Java 8 Optional与NullPointerException

JAVA异常类列举了Java中部分的异常类，其中最多见的当属NullPointerException了，程序员必须当心提防，所幸Java 8中引入了Optional类这个语法糖来更好的处理这个异常。
好比有以下三个类须要递归引用：

class FirstLayer {
    private SecondLayer secondLayer;
    public SecondLayer getSecondLayer(){
        return secondLayer;
    }
}
class SecondLayer {
    private ThirdLayer thirdLayer;
    public ThirdLayer getThirdLayer() {
        return thirdLayer;
    }
}
class ThirdLayer {
    private String foo;
    public String getFoo(){
        return foo;
    }
}

以前的作法是：

FirstLayer firstLayer = new FirstLayer();
if (firstLayer != null && firstLayer.getSecondLayer() != null && firstLayer.getSecondLayer().getThirdLayer() != null) {
    System.out.println(firstLayer.getSecondLayer().getThirdLayer().getFoo());
}

如今能够：

Optional.of(new FirstLayer()).map(FirstLayer::getSecondLayer).map(SecondLayer::getThirdLayer).map(ThirdLayer::getFoo).ifPresent(System.out::println);

在map函数内部会进行null校验，同时这里还使用了method reference，详细解释请参加：Java 8 Method Reference: How to Use it
甚至还能够：

public static <T> Optional<T> resolve(Supplier<T> resolver) {
    try {
        T result = resolver.get();
        return Optional.ofNullable(result);
    } catch (NullPointerException e){
        return Optional.empty();
    }
}
FirstLayer firstLayer = new FirstLayer();
resolve(() -> firstLayer.getSecondLayer().getThirdLayer().getFoo()).ifPresent(System.out::println);
}

其中，Supplier是一种函数式接口(Functional Interface)，就是一个有且仅有一个抽象方法，可是能够有多个非抽象方法的接口。函数式接口能够被实现为anonymous class，更进一步能够转换为lambda表达式，若是只是调用了一个函数，还能够用method reference。