Python之路,Day2 - Python基础2

时间 2019-11-11

标签 python 之路 day2 day 基础栏目 Python 繁體版

原文原文链接

本节内容html

列表、元组操做
字符串操做
字典操做
集合操做
文件操做
字符编码与转码

1. 列表、元组操做

列表是咱们最之后最经常使用的数据类型之一，经过列表能够对数据实现最方便的存储、修改等操做python

定义列表linux

 
         names  
         =  
         [ 
         'Alex' 
         , 
         "Tenglan" 
         , 
         'Eric' 
         ]

经过下标访问列表中的元素，下标从0开始计数git

 
         >>> names[ 
         0 
         ] 
        
         'Alex' 
        
         >>> names[ 
         2 
         ] 
        
         'Eric' 
        
         >>> names[ 
         - 
         1 
         ] 
        
         'Eric' 
        
         >>> names[ 
         - 
         2 
         ]  
         #还能够倒着取 
        
         'Tenglan'

切片:取多个元素　　shell

>>> names = ["Alex","Tenglan","Eric","Rain","Tom","Amy"]
>>> names[1:4]  #取下标1至下标4之间的数字，包括1，不包括4
['Tenglan', 'Eric', 'Rain']
>>> names[1:-1] #取下标1至-1的值，不包括-1
['Tenglan', 'Eric', 'Rain', 'Tom']
>>> names[0:3] 
['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Eric']
>>> names[:3] #若是是从头开始取，0能够忽略，跟上句效果同样
['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Eric']
>>> names[3:] #若是想取最后一个，必须不能写-1，只能这么写
['Rain', 'Tom', 'Amy'] 
>>> names[3:-1] #这样-1就不会被包含了
['Rain', 'Tom']
>>> names[0::2] #后面的2是表明，每隔一个元素，就取一个
['Alex', 'Eric', 'Tom'] 
>>> names[::2] #和上句效果同样
['Alex', 'Eric', 'Tom']

追加windows

>>> names
['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Eric', 'Rain', 'Tom', 'Amy']
>>> names.append("我是新来的")
>>> names
['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Eric', 'Rain', 'Tom', 'Amy', '我是新来的']

插入api

>>> names
['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Eric', 'Rain', 'Tom', 'Amy', '我是新来的']
>>> names.insert(2,"强行从Eric前面插入")
>>> names
['Alex', 'Tenglan', '强行从Eric前面插入', 'Eric', 'Rain', 'Tom', 'Amy', '我是新来的']

>>> names.insert(5,"从eric后面插入试试新姿式")
>>> names
['Alex', 'Tenglan', '强行从Eric前面插入', 'Eric', 'Rain', '从eric后面插入试试新姿式', 'Tom', 'Amy', '我是新来的']

修改服务器

>>> names
['Alex', 'Tenglan', '强行从Eric前面插入', 'Eric', 'Rain', '从eric后面插入试试新姿式', 'Tom', 'Amy', '我是新来的']
>>> names[2] = "该换人了"
>>> names
['Alex', 'Tenglan', '该换人了', 'Eric', 'Rain', '从eric后面插入试试新姿式', 'Tom', 'Amy', '我是新来的']

删除app

>>> del names[2] 
>>> names
['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Eric', 'Rain', '从eric后面插入试试新姿式', 'Tom', 'Amy', '我是新来的']
>>> del names[4]
>>> names
['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Eric', 'Rain', 'Tom', 'Amy', '我是新来的']
>>> 
>>> names.remove("Eric") #删除指定元素
>>> names
['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Rain', 'Tom', 'Amy', '我是新来的']
>>> names.pop() #删除列表最后一个值 
'我是新来的'
>>> names
['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Rain', 'Tom', 'Amy']

扩展less

>>> names
['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Rain', 'Tom', 'Amy']
>>> b = [1,2,3]
>>> names.extend(b)
>>> names
['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Rain', 'Tom', 'Amy', 1, 2, 3]

拷贝

>>> names
['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Rain', 'Tom', 'Amy', 1, 2, 3]

>>> name_copy = names.copy()
>>> name_copy
['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Rain', 'Tom', 'Amy', 1, 2, 3]

copy真的这么简单么？那我还讲个屁。。。

统计

>>> names
['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Amy', 'Tom', 'Amy', 1, 2, 3]
>>> names.count("Amy")
2

排序&翻转

>>> names
['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Amy', 'Tom', 'Amy', 1, 2, 3]
>>> names.sort() #排序
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: unorderable types: int() < str()   #3.0里不一样数据类型不能放在一块儿排序了，擦
>>> names[-3] = '1'
>>> names[-2] = '2'
>>> names[-1] = '3'
>>> names
['Alex', 'Amy', 'Amy', 'Tenglan', 'Tom', '1', '2', '3']
>>> names.sort()
>>> names
['1', '2', '3', 'Alex', 'Amy', 'Amy', 'Tenglan', 'Tom']

