anaconda负责安装系统向导,默认为GUI界面,若是咱们使用ks自动应答安装的话建议使用TUI界面来安装html
在安装启动界面咱们能够按esc键来本身手动指定安装启动选项linux
anaconda选项:git
1)linux askmethod 在稍后的安装中手动选择安装源github
本地光盘、硬盘、NFS、FTP、HTTPweb
2)linux dd 加载驱动盘redis
3)linux ks=xxx 指定安装ks文件vim
4)linux nonet 不启用网络centos
5)linux noprobe 不装载其余的硬件设备浏览器
6)linux rescue 进入救援模式服务器
7)linux 正常安装
8)local 从硬盘启动
9)linux text 以字符界面安装
10)linux ip={DHCP | 192.168.0.1} netmask=255.255.255.0 gateway=192.168.0.1 dns=114.114.114.114 ks=http://192.168.0.1/ks.cfg 设置IP并从网络获取ks文件
11)linux ip={DHCP | 192.168.0.1} netmask=255.255.255.0 gateway=192.168.0.1 dns=114.114.114.114 repo=http://192.168.0.1 设置IP地址并指定从repo源安装
12)linux vnc vncpassword="PASSWORD" 使用vnc调用安装界面
在光盘下的isolinux/文件夹为anaconda的工做目录文件存放位置
# ls -1 isolinux/ boot.cat 模拟mbr文件 boot.msg grub.conf grub的配置文件 initrd.img ramdisk文件 isolinux.bin grub的第二阶段 isolinux.cfg 配置文件(启动菜单定制文件) memtest 内存测试文件 splash.jpg 背景图片 TRANS.TBL vesamenu.c32 光盘启动的图形界面菜单风格 vmlinuz 内核文件
启动菜单的配置文件isolinux/isolinux.cfg
# cat isolinux/isolinux.cfg default vesamenu.c32 提供图形菜单风格 #prompt 1 timeout 600 菜单选择超时时间 display boot.msg menu background splash.jpg 背景图片 menu title Welcome to CentOS 6.9! 菜单上方提示信息 menu color border 0 #ffffffff #00000000 menu color sel 7 #ffffffff #ff000000 menu color title 0 #ffffffff #00000000 menu color tabmsg 0 #ffffffff #00000000 menu color unsel 0 #ffffffff #00000000 menu color hotsel 0 #ff000000 #ffffffff menu color hotkey 7 #ffffffff #ff000000 menu color scrollbar 0 #ffffffff #00000000 label linux 一条菜单 menu label ^Install or upgrade an existing system menu default 默认选择 kernel vmlinuz append initrd=initrd.img 向内核传递参数
Anaconda安装系统分红三个阶段:
一、安装前配置阶段
二、安装阶段
三、图形模式首次启动
kickstart为anaconda安装系统过程当中自动应答已配置好的选项,实现无人值守安装系统。
ks文件格式:三部分
命令段:
---必须指定---
---可选命令---
软件包选择段:%package
脚本段:
预安装脚本%pre
后安装脚本%post
咱们了解了ks文件的格式以后来建立一个ks文件吧,建立的方式有俩种,咱们能够直接参考 /root/anaconda-ks.cfg 来编辑,而后使用ksvalidator命令来检查是否有语法错误,可是这样不是很方便;第二种方法就是使用system-config-kickstart 图形界面工具生成ks文件。
一、配置yum源、安装软件并启动,须要安装图形界面
root@centos7 ~]# cat /etc/yum.repos.d/cdrom.repo [development] #为了让system-config-kickstart读取软件包 name=cdrom_base baseurl=file:///media/cdrom/ gpgcheck=0 enabled=1 [root@centos7 ~]# yum install system-config-kickstart [root@centos7 ~]# system-config-kickstart &
二、按需配置
ks.cfg配置文件,以上步骤生成
[root@centos7 data]# cat ks.cfg #platform=x86, AMD64, or Intel EM64T #version=DEVEL # Install OS instead of upgrade install # Keyboard layouts keyboard 'us' # Root password rootpw --iscrypted $1$.4cA9H18$yFklftvKKTJ78OmWBqAPz1 # System language lang en_US # System authorization information auth --useshadow --passalgo=sha512 # Use CDROM installation media cdrom # Use text mode install text #文本文件安装 # SELinux configuration selinux --disabled # Do not configure the X Window System skipx # Firewall configuration firewall --disabled # Network information network --bootproto=static --device=eth0 --gateway=192.168.0.1 --ip=192.168.0.222 --nameserver=114.114.114.114 --netmask=255.255.255.0 # Reboot after installation reboot # System timezone timezone Asia/Shanghai #时区 # System bootloader configuration bootloader --append="net.ifnames=0" --location=mbr # Clear the Master Boot Record zerombr # Partition clearing information clearpart --all --initlabel # Disk partitioning information part /boot --fstype="xfs" --size=200 part swap --fstype="swap" --size=2048 part / --fstype="xfs" --grow --size=1 #表示根分区使用剩余所有空间 %packages
