
    print(url)
    async with aiohttp.ClientSession() as session:  #协程嵌套,只须要处理最外层协程便可fetch_async async with session.get(url) as resp:
            print(resp.status)
            print(await resp.text())  #由于这里使用到了await关键字,实现异步,全部他上面的函数体须要声明为异步async

tasks = [fetch_async('http://www.baidu.com/'), fetch_async('http://www.cnblogs.com/ssyfj/')]

event_loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
results = event_loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.gather(*tasks))
event_loop.close()

除了上面的get方法外,会话还支持post,put,delete....等

session.put('http://httpbin.org/put', data=b'data')
session.delete('http://httpbin.org/delete')
session.head('http://httpbin.org/get')
session.options('http://httpbin.org/get')
session.patch('http://httpbin.org/patch', data=b'data')

不要为每次的链接都建立一次session,通常状况下只须要建立一个session,而后使用这个session执行全部的请求。php

每一个session对象,内部包含了一个链接池,而且将会保持链接和链接复用(默认开启)能够加快总体的性能。html

3.在url中传递参数(其实与requests模块使用大体相同)

只须要将参数字典,传入params参数中便可

import asyncio,aiohttp

async def func1(url,params):
async with aiohttp.ClientSession() as session:
async with session.get(url,params=params) as r:
print(r.url)
print(await r.read())

tasks = [func1('https://www.ckook.com/forum.php',{"gid":6}),]

event_loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
results = event_loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.gather(*tasks))
event_loop.close()

4.获取响应内容(因为获取响应内容是一个阻塞耗时过程,因此咱们使用await实现协程切换)

(1)使用text()方法

async def func1(url,params):
    async with aiohttp.ClientSession() as session:
        async with session.get(url,params=params) as r:
            print(r.url) print(r.charset)  #查看默认编码为utf-8 print(await r.text())  #不编码,则是使用默认编码  使用encoding指定编码

(2)使用read()方法,不进行编码,为字节形式

async def func1(url,params):
    async with aiohttp.ClientSession() as session:
        async with session.get(url,params=params) as r:
            print(r.url)
            print(await r.read())

(3)注意:text(),read()方法是把整个响应体读入内存,若是你是获取大量的数据,请考虑使用”字节流“(StreamResponse)

5.特殊响应内容json(和上面同样)

async def func1(url,params):
    async with aiohttp.ClientSession() as session:
        async with session.get(url,params=params) as r:
            print(r.url)
            print(r.charset)
            print(await r.json())  #能够设置编码,设置处理函数

6.字节流形式获取数据(不像text,read一次获取全部数据)

注意:咱们获取的session.get()是Response对象,他继承于StreamResponse

async def func1(url,params):
    async with aiohttp.ClientSession() as session:
        async with session.get(url,params=params) as r:
            print(await r.content.read(10))    #读取前10字节

下面字节流形式读取数据,保存文件

async def func1(url,params,filename):
    async with aiohttp.ClientSession() as session:
        async with session.get(url,params=params) as r:
            with open(filename,"wb") as fp: while True: chunk = await r.content.read(10) if not chunk: break fp.write(chunk)

tasks = [func1('https://www.ckook.com/forum.php',{"gid":6},"1.html"),]

注意:

async with session.get(url,params=params) as r:  #异步上下文管理器

with open(filename,"wb") as fp:  #普通上下文管理器

二者的区别:

在于异步上下文管理器中定义了python

__aenter__和__aexit__方法git

异步上下文管理器指的是在enterexit方法处可以暂停执行的上下文管理器github

 为了实现这样的功能,须要加入两个新的方法:__aenter__ 和__aexit__。这两个方法都要返回一个 awaitable类型的值。web

推文:异步上下文管理器async with和异步迭代器async forjson

7.自定义请求头(和requests同样)

async def func1(url,params,filename):
    async with aiohttp.ClientSession() as session:
        headers = {'Content-Type':'text/html; charset=utf-8'} async with session.get(url,params=params,headers=headers) as r:
            with open(filename,"wb") as fp:
                while True:
                    chunk = await r.content.read(10)
                    if not chunk:
                        break
                    fp.write(chunk)