>>> names.reverse() #反转
>>> names
['Tom', 'Tenglan', 'Amy', 'Amy', 'Alex', '3', '2', '1']

获取下标

>>> names ['Tom', 'Tenglan', 'Amy', 'Amy', 'Alex', '3', '2', '1'] >>> names.index("Amy") 2 #只返回找到的第一个下标

元组

元组其实跟列表差很少，也是存一组数，只不是它一旦建立，便不能再修改，因此又叫只读列表

语法

 
         names  
         =  
         ( 
         "alex" 
         , 
         "jack" 
         , 
         "eric" 
         )

它只有2个方法，一个是count,一个是index，完毕。　　

程序练习

请闭眼写出如下程序。

程序：购物车程序

需求:

启动程序后，让用户输入工资，而后打印商品列表
容许用户根据商品编号购买商品
用户选择商品后，检测余额是否够，够就直接扣款，不够就提醒
可随时退出，退出时，打印已购买商品和余额

2. 字符串操做　　　

特性：不可修改　

name.capitalize()  首字母大写
name.casefold()   大写所有变小写
name.center(50,"-")  输出 '---------------------Alex Li----------------------'
name.count('lex') 统计 lex出现次数
name.encode()  将字符串编码成bytes格式
name.endswith("Li")  判断字符串是否以 Li结尾
 "Alex\tLi".expandtabs(10) 输出'Alex      Li'， 将\t转换成多长的空格 
 name.find('A')  查找A,找到返回其索引， 找不到返回-1 

format :
    >>> msg = "my name is {}, and age is {}"
    >>> msg.format("alex",22)
    'my name is alex, and age is 22'
    >>> msg = "my name is {1}, and age is {0}"
    >>> msg.format("alex",22)
    'my name is 22, and age is alex'
    >>> msg = "my name is {name}, and age is {age}"
    >>> msg.format(age=22,name="ale")
    'my name is ale, and age is 22'
format_map
    >>> msg.format_map({'name':'alex','age':22})
    'my name is alex, and age is 22'


msg.index('a')  返回a所在字符串的索引
'9aA'.isalnum()   True

'9'.isdigit() 是否整数
name.isnumeric  
name.isprintable
name.isspace
name.istitle
name.isupper
 "|".join(['alex','jack','rain'])
'alex|jack|rain'


maketrans
    >>> intab = "aeiou"  #This is the string having actual characters. 
    >>> outtab = "12345" #This is the string having corresponding mapping character
    >>> trantab = str.maketrans(intab, outtab)
    >>> 
    >>> str = "this is string example....wow!!!"
    >>> str.translate(trantab)
    'th3s 3s str3ng 2x1mpl2....w4w!!!'

 msg.partition('is')   输出 ('my name ', 'is', ' {name}, and age is {age}') 

 >>> "alex li, chinese name is lijie".replace("li","LI",1)
     'alex LI, chinese name is lijie'

 msg.swapcase 大小写互换


 >>> msg.zfill(40)
'00000my name is {name}, and age is {age}'



>>> n4.ljust(40,"-")
'Hello 2orld-----------------------------'
>>> n4.rjust(40,"-")
'-----------------------------Hello 2orld'


>>> b="ddefdsdff_哈哈" 
>>> b.isidentifier() #检测一段字符串能否被看成标志符，便是否符合变量命名规则
True

3. 字典操做

字典一种key - value 的数据类型，使用就像咱们上学用的字典，经过笔划、字母来查对应页的详细内容。

语法:

info = {
    'stu1101': "TengLan Wu",
    'stu1102': "LongZe Luola",
    'stu1103': "XiaoZe Maliya",
}

字典的特性：

dict是无序的
key必须是惟一的,so 天生去重

增长

>>> info["stu1104"] = "苍井空"
>>> info
{'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola', 'stu1104': '苍井空', 'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya', 'stu1101': 'TengLan Wu'}

修改

>>> info['stu1101'] = "武藤兰"
>>> info
{'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola', 'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya', 'stu1101': '武藤兰'}

删除

>>> info
{'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola', 'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya', 'stu1101': '武藤兰'}
>>> info.pop("stu1101") #标准删除姿式
'武藤兰'
>>> info
{'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola', 'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya'}
>>> del info['stu1103'] #换个姿式删除
>>> info
{'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola'}
>>> 
>>> 
>>> 
>>> info = {'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola', 'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya'}
>>> info
{'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola', 'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya'} #随机删除
>>> info.popitem()
('stu1102', 'LongZe Luola')
>>> info
{'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya'}

查找

>>> info = {'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola', 'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya'}
>>> 
>>> "stu1102" in info #标准用法
True
>>> info.get("stu1102")  #获取
'LongZe Luola'
>>> info["stu1102"] #同上，可是看下面
'LongZe Luola'
>>> info["stu1105"]  #若是一个key不存在，就报错，get不会，不存在只返回None
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
KeyError: 'stu1105'