@^minimal
@core @base %end
ks文件中LVM逻辑卷分区格式
part /boot --fstype xfs --size=200 --ondisk=sda part pv.2 --size=0 --grow --ondisk=sda volgroup myvg --pesize=4096 pv.2 logvol / --fstype xfs --name=lv_root --vgname=myvg --size=10240 --grow logvol swap --fstype swap --name=lv_swap --vgname=myvg --size=1024 --grow --maxsize=2048
ks文件中使用系统自动分区格式
# Partition clearing information clearpart --all --initlabel autopartc
咱们如今已经有一个ks文件了,接下来须要把ks文件加入到光盘文件中来实现自动安装
一、准备安装文件
[root@centos7 ~]# mkdir -p /data/myiso [root@centos7 ~]# cp -r /media/cdrom/ /data/myiso/
[root@centos7 ~]# cp /data/ks_7_mini.cfg /data/myiso/cdrom/ksdir/
二、编辑配置文件
[root@centos7 ~]# vim /data/myiso/cdrom/isolinux/isolinux.cfg #增长一个label label linux menu label ^Ks_Install CentOS 7_mini kernel vmlinuz append initrd=initrd.img text ks=cdrom:/ksdir/ks_7_mini.cfg
三、制做ISO文件
[root@centos7 ~]# mkisofs -R -J -T -v --no-emul-boot --boot-load-size 4 --boot-info-table -V "CentOS_7.5_x86_64"
-b isolinux/isolinux.bin -c isolinux/boot.cat -o /data/CentOS-7.5-x86_64.iso /data/myiso/cdrom
mkisofs命令
Preboot Excution Environment 预启动执行环境,Intel公司研发,基于Client/Server的网络模式,支持远程主机经过网络从远端服务器下载映像,并由此支持经过网络启动操做系统,PXE能够引导和安装Windows,linux等多种操做系统。
准备环境:CentOS6.9,静态IP(必须):192.168.0.6,CentOS6.9和CentOS7.5的ISO镜像
关闭防火墙和selinux
[root@centos6 ~]# yum install -y dhcp tftp-server httpd syslinux
[root@centos6 ~]# mkdir /media/centos{6,7} [root@centos6 ~]# mount -r /dev/sr0 /media/centos6/ [root@centos6 ~]# mount -r /dev/sr1 /media/centos7/
[root@centos6 ~]# vim /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf log-facility local7; #记录日志级别 subnet 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 { #分配子网,和本身主机一个网段 range 192.168.0.100 192.168.0.254; #地址池 option domain-name-servers 114.114.114.114; #DNS option domain-name "pxe.test.org"; #搜索域 option routers 192.168.0.1; #路由网关 default-lease-time 600; #默认租约时间 max-lease-time 7200; #最大租约时间 next-server 192.168.0.6; #*指向tftp服务器地址,此处指向本机 filename "pxelinux.0"; #pxe文件名,系统默认为pxelinux.0 }
[root@centos6 ~]# service dhcpd start #启动dhcp服务 [root@centos6 ~]# chkconfig dhcpd on #加入开机启动
[root@centos6 ~]# chkconfig tftp on [root@centos6 ~]# service xinetd start