8.自定义cookie

注意:对于自定义cookie,咱们须要设置在ClientSession(cookies=自定义cookie字典),而不是session.get()中

class ClientSession:

    def __init__(self, *, connector=None, loop=None, cookies=None,
                 headers=None, skip_auto_headers=None,
                 auth=None, json_serialize=json.dumps,
                 request_class=ClientRequest, response_class=ClientResponse,
                 ws_response_class=ClientWebSocketResponse,
                 version=http.HttpVersion11,
                 cookie_jar=None, connector_owner=True, raise_for_status=False,
                 read_timeout=sentinel, conn_timeout=None,
                 timeout=sentinel,
                 auto_decompress=True, trust_env=False,
                 trace_configs=None):

使用:segmentfault

cookies = {'cookies_are': 'working'}
async with ClientSession(cookies=cookies) as session:

9.获取当前访问网站的cookie

async with session.get(url) as resp:
    print(resp.cookies)

10.获取网站的响应状态码

async with session.get(url) as resp:
    print(resp.status)

11.查看响应头

resp.headers 来查看响应头,获得的值类型是一个dict
resp.raw_headers  查看原生的响应头,字节类型

12.查看重定向的响应头(咱们此时已经到了新的网址,向以前的网址查看)

resp.history  #查看被重定向以前的响应头

13.超时处理

默认的IO操做都有5分钟的响应时间 咱们能够经过 timeout 进行重写:安全

async with session.get('https://github.com', timeout=60) as r:
    ...

若是 timeout=None 或者 timeout=0 将不进行超时检查,也就是不限时长。服务器

14.ClientSession 用于在多个链接之间(同一网站)共享cookie,请求头等

async def func1():
    cookies = {'my_cookie': "my_value"}
    async with aiohttp.ClientSession(cookies=cookies) as session:
        async with session.get("https://segmentfault.com/q/1010000007987098") as r:
            print(session.cookie_jar.filter_cookies("https://segmentfault.com"))
        async with session.get("https://segmentfault.com/hottest") as rp:
            print(session.cookie_jar.filter_cookies("https://segmentfault.com"))
Set-Cookie: PHPSESSID=web2~d8grl63pegika2202s8184ct2q
Set-Cookie: my_cookie=my_value
Set-Cookie: PHPSESSID=web2~d8grl63pegika2202s8184ct2q
Set-Cookie: my_cookie=my_value

咱们最好使用session.cookie_jar.filter_cookies()获取网站cookie,不一样于requests模块,虽然咱们可使用rp.cookies有可能获取到cookie,但彷佛并未获取到全部的cookies。


async def func1():
    cookies = {'my_cookie': "my_value"}
    async with aiohttp.ClientSession(cookies=cookies) as session:
        async with session.get("https://segmentfault.com/q/1010000007987098") as rp:
            print(session.cookie_jar.filter_cookies("https://segmentfault.com"))
            print(rp.cookies)  #Set-Cookie: PHPSESSID=web2~jh3ouqoabvr4e72f87vtherkp6; Domain=segmentfault.com; Path=/  #首次访问会获取网站设置的cookie async with session.get("https://segmentfault.com/hottest") as rp:
            print(session.cookie_jar.filter_cookies("https://segmentfault.com"))
            print(rp.cookies)  #为空,服务端未设置cookie
        async with session.get("https://segmentfault.com/newest") as rp:
            print(session.cookie_jar.filter_cookies("https://segmentfault.com"))
            print(rp.cookies)  #为空,服务端未设置cookie

总结:

当咱们使用rp.cookie时,只会获取到当前url下设置的cookie,不会维护整站的cookie

而session.cookie_jar.filter_cookies("https://segmentfault.com")会一直保留这个网站的全部设置cookies,含有咱们在会话时设置的cookie,而且会根据响应修改更新cookie。这个才是咱们须要的

而咱们设置cookie,也是须要在aiohttp.ClientSession(cookies=cookies)中设置

ClientSession 还支持 请求头,keep-alive链接和链接池(connection pooling)

15.cookie的安全性

默认ClientSession使用的是严格模式的 aiohttp.CookieJar. RFC 2109,明确的禁止接受url和ip地址产生的cookie,只能接受 DNS 解析IP产生的cookie。能够经过设置aiohttp.CookieJar 的 unsafe=True 来配置:

jar = aiohttp.CookieJar(unsafe=True)
session = aiohttp.ClientSession(cookie_jar=jar)