多级字典嵌套及操做

av_catalog = {
    "欧美":{
        "www.youporn.com": ["不少免费的,世界最大的","质量通常"],
        "www.pornhub.com": ["不少免费的,也很大","质量比yourporn高点"],
        "letmedothistoyou.com": ["可能是自拍,高质量图片不少","资源很少,更新慢"],
        "x-art.com":["质量很高,真的很高","所有收费,屌比请绕过"]
    },
    "日韩":{
        "tokyo-hot":["质量怎样不清楚,我的已经不喜欢日韩范了","据说是收费的"]
    },
    "大陆":{
        "1024":["所有免费,真好,好人一辈子平安","服务器在国外,慢"]
    }
}

av_catalog["大陆"]["1024"][1] += ",能够用爬虫爬下来"
print(av_catalog["大陆"]["1024"])
#ouput 
['所有免费,真好,好人一辈子平安', '服务器在国外,慢,能够用爬虫爬下来']

其它姿式

#values
>>> info.values()
dict_values(['LongZe Luola', 'XiaoZe Maliya'])

#keys
>>> info.keys()
dict_keys(['stu1102', 'stu1103'])


#setdefault
>>> info.setdefault("stu1106","Alex")
'Alex'
>>> info
{'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola', 'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya', 'stu1106': 'Alex'}
>>> info.setdefault("stu1102","龙泽萝拉")
'LongZe Luola'
>>> info
{'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola', 'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya', 'stu1106': 'Alex'}


#update 
>>> info
{'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola', 'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya', 'stu1106': 'Alex'}
>>> b = {1:2,3:4, "stu1102":"龙泽萝拉"}
>>> info.update(b)
>>> info
{'stu1102': '龙泽萝拉', 1: 2, 3: 4, 'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya', 'stu1106': 'Alex'}

#items
info.items()
dict_items([('stu1102', '龙泽萝拉'), (1, 2), (3, 4), ('stu1103', 'XiaoZe Maliya'), ('stu1106', 'Alex')])


#经过一个列表生成默认dict,有个没办法解释的坑，少用吧这个
>>> dict.fromkeys([1,2,3],'testd')
{1: 'testd', 2: 'testd', 3: 'testd'}

循环dict

#方法1
for key in info:
    print(key,info[key])

#方法2
for k,v in info.items(): #会先把dict转成list,数据里大时莫用
    print(k,v)

程序练习

程序: 三级菜单

要求:

打印省、市、县三级菜单
可返回上一级
可随时退出程序

三年菜单文艺青年版

4.集合操做

集合是一个无序的，不重复的数据组合，它的主要做用以下：

去重，把一个列表变成集合，就自动去重了
关系测试，测试两组数据以前的交集、差集、并集等关系

经常使用操做

View Code

5. 文件操做

对文件操做流程

打开文件，获得文件句柄并赋值给一个变量
经过句柄对文件进行操做
关闭文件

现有文件以下

基本操做　　

 
         f  
         =  
         open 
         ( 
         'lyrics' 
         )  
         #打开文件 
        
         first_line  
         =  
         f.readline() 
        
         print 
         ( 
         'first line:' 
         ,first_line)  
         #读一行 
        
         print 
         ( 
         '我是分隔线' 
         .center( 
         50 
         , 
         '-' 
         )) 
        
         data  
         =  
         f.read() 
         # 读取剩下的全部内容,文件大时不要用 
        
         print 
         (data)  
         #打印文件 
        
         f.close()  
         #关闭文件

打开文件的模式有：

r，只读模式（默认）。
w，只写模式。【不可读；不存在则建立；存在则删除内容；】
a，追加模式。【可读；不存在则建立；存在则只追加内容；】

"+" 表示能够同时读写某个文件

r+，可读写文件。【可读；可写；可追加】
w+，写读
a+，同a

"U"表示在读取时，能够将 \r \n \r\n自动转换成 \n （与 r 或 r+ 模式同使用）

"b"表示处理二进制文件（如：FTP发送上传ISO镜像文件，linux可忽略，windows处理二进制文件时需标注）

其它语法

    def close(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        Close the file.
        
        A closed file cannot be used for further I/O operations.  close() may be
        called more than once without error.
        """
        pass

    def fileno(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return the underlying file descriptor (an integer). """
        pass

    def isatty(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ True if the file is connected to a TTY device. """
        pass

    def read(self, size=-1): # known case of _io.FileIO.read
        """
        注意，不必定能全读回来
        Read at most size bytes, returned as bytes.
        