[root@centos6 ~]# cd /var/lib/tftpboot/ [root@centos6 tftpboot]# mkdir centos{6,7} [root@centos6 tftpboot]# mkdir pxelinux.cfg/ [root@centos6 tftpboot]# cp /media/centos6/isolinux/{initrd.img,vmlinuz} centos6/ [root@centos6 tftpboot]# cp /media/centos7/isolinux/{initrd.img,vmlinuz} centos7/ [root@centos6 tftpboot]# cp /media/centos6/isolinux/{boot.msg,splash.jpg,vesamenu.c32} . [root@centos6 tftpboot]# cp /usr/share/syslinux/pxelinux.0 . [root@centos6 tftpboot]# install -m 644 /media/centos6/isolinux/isolinux.cfg pxelinux.cfg/default [root@centos6 tftpboot]# vim pxelinux.cfg/default default vesamenu.c32 timeout 60 display boot.msg menu background splash.jpg menu title Welcome to CentOS ! label linux menu label ^Install centos6.9_mini kernel centos6/vmlinuz append initrd=centos6/initrd.img ks=http://192.168.0.6/ksdir/ks6_mini.cfg label linux menu label ^Install centos7.5_mini kernel centos7/vmlinuz append initrd=centos7/initrd.img ks=http://192.168.0.6/ksdir/ks7_mini.cfg label local menu default menu label Boot from ^local drive localboot 0xffff
[root@centos6 tftpboot]# tree . ├── boot.msg ├── centos6 │ ├── initrd.img │ └── vmlinuz ├── centos7 │ ├── initrd.img │ └── vmlinuz ├── pxelinux.0 ├── pxelinux.cfg │ └── default ├── splash.jpg └── vesamenu.c32
[root@centos6 ~]# mkdir -p /var/www/html/centos/{6,7} [root@centos6 ~]# mount -r /dev/sr0 /var/www/html/centos/6/ [root@centos6 ~]# mount -r /dev/sr1 /var/www/html/centos/7/ [root@centos6 ~]# mkdir -p /var/www/html/ksdir/ [root@centos6 ~]# cp ks6_mini.cfg ks7-mini.cfg /var/www/html/ksdir/
[root@centos6 ~]# service httpd start [root@centos6 ~]# chkconfig httpd on
[root@centos6 ~]# netstat -tnul #查看如下端口是否都监听 tcp 0 0 :::80 :::* LISTEN udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:67 0.0.0.0:* udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:69 0.0.0.0:*
#platform=x86, AMD64, or Intel EM64T #version=DEVEL # Firewall configuration firewall --disabled # Install OS instead of upgrade install # Use network installation url --url="http://192.168.0.10/centos/6/" # Root password rootpw --iscrypted $1$sQ90pp9b$TI8EEelvqSLdsrjDoPwrN/ # System authorization information auth --useshadow --passalgo=sha512 # Use text mode install text # System keyboard keyboard us # System language lang en_US # SELinux configuration selinux --disabled # Do not configure the X Window System skipx # Installation logging level logging --level=info # Reboot after installation reboot # System timezone timezone Asia/Shanghai # Network information network --bootproto=dhcp --device=eth0 --onboot=on # System bootloader configuration bootloader --location=mbr # Clear the Master Boot Record zerombr # Partition clearing information clearpart --all --initlabel # Disk partitioning information autopart %packages @core %end
pxe的二次封装,由Python开发,提供CLI和Web管理,cobbler在epel源中,安装时须要配置epel源。
工做原理:
配置文件:
/etc/cobbler/settings : cobbler 主配置文件
/etc/cobbler/iso/: iso模板配置文件
/etc/cobbler/pxe: pxe模板文件
/etc/cobbler/power: 电源配置文件
/etc/cobbler/user.conf: web服务受权配置文件
/etc/cobbler/users.digest: web访问的用户名密码配置文件
/etc/cobbler/dhcp.template : dhcp服务器的的配置末班
/etc/cobbler/dnsmasq.template : dns服务器的配置模板
/etc/cobbler/tftpd.template : tftp服务的配置模板
/etc/cobbler/modules.conf : 模块的配置文件
数据目录:
/var/lib/cobbler/config/: 用于存放distros,system,profiles 等信息配置文件
/var/lib/cobbler/triggers/: 用于存放用户定义的cobbler命令