16.控制同时链接的数量(链接池)

TCPConnector维持连接池,限制并行链接的总量,当池满了,有请求退出再加入新请求

async def func1():
    cookies = {'my_cookie': "my_value"}
    conn = aiohttp.TCPConnector(limit=2)  #默认100,0表示无限
    async with aiohttp.ClientSession(cookies=cookies,connector=conn) as session:
        for i in range(7,35):
            url = "https://www.ckook.com/list-%s-1.html"%i
            async with session.get(url) as rp:
                print('---------------------------------')
                print(rp.status)

限制同时打开限制同时打开链接到同一端点的数量((host, port, is_ssl) 三的倍数),能够经过设置 limit_per_host 参数:

limit_per_host: 同一端点的最大链接数量。同一端点即(host, port, is_ssl)彻底相同

conn = aiohttp.TCPConnector(limit_per_host=30)#默认是0

在协程下测试效果不明显

17.自定义域名解析地址

咱们能够指定域名服务器的 IP 对咱们提供的get或post的url进行解析:

from aiohttp.resolver import AsyncResolver
 
resolver = AsyncResolver(nameservers=["8.8.8.8", "8.8.4.4"])
conn = aiohttp.TCPConnector(resolver=resolver)

18.设置代理

aiohttp支持使用代理来访问网页:

async with aiohttp.ClientSession() as session:
    async with session.get("http://python.org",
                           proxy="http://some.proxy.com") as resp:
        print(resp.status)

固然也支持须要受权的页面:

async with aiohttp.ClientSession() as session:
    proxy_auth = aiohttp.BasicAuth('user', 'pass')  #用户,密码
    async with session.get("http://python.org",
                           proxy="http://some.proxy.com",
                           proxy_auth=proxy_auth) as resp:
        print(resp.status)

或者经过这种方式来验证受权:

session.get("http://python.org",
            proxy="http://user:pass@some.proxy.com")

19.post传递数据的方法

(1)模拟表单

payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
async with session.post('http://httpbin.org/post',
                        data=payload) as resp:
    print(await resp.text())

注意:data=dict的方式post的数据将被转码,和form提交数据是同样的做用,若是你不想被转码,能够直接以字符串的形式 data=str 提交,这样就不会被转码。

(2)post json

payload = {'some': 'data'}
 
async with session.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload)) as resp:

其实json.dumps(payload)返回的也是一个字符串,只不过这个字符串能够被识别为json格式

(3)post 小文件

url = 'http://httpbin.org/post'
files = {'file': open('report.xls', 'rb')}
 
await session.post(url, data=files)
url = 'http://httpbin.org/post'
data = FormData()
data.add_field('file',
               open('report.xls', 'rb'),
               filename='report.xls',
               content_type='application/vnd.ms-excel')
 
await session.post(url, data=data)

若是将文件对象设置为数据参数,aiohttp将自动以字节流的形式发送给服务器。

(4)post 大文件

aiohttp支持多种类型的文件以流媒体的形式上传,因此咱们能够在文件未读入内存的状况下发送大文件。

@aiohttp.streamer
def file_sender(writer, file_name=None):
    with open(file_name, 'rb') as f:
        chunk = f.read(2**16)
        while chunk:
            yield from writer.write(chunk)
            chunk = f.read(2**16)
 
# Then you can use `file_sender` as a data provider:
 
async with session.post('http://httpbin.org/post',
                        data=file_sender(file_name='huge_file')) as resp:
    print(await resp.text())

(5)从一个url获取文件后,直接post给另外一个url

r = await session.get('http://python.org')
await session.post('http://httpbin.org/post',data=r.content)

(6)post预压缩数据

在经过aiohttp发送前就已经压缩的数据, 调用压缩函数的函数名(一般是deflate 或 zlib)做为content-encoding的值:

async def my_coroutine(session, headers, my_data):
    data = zlib.compress(my_data)
    headers = {'Content-Encoding': 'deflate'}
    async with session.post('http://httpbin.org/post',
                            data=data,
                            headers=headers)
        pass
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