        Only makes one system call, so less data may be returned than requested.
        In non-blocking mode, returns None if no data is available.
        Return an empty bytes object at EOF.
        """
        return ""

    def readable(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ True if file was opened in a read mode. """
        pass

    def readall(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """
        Read all data from the file, returned as bytes.
        
        In non-blocking mode, returns as much as is immediately available,
        or None if no data is available.  Return an empty bytes object at EOF.
        """
        pass

    def readinto(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ Same as RawIOBase.readinto(). """
        pass #不要用,没人知道它是干吗用的

    def seek(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """
        Move to new file position and return the file position.
        
        Argument offset is a byte count.  Optional argument whence defaults to
        SEEK_SET or 0 (offset from start of file, offset should be >= 0); other values
        are SEEK_CUR or 1 (move relative to current position, positive or negative),
        and SEEK_END or 2 (move relative to end of file, usually negative, although
        many platforms allow seeking beyond the end of a file).
        
        Note that not all file objects are seekable.
        """
        pass

    def seekable(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ True if file supports random-access. """
        pass

    def tell(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """
        Current file position.
        
        Can raise OSError for non seekable files.
        """
        pass

    def truncate(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """
        Truncate the file to at most size bytes and return the truncated size.
        
        Size defaults to the current file position, as returned by tell().
        The current file position is changed to the value of size.
        """
        pass

    def writable(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ True if file was opened in a write mode. """
        pass

    def write(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """
        Write bytes b to file, return number written.
        
        Only makes one system call, so not all of the data may be written.
        The number of bytes actually written is returned.  In non-blocking mode,
        returns None if the write would block.
        """
        pass

with语句

为了不打开文件后忘记关闭，能够经过管理上下文，即：

 
         with  
         open 
         ( 
         'log' 
         , 
         'r' 
         ) as f: 
        
         ...

如此方式，当with代码块执行完毕时，内部会自动关闭并释放文件资源。

在Python 2.7 后，with又支持同时对多个文件的上下文进行管理，即：

1 2	`with` `open` `(` `'log1'` `) as obj1,` `open` `(` `'log2'` `) as obj2:` `pass`

程序练习　　

程序1: 实现简单的shell sed替换功能

程序2:修改haproxy配置文件

需求：

1、查
    输入：www.oldboy.org
    获取当前backend下的全部记录

2、新建
    输入：
        arg = {
            'bakend': 'www.oldboy.org',
            'record':{
                'server': '100.1.7.9',
                'weight': 20,
                'maxconn': 30
            }
        }

3、删除
    输入：
        arg = {
            'bakend': 'www.oldboy.org',
            'record':{
                'server': '100.1.7.9',
                'weight': 20,
                'maxconn': 30
            }
        }

global       
        log 127.0.0.1 local2
        daemon
        maxconn 256
        log 127.0.0.1 local2 info
defaults
        log global
        mode http
        timeout connect 5000ms
        timeout client 50000ms
        timeout server 50000ms
        option  dontlognull

listen stats :8888
        stats enable
        stats uri       /admin
        stats auth      admin:1234

frontend oldboy.org
        bind 0.0.0.0:80
        option httplog
        option httpclose
        option  forwardfor
        log global
        acl www hdr_reg(host) -i www.oldboy.org
        use_backend www.oldboy.org if www

backend www.oldboy.org
        server 100.1.7.9 100.1.7.9 weight 20 maxconn 3000

6. 字符编码与转码

详细文章:

http://www.cnblogs.com/yuanchenqi/articles/5956943.html

http://www.diveintopython3.net/strings.html

需知:

1.在python2默认编码是ASCII, python3里默认是unicode

2.unicode 分为 utf-32(占4个字节),utf-16(占两个字节)，utf-8(占1-4个字节)， so utf-16就是如今最经常使用的unicode版本，不过在文件里存的仍是utf-8，由于utf8省空间

3.在py3中encode,在转码的同时还会把string 变成bytes类型，decode在解码的同时还会把bytes变回string

上图仅适用于py2

#-*-coding:utf-8-*-
__author__ = 'Alex Li'

import sys
print(sys.getdefaultencoding())


msg = "我爱北京天安门"
msg_gb2312 = msg.decode("utf-8").encode("gb2312")
gb2312_to_gbk = msg_gb2312.decode("gbk").encode("gbk")

print(msg)
print(msg_gb2312)
print(gb2312_to_gbk)

#-*-coding:gb2312 -*-   #这个也能够去掉
__author__ = 'Alex Li'

import sys
print(sys.getdefaultencoding())


msg = "我爱北京天安门"
#msg_gb2312 = msg.decode("utf-8").encode("gb2312")
msg_gb2312 = msg.encode("gb2312") #默认就是unicode,不用再decode,喜大普奔
gb2312_to_unicode = msg_gb2312.decode("gb2312")
gb2312_to_utf8 = msg_gb2312.decode("gb2312").encode("utf-8")

print(msg)
print(msg_gb2312)
print(gb2312_to_unicode)
print(gb2312_to_utf8)

7. 内置函数

本节内容

列表、元组操做
字符串操做
字典操做
集合操做
文件操做
字符编码与转码

1. 列表、元组操做

列表是咱们最之后最经常使用的数据类型之一，经过列表能够对数据实现最方便的存储、修改等操做

定义列表

 
         names  
         =  
         [ 
         'Alex' 
         , 
         "Tenglan" 
         , 
         'Eric' 
         ]

经过下标访问列表中的元素，下标从0开始计数

 
         >>> names[ 
         0 
         ] 
        
         'Alex' 
        
         >>> names[ 
         2 
         ] 
        
         'Eric' 
        
         >>> names[ 
         - 
         1 
         ] 
        
         'Eric' 
        
         >>> names[ 
         - 
         2 
         ]  
         #还能够倒着取 
        
         'Tenglan'

切片:取多个元素　　

>>> names = ["Alex","Tenglan","Eric","Rain","Tom","Amy"]
>>> names[1:4]  #取下标1至下标4之间的数字，包括1，不包括4
['Tenglan', 'Eric', 'Rain']
>>> names[1:-1] #取下标1至-1的值，不包括-1
['Tenglan', 'Eric', 'Rain', 'Tom']
>>> names[0:3] 
['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Eric']
>>> names[:3] #若是是从头开始取，0能够忽略，跟上句效果同样
['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Eric']
>>> names[3:] #若是想取最后一个，必须不能写-1，只能这么写
['Rain', 'Tom', 'Amy'] 
>>> names[3:-1] #这样-1就不会被包含了
['Rain', 'Tom']
>>> names[0::2] #后面的2是表明，每隔一个元素，就取一个
['Alex', 'Eric', 'Tom'] 
>>> names[::2] #和上句效果同样
['Alex', 'Eric', 'Tom']

追加

>>> names
['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Eric', 'Rain', 'Tom', 'Amy']
>>> names.append("我是新来的")
>>> names
['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Eric', 'Rain', 'Tom', 'Amy', '我是新来的']

插入

>>> names
['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Eric', 'Rain', 'Tom', 'Amy', '我是新来的']
>>> names.insert(2,"强行从Eric前面插入")
>>> names
['Alex', 'Tenglan', '强行从Eric前面插入', 'Eric', 'Rain', 'Tom', 'Amy', '我是新来的']

>>> names.insert(5,"从eric后面插入试试新姿式")
>>> names
['Alex', 'Tenglan', '强行从Eric前面插入', 'Eric', 'Rain', '从eric后面插入试试新姿式', 'Tom', 'Amy', '我是新来的']

修改

>>> names
['Alex', 'Tenglan', '强行从Eric前面插入', 'Eric', 'Rain', '从eric后面插入试试新姿式', 'Tom', 'Amy', '我是新来的']
>>> names[2] = "该换人了"
>>> names
['Alex', 'Tenglan', '该换人了', 'Eric', 'Rain', '从eric后面插入试试新姿式', 'Tom', 'Amy', '我是新来的']

删除

>>> del names[2] 
>>> names
['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Eric', 'Rain', '从eric后面插入试试新姿式', 'Tom', 'Amy', '我是新来的']
>>> del names[4]
>>> names
['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Eric', 'Rain', 'Tom', 'Amy', '我是新来的']
>>> 
>>> names.remove("Eric") #删除指定元素
>>> names
['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Rain', 'Tom', 'Amy', '我是新来的']
>>> names.pop() #删除列表最后一个值 
'我是新来的'
>>> names
['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Rain', 'Tom', 'Amy']

扩展

>>> names
['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Rain', 'Tom', 'Amy']
>>> b = [1,2,3]
>>> names.extend(b)
>>> names
['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Rain', 'Tom', 'Amy', 1, 2, 3]

拷贝

>>> names
['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Rain', 'Tom', 'Amy', 1, 2, 3]

>>> name_copy = names.copy()
>>> name_copy
['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Rain', 'Tom', 'Amy', 1, 2, 3]

copy真的这么简单么？那我还讲个屁。。。

统计

>>> names
['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Amy', 'Tom', 'Amy', 1, 2, 3]
>>> names.count("Amy")
2

排序&翻转

>>> names
['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Amy', 'Tom', 'Amy', 1, 2, 3]
>>> names.sort() #排序
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: unorderable types: int() < str()   #3.0里不一样数据类型不能放在一块儿排序了，擦
>>> names[-3] = '1'
>>> names[-2] = '2'
>>> names[-1] = '3'
>>> names
['Alex', 'Amy', 'Amy', 'Tenglan', 'Tom', '1', '2', '3']
>>> names.sort()
>>> names
['1', '2', '3', 'Alex', 'Amy', 'Amy', 'Tenglan', 'Tom']

>>> names.reverse() #反转
>>> names
['Tom', 'Tenglan', 'Amy', 'Amy', 'Alex', '3', '2', '1']

获取下标

>>> names ['Tom', 'Tenglan', 'Amy', 'Amy', 'Alex', '3', '2', '1'] >>> names.index("Amy") 2 #只返回找到的第一个下标

元组

元组其实跟列表差很少，也是存一组数，只不是它一旦建立，便不能再修改，因此又叫只读列表

语法

 
         names  
         =  
         ( 
         "alex" 
         , 
         "jack" 
         , 
         "eric" 
         )

它只有2个方法，一个是count,一个是index，完毕。　　

程序练习

请闭眼写出如下程序。

程序：购物车程序

需求:

启动程序后，让用户输入工资，而后打印商品列表
容许用户根据商品编号购买商品
用户选择商品后，检测余额是否够，够就直接扣款，不够就提醒
可随时退出，退出时，打印已购买商品和余额

2. 字符串操做　　　

特性：不可修改　

name.capitalize()  首字母大写
name.casefold()   大写所有变小写
name.center(50,"-")  输出 '---------------------Alex Li----------------------'
name.count('lex') 统计 lex出现次数
name.encode()  将字符串编码成bytes格式
name.endswith("Li")  判断字符串是否以 Li结尾
 "Alex\tLi".expandtabs(10) 输出'Alex      Li'， 将\t转换成多长的空格 
 name.find('A')  查找A,找到返回其索引， 找不到返回-1 

format :
    >>> msg = "my name is {}, and age is {}"
    >>> msg.format("alex",22)
    'my name is alex, and age is 22'
    >>> msg = "my name is {1}, and age is {0}"
    >>> msg.format("alex",22)
    'my name is 22, and age is alex'
    >>> msg = "my name is {name}, and age is {age}"
    >>> msg.format(age=22,name="ale")
    'my name is ale, and age is 22'
format_map
    >>> msg.format_map({'name':'alex','age':22})
    'my name is alex, and age is 22'


msg.index('a')  返回a所在字符串的索引
'9aA'.isalnum()   True

'9'.isdigit() 是否整数
name.isnumeric  
name.isprintable
name.isspace
name.istitle
name.isupper
 "|".join(['alex','jack','rain'])
'alex|jack|rain'


maketrans
    >>> intab = "aeiou"  #This is the string having actual characters. 
    >>> outtab = "12345" #This is the string having corresponding mapping character
    >>> trantab = str.maketrans(intab, outtab)
    >>> 
    >>> str = "this is string example....wow!!!"
    >>> str.translate(trantab)
    'th3s 3s str3ng 2x1mpl2....w4w!!!'

 msg.partition('is')   输出 ('my name ', 'is', ' {name}, and age is {age}') 

 >>> "alex li, chinese name is lijie".replace("li","LI",1)
     'alex LI, chinese name is lijie'

 msg.swapcase 大小写互换


 >>> msg.zfill(40)
'00000my name is {name}, and age is {age}'



>>> n4.ljust(40,"-")
'Hello 2orld-----------------------------'
>>> n4.rjust(40,"-")
'-----------------------------Hello 2orld'


>>> b="ddefdsdff_哈哈" 
>>> b.isidentifier() #检测一段字符串能否被看成标志符，便是否符合变量命名规则
True

3. 字典操做

字典一种key - value 的数据类型，使用就像咱们上学用的字典，经过笔划、字母来查对应页的详细内容。

语法:

info = {
    'stu1101': "TengLan Wu",
    'stu1102': "LongZe Luola",
    'stu1103': "XiaoZe Maliya",
}

字典的特性：

dict是无序的
key必须是惟一的,so 天生去重

增长

>>> info["stu1104"] = "苍井空"
>>> info
{'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola', 'stu1104': '苍井空', 'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya', 'stu1101': 'TengLan Wu'}

修改

>>> info['stu1101'] = "武藤兰"
>>> info
{'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola', 'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya', 'stu1101': '武藤兰'}

删除

>>> info
{'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola', 'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya', 'stu1101': '武藤兰'}
>>> info.pop("stu1101") #标准删除姿式
'武藤兰'
>>> info
{'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola', 'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya'}
>>> del info['stu1103'] #换个姿式删除
>>> info
{'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola'}
>>> 
>>> 
>>> 
>>> info = {'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola', 'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya'}
>>> info
{'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola', 'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya'} #随机删除
>>> info.popitem()
('stu1102', 'LongZe Luola')
>>> info
{'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya'}

查找

>>> info = {'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola', 'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya'}
>>> 
>>> "stu1102" in info #标准用法
True
>>> info.get("stu1102")  #获取
'LongZe Luola'
>>> info["stu1102"] #同上，可是看下面
'LongZe Luola'
>>> info["stu1105"]  #若是一个key不存在，就报错，get不会，不存在只返回None
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
KeyError: 'stu1105'