/var/lib/cobbler/kickstart/: 默认存放kickstart文件
/var/lib/cobbler/loaders/: 存放各类引导程序
镜像目录:
/var/www/cobbler/ks_mirror/: 导入的发行版系统的全部数据
/var/www/cobbler/images/ : 导入发行版的kernel和initrd镜像用于远程网络启动
/var/www/cobbler/repo_mirror/: yum 仓库存储目录
日志目录:
/var/log/cobbler/installing: 客户端安装日志
/var/log/cobbler/cobbler.log : cobbler日志
cobbler经常使用命令:
cobbler check 核对当前设置是否有问题
cobbler list 列出全部的cobbler元素
cobbler report 列出元素的详细信息
cobbler sync 同步配置到数据目录,更改配置最好都要执行下
cobbler reposync 同步yum仓库
cobbler distro 查看导入的发行版系统信息
cobbler system 查看添加的系统信息
cobbler profile 查看配置信息
cobbler profile report --name=xxxx 查看ks文件的详细信息
环境:CentOS7.5,epel源,IP:192.168.0.7
一、安装并启动须要服务
[root@centos7 ~]# yum install cobbler dhcp [root@centos7 ~]# systemctl enable cobblerd dhcpd httpd tftp [root@centos7 ~]# systemctl start cobblerd httpd tftp
二、 检查环境,按照提示修改对应项
[root@centos7 ~]# cobbler check #检查环境
The following are potential configuration items that you may want to fix: 1 : The 'server' field in /etc/cobbler/settings must be set to something other than localhost, or kickstarting features will not work. This should be a resolvable hostname or IP for the boot server as reachable by all machines that will use it. #修改配置文件中server参数为本身的主机IP 2 : For PXE to be functional, the 'next_server' field in /etc/cobbler/settings must be set to something other than 127.0.0.1, and should match the IP of the boot server on the PXE network. #修改配置文件中next_server指向tftp服务器,这里我也指向本身的IP 3 : SELinux is enabled. Please review the following wiki page for details on ensuring cobbler works correctly in your SELinux environment: https://github.com/cobbler/cobbler/wiki/Selinux #将selinux关闭 4 : change 'disable' to 'no' in /etc/xinetd.d/tftp #将tftp服务启动 5 : Some network boot-loaders are missing from /var/lib/cobbler/loaders, you may run 'cobbler get-loaders' to download them, or, if you only want to handle x86/x86_64 netbooting, you may ensure that you have installed a *recent* version of the syslinux package installed and can ignore this message entirely. Files in this directory, should you want to support all architectures, should include pxelinux.0, menu.c32, elilo.efi, and yaboot. The 'cobbler get-loaders' command is the easiest way to resolve these requirements. #执行cobbler get-loaders下载启动引导的文件 6 : enable and start rsyncd.service with systemctl #启动rsync服务 7 : debmirror package is not installed, it will be required to manage debian deployments and repositories #安装支持deb包的组件,如今安装CentOS不须要此组件 8 : The default password used by the sample templates for newly installed machines (default_password_crypted in /etc/cobbler/settings) is still set to 'cobbler' and should be changed, try: "openssl passwd -1 -salt 'random-phrase-here' 'your-password-here'" to generate new one #修改配置文件中password的参数为本身指定的安装完系统后的root密码 9 : fencing tools were not found, and are required to use the (optional) power management features. install cman or fence-agents to use them #fencing设备的配置 Restart cobblerd and then run 'cobbler sync' to apply changes.