多级字典嵌套及操做

av_catalog = {
    "欧美":{
        "www.youporn.com": ["不少免费的,世界最大的","质量通常"],
        "www.pornhub.com": ["不少免费的,也很大","质量比yourporn高点"],
        "letmedothistoyou.com": ["可能是自拍,高质量图片不少","资源很少,更新慢"],
        "x-art.com":["质量很高,真的很高","所有收费,屌比请绕过"]
    },
    "日韩":{
        "tokyo-hot":["质量怎样不清楚,我的已经不喜欢日韩范了","据说是收费的"]
    },
    "大陆":{
        "1024":["所有免费,真好,好人一辈子平安","服务器在国外,慢"]
    }
}

av_catalog["大陆"]["1024"][1] += ",能够用爬虫爬下来"
print(av_catalog["大陆"]["1024"])
#ouput 
['所有免费,真好,好人一辈子平安', '服务器在国外,慢,能够用爬虫爬下来']

其它姿式

#values
>>> info.values()
dict_values(['LongZe Luola', 'XiaoZe Maliya'])

#keys
>>> info.keys()
dict_keys(['stu1102', 'stu1103'])


#setdefault
>>> info.setdefault("stu1106","Alex")
'Alex'
>>> info
{'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola', 'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya', 'stu1106': 'Alex'}
>>> info.setdefault("stu1102","龙泽萝拉")
'LongZe Luola'
>>> info
{'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola', 'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya', 'stu1106': 'Alex'}


#update 
>>> info
{'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola', 'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya', 'stu1106': 'Alex'}
>>> b = {1:2,3:4, "stu1102":"龙泽萝拉"}
>>> info.update(b)
>>> info
{'stu1102': '龙泽萝拉', 1: 2, 3: 4, 'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya', 'stu1106': 'Alex'}

#items
info.items()
dict_items([('stu1102', '龙泽萝拉'), (1, 2), (3, 4), ('stu1103', 'XiaoZe Maliya'), ('stu1106', 'Alex')])


#经过一个列表生成默认dict,有个没办法解释的坑，少用吧这个
>>> dict.fromkeys([1,2,3],'testd')
{1: 'testd', 2: 'testd', 3: 'testd'}

循环dict

#方法1
for key in info:
    print(key,info[key])

#方法2
for k,v in info.items(): #会先把dict转成list,数据里大时莫用
    print(k,v)

程序练习

程序: 三级菜单

要求:

打印省、市、县三级菜单
可返回上一级
可随时退出程序

三年菜单文艺青年版

4.集合操做

集合是一个无序的，不重复的数据组合，它的主要做用以下：

去重，把一个列表变成集合，就自动去重了
关系测试，测试两组数据以前的交集、差集、并集等关系

经常使用操做

View Code

5. 文件操做

对文件操做流程

打开文件，获得文件句柄并赋值给一个变量
经过句柄对文件进行操做
关闭文件

现有文件以下

基本操做　　

 
         f  
         =  
         open 
         ( 
         'lyrics' 
         )  
         #打开文件 
        
         first_line  
         =  
         f.readline() 
        
         print 
         ( 
         'first line:' 
         ,first_line)  
         #读一行 
        
         print 
         ( 
         '我是分隔线' 
         .center( 
         50 
         , 
         '-' 
         )) 
        
         data  
         =  
         f.read() 
         # 读取剩下的全部内容,文件大时不要用 
        
         print 
         (data)  
         #打印文件 
        
         f.close()  
         #关闭文件

打开文件的模式有：

r，只读模式（默认）。
w，只写模式。【不可读；不存在则建立；存在则删除内容；】
a，追加模式。【可读；不存在则建立；存在则只追加内容；】

"+" 表示能够同时读写某个文件

r+，可读写文件。【可读；可写；可追加】
w+，写读
a+，同a

"U"表示在读取时，能够将 \r \n \r\n自动转换成 \n （与 r 或 r+ 模式同使用）

"b"表示处理二进制文件（如：FTP发送上传ISO镜像文件，linux可忽略，windows处理二进制文件时需标注）

其它语法

    def close(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """
        Close the file.
        
        A closed file cannot be used for further I/O operations.  close() may be
        called more than once without error.
        """
        pass

    def fileno(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ Return the underlying file descriptor (an integer). """
        pass

    def isatty(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ True if the file is connected to a TTY device. """
        pass

    def read(self, size=-1): # known case of _io.FileIO.read
        """
        注意，不必定能全读回来
        Read at most size bytes, returned as bytes.
        
        Only makes one system call, so less data may be returned than requested.
        In non-blocking mode, returns None if no data is available.
        Return an empty bytes object at EOF.
        """
        return ""

    def readable(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ True if file was opened in a read mode. """
        pass

    def readall(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """
        Read all data from the file, returned as bytes.
        
        In non-blocking mode, returns as much as is immediately available,
        or None if no data is available.  Return an empty bytes object at EOF.
        """
        pass

    def readinto(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
        """ Same as RawIOBase.readinto(). """
        pass #不要用,没人知道它是干吗用的

    def seek(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """
        Move to new file position and return the file position.
        
        Argument offset is a byte count.  Optional argument whence defaults to
        SEEK_SET or 0 (offset from start of file, offset should be >= 0); other values
        are SEEK_CUR or 1 (move relative to current position, positive or negative),
        and SEEK_END or 2 (move relative to end of file, usually negative, although
        many platforms allow seeking beyond the end of a file).
        
        Note that not all file objects are seekable.
        """
        pass

    def seekable(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ True if file supports random-access. """
        pass

    def tell(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """
        Current file position.
        
        Can raise OSError for non seekable files.
        """
        pass

    def truncate(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """
        Truncate the file to at most size bytes and return the truncated size.
        
        Size defaults to the current file position, as returned by tell().
        The current file position is changed to the value of size.
        """
        pass

    def writable(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """ True if file was opened in a write mode. """
        pass

    def write(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
        """
        Write bytes b to file, return number written.
        
        Only makes one system call, so not all of the data may be written.
        The number of bytes actually written is returned.  In non-blocking mode,
        returns None if the write would block.
        """
        pass

with语句

为了不打开文件后忘记关闭，能够经过管理上下文，即：

 
         with  
         open 
         ( 
         'log' 
         , 
         'r' 
         ) as f: 
        
         ...

如此方式，当with代码块执行完毕时，内部会自动关闭并释放文件资源。

在Python 2.7 后，with又支持同时对多个文件的上下文进行管理，即：

1 2	`with` `open` `(` `'log1'` `) as obj1,` `open` `(` `'log2'` `) as obj2:` `pass`

程序练习　　

程序1: 实现简单的shell sed替换功能

程序2:修改haproxy配置文件

需求：

1、查
    输入：www.oldboy.org
    获取当前backend下的全部记录

2、新建
    输入：
        arg = {
            'bakend': 'www.oldboy.org',
            'record':{
                'server': '100.1.7.9',
                'weight': 20,
                'maxconn': 30
            }
        }

3、删除
    输入：
        arg = {
            'bakend': 'www.oldboy.org',
            'record':{
                'server': '100.1.7.9',
                'weight': 20,
                'maxconn': 30
            }
        }

global       
        log 127.0.0.1 local2
        daemon
        maxconn 256
        log 127.0.0.1 local2 info
defaults
        log global
        mode http
        timeout connect 5000ms
        timeout client 50000ms
        timeout server 50000ms
        option  dontlognull

listen stats :8888
        stats enable
        stats uri       /admin
        stats auth      admin:1234

frontend oldboy.org
        bind 0.0.0.0:80
        option httplog
        option httpclose
        option  forwardfor
        log global
        acl www hdr_reg(host) -i www.oldboy.org
        use_backend www.oldboy.org if www

backend www.oldboy.org
        server 100.1.7.9 100.1.7.9 weight 20 maxconn 3000

6. 字符编码与转码

详细文章:

http://www.cnblogs.com/yuanchenqi/articles/5956943.html

http://www.diveintopython3.net/strings.html

需知:

1.在python2默认编码是ASCII, python3里默认是unicode

2.unicode 分为 utf-32(占4个字节),utf-16(占两个字节)，utf-8(占1-4个字节)， so utf-16就是如今最经常使用的unicode版本，不过在文件里存的仍是utf-8，由于utf8省空间

3.在py3中encode,在转码的同时还会把string 变成bytes类型，decode在解码的同时还会把bytes变回string

上图仅适用于py2

#-*-coding:utf-8-*-
__author__ = 'Alex Li'

import sys
print(sys.getdefaultencoding())


msg = "我爱北京天安门"
msg_gb2312 = msg.decode("utf-8").encode("gb2312")
gb2312_to_gbk = msg_gb2312.decode("gbk").encode("gbk")

print(msg)
print(msg_gb2312)
print(gb2312_to_gbk)

#-*-coding:gb2312 -*-   #这个也能够去掉
__author__ = 'Alex Li'

import sys
print(sys.getdefaultencoding())


msg = "我爱北京天安门"
#msg_gb2312 = msg.decode("utf-8").encode("gb2312")
msg_gb2312 = msg.encode("gb2312") #默认就是unicode,不用再decode,喜大普奔
gb2312_to_unicode = msg_gb2312.decode("gb2312")
gb2312_to_utf8 = msg_gb2312.decode("gb2312").encode("utf-8")

print(msg)
print(msg_gb2312)
print(gb2312_to_unicode)
print(gb2312_to_utf8)

7. 内置函数