1)
[root@centos7 ~]# vim /etc/cobbler/settings server: 192.168.0.7
2)
[root@centos7 ~]# vim /etc/cobbler/settings next_server: 192.168.130.8
3)
[root@centos7 ~]# setenforce 0 [root@centos7 ~]# getenforce Permissive
4)
前边已经启动过了,这里就不须要再次启动了,此报错是CentOS6中的修改方式
5)
[root@centos7 ~]# cobbler get-loaders
6)
[root@centos7 ~]# systemctl start rsyncd.service [root@centos7 ~]# systemctl enable rsyncd.service
7)
若是须要安装Debian系列的系统能够执行 yum install debmirror 命令
8)
[root@centos7 ~]# openssl passwd -1 Password: ****** Verifying - Password: ****** $1$wyB5xyxu$N7aNVlpb7uivVwTbIBC6F/ #复制此密码到配置文件中,修改default_password_crypted参数 [root@centos7 ~]# vim /etc/cobbler/settings default_password_crypted: "$1$wyB5xyxu$N7aNVlpb7uivVwTbIBC6F/" #安装系统的root密码
9)
关于物理电源管理的配置,此时先不作配置了
三、配置dhcp
[root@centos7 ~]# vim /etc/cobbler/settings manage_dhcp: 1 [root@centos7 ~]# vim /etc/cobbler/dhcp.template #cobbler的配置dhcp模板,修改此文件后同步便可生效 subnet 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 { #修改成本身的网段 option routers 192.168.0.1; #路由地址 option domain-name-servers 114.114.114.114; #DNS option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0; #子网掩码 range dynamic-bootp 192.168.0.100 192.168.0.254; #地址池 default-lease-time 21600; max-lease-time 43200; next-server $next_server; class "pxeclients" { match if substring (option vendor-class-identifier, 0, 9) = "PXEClient"; if option pxe-system-type = 00:02 { filename "ia64/elilo.efi"; } else if option pxe-system-type = 00:06 { filename "grub/grub-x86.efi"; } else if option pxe-system-type = 00:07 { filename "grub/grub-x86_64.efi"; } else if option pxe-system-type = 00:09 { filename "grub/grub-x86_64.efi"; } else { filename "pxelinux.0"; } } }
四、同步配置并重启服务
[root@centos7 ~]# cobbler sync [root@centos7 ~]# systemctl restart cobblerd
到这里cobbler已经配置完毕了,接下来咱们只须要将发行版的源和ks文件导入
导入发行版,可能会比较慢,并且要确认硬盘有足够的空间
[root@centos7 ~]# cobbler import --path=/media/cdrom/ --name=CentOS-7.5-x86_64 --arch=x86_64
查看一下是否导入成功
[root@centos7 ~]# cobbler distro list CentOS-7.5-x86_64
cobbler会自动生成一个自动应答的配置文件,咱们须要将它删除
[root@centos7 ~]# cobbler profile list CentOS-7.5-x86_64
[root@centos7 ~]# cobbler profile remove --name=CentOS-7.5-x86_64
接下来导入咱们准备好的ks文件
注意:须要将ks文件中的url改成 url --url=$tree
[root@centos7 ~]# cp ks7_mini.cfg /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/ [root@centos7 ~]# cobbler distro list CentOS-7.5-x86_64 [root@centos7 ~]# cobbler profile add --name=CentOS-7.5-x86_64_Mini --distro=CentOS-7.5-x86_64 --kickstart=/var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/ks7_mini.cfg
导入成功
[root@centos7 ~]# cobbler profile list CentOS-7.5-x86_64_Mini
到此为止,咱们已经配置好了一台cobbler服务器了,接下来作安装测试
[root@centos7 ~]# yum install cobbler-web [root@centos7 ~]# htdigest -c /etc/cobbler/users.digest Cobbler test1 建立管理用户 [root@centos7 ~]# systemctl restart httpd 在浏览器中访问https://192.168.0.7/cobbler_web
cobbler_web用户管理认证方式:
文件方式:
# htdigest -c /etc/cobbler/users.digest Cobbler test1
pam模块认证方式: