Django+Nginx+uwsgi搭建本身的博客（六）

时间 2019-12-14

标签 django+nginx+uwsgi django nginx uwsgi 搭建本身博客栏目 Python 繁體版

原文原文链接

这篇应该是2017年的最后一篇博客了，在这里首先祝你们元旦快乐！html

从这篇博客开始，将会介绍Blogs App的功能实现，包括数据模型的创建、相关功能的视图函数的实现、前端页面的设计等，这意味着咱们即将能够书写真正的博客了。前端

首先来创建咱们的Blogs App，方法同创建Users App，即在manage.py目录下输入如下命令：python

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python3 manage.py startapp blogs

python3 manage.py startapp blogs

在创建了Blogs App后，咱们首先要创建它的数据模型。Blogs App包括三张表：Blog、Comment和Category。Blog表包括博客的标题、做者等主要信息；Comment存储博客的评论内容，而Category是博客的分类。Blog表的model以下：

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# blogs/models.py
# -*- coding=utf-8 -*-
from django.db import models
from users.models import Users
from ckeditor_uploader.fields import RichTextUploadingField
from django.utils import timezone
class Blog(models.Model):
title = models.CharField(max_length=32,verbose_name=u'标题')
auther = models.ForeignKey(Users,default='')
category = models.ForeignKey(Category,null=True)
content = RichTextUploadingField(verbose_name=u'内容')
createdate = models.DateTimeField('Create time',default=timezone.now())
modifydate = models.DateTimeField('Modify time',default=timezone.now())
readcount = models.IntegerField(default=0)
# Add comment count
commentcount = models.IntegerField(default=0,null=True,blank=True)
draft = models.BooleanField(default=True)
@classmethod
def create(cls,title,authername,category,content,createdate,modifydate):
blog = cls(title=title,auther=authername,category=category,content=content,createdate=createdate,modifydate=modifydate)
return blog
def __unicode__(self):
return self.title

# blogs/models.py
# -*- coding=utf-8 -*-
from django.db import models
from users.models import Users
from ckeditor_uploader.fields import RichTextUploadingField
from django.utils import timezone

class Blog(models.Model):
    title = models.CharField(max_length=32,verbose_name=u'标题')
    auther = models.ForeignKey(Users,default='')
    category = models.ForeignKey(Category,null=True)
    content = RichTextUploadingField(verbose_name=u'内容')
    createdate = models.DateTimeField('Create time',default=timezone.now())
    modifydate = models.DateTimeField('Modify time',default=timezone.now())
    readcount = models.IntegerField(default=0)
    # Add comment count
    commentcount = models.IntegerField(default=0,null=True,blank=True)
    draft = models.BooleanField(default=True)

    @classmethod
    def create(cls,title,authername,category,content,createdate,modifydate):
        blog = cls(title=title,auther=authername,category=category,content=content,createdate=createdate,modifydate=modifydate)
        return blog

    def __unicode__(self):
        return self.title

Blog model的字段以下：

title: 博客标题，最长32jquery

auther：做者，是Users的外键数据库

category：类别，是Category的外键django

content：博客的正文。这里使用了CKeditor编辑器提供的富文本域来存储博客的正文，以便以后的图文混排操做。CKeditor的部分将在后面介绍。后端

createdate：博客的发表时间，这里的时间用的是timezone.now()，即便用settings.py中定义的时区来决定当前的时间。安全

modifydate：博客的修改时间session

readcount：博客的阅读数app

commentcount：博客拥有的评论数

draft：草稿标记，当为True时表示博客为草稿状态，将不会在主页出现；当为False时博客为正文状态，将在正文出现。

下面是Category model和Comment model:

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# blogs/models.py
# ...
class Category(models.Model):
categoryname = models.CharField(max_length=8,unique=True)
blogcount = models.IntegerField()
def __unicode__(self):
return self.categoryname
class Comment(models.Model):
attachedblog = models.ForeignKey(Blog)
content = models.TextField()
auther = models.ForeignKey(Users,default='')
createtime = models.DateTimeField('Comment Create time')
@classmethod
def create(cls,attachedblog,content,authername,createtime):
comment = cls(attachedblog=attachedblog,auther=authername,content=content,createtime=createtime)
return comment
def __unicode__(self):
return self.content

# blogs/models.py
# ...
class Category(models.Model):
    categoryname = models.CharField(max_length=8,unique=True)
    blogcount = models.IntegerField()

    def __unicode__(self):
        return self.categoryname


class Comment(models.Model):
    attachedblog = models.ForeignKey(Blog)
    content = models.TextField()
    auther = models.ForeignKey(Users,default='')
    createtime = models.DateTimeField('Comment Create time')

    @classmethod
    def create(cls,attachedblog,content,authername,createtime):
        comment = cls(attachedblog=attachedblog,auther=authername,content=content,createtime=createtime)
        return comment

    def __unicode__(self):
        return self.content

Category model比较简单，只有两个字段：categoryname类别名和blogcount博客数量。

Comment model相对复杂一些：

attachedblog：每篇评论都要属于一篇博客，该字段代表评论属于哪篇博客

content：评论内容

auther：评论的做者

createtime：评论的发表时间

在创建好这些model后，和Users App同样，咱们来作一些基本的配置工做：在blogs/apps.py和blogs/admin.py中注册这些model和App，并将Blogs App加入到myblog/settings.py中。

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# blogs/apps.py
from django.apps import AppConfig
class BlogsConfig(AppConfig):
name = 'blogs'

# blogs/apps.py
from django.apps import AppConfig
class BlogsConfig(AppConfig):
    name = 'blogs'

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# blogs/admin.py
from django.contrib import admin
from .models import Blog,Category
# Register your models here.
admin.site.register(Blog)
admin.site.register(Category)

# blogs/admin.py
from django.contrib import admin
from .models import Blog,Category
# Register your models here.
admin.site.register(Blog)
admin.site.register(Category)

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# myblog/settings.py
# ...
INSTALLED_APPS = [
'blogs.apps.BlogsConfig',
'users.apps.UsersConfig',
# ...
]
# ...

# myblog/settings.py

# ...
INSTALLED_APPS = [
    'blogs.apps.BlogsConfig',
    'users.apps.UsersConfig',
    # ...
]
# ...

在完成了这些琐碎的小配置后，咱们就能够开始编写咱们的视图函数了。Blogs App涉及到的视图函数相对比较复杂，所以在这篇博客中先介绍三个核心功能的后端实现：浏览、发布博客以及保存草稿。

首先来看浏览功能的实现。浏览功能，即根据Blog的id获得其相关内容并显示在页面上，相对比较简单，代码以下：

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# blogs/views.py
def content(request,blogId):
blog = Blog.objects.get(id=blogId)
comment = Comment.objects.filter(attachedblog=blog)
request.session['currblogId'] = blogId
blog_title = blog.title
blog_content = blog.content
blogContent = {
'blog_title':blog_title,
'content':blog_content,
'comment_list':comment
}
blog.readcount+=1
blog.save()
return render(request,'blogs/content.html',blogContent)

# blogs/views.py
def content(request,blogId):
    blog = Blog.objects.get(id=blogId)
    comment = Comment.objects.filter(attachedblog=blog)
    request.session['currblogId'] = blogId
    blog_title = blog.title
    blog_content = blog.content
    blogContent = {
                   'blog_title':blog_title,
                   'content':blog_content,
                   'comment_list':comment
                   }
    blog.readcount+=1
    blog.save()
    return render(request,'blogs/content.html',blogContent)

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# blogs/urls.py
from django.conf.urls import url
from . import views
from django.conf.urls import include
from users import urls as userurls
app_name='blogs'
urlpatterns = [
url(r'^(?P<blogId>[0-9]*)$', views.content, name='content'),
# ...
]

# blogs/urls.py
from django.conf.urls import url
from . import views
from django.conf.urls import include
from users import urls as userurls
app_name='blogs'
urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^(?P<blogId>[0-9]*)$', views.content, name='content'),
    # ...
]

在content函数中，经过blogId能够得到到惟一的Blog对象，进而拿到博客的标题、正文和从属于该博客的全部评论。随后，使用session记录下正在访问的博客的id，以便后面发布评论使用。在得到了博客的相关信息后，即可以将其放在一个字典里传给前端以供显示；而后，咱们要使该博客的访问量+1，并更新在数据库中。
在前端部分，同Users App同样，咱们须要在blogs/templates中创建模板，并在其中创建blogs目录存放咱们的页面。因为和Users App模板大同小异，所以这里再也不放模板的代码；content页面代码以下：

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{% extends "blogTemplate.html" %}
{% block content %}
<div class="content">
<h2>{{ blog_title }}</h2>
{{ content|safe }}
</div>
<p><a href="{% url 'index' %}">返回首页</a></p>
{% endblock %}
{% block comment %}
{% if comment_list %}
{% for comment in comment_list %}
<ul class="comment">
<li>
{% if comment.auther.username == "anony" %}
<h4>匿名用户 {{ comment.createtime|date:"Y-m-d H:i:s" }}</h4>
{% else %}
<img src="{{ comment.auther.logoimage.url }}" width="64" height="64" />
<h4>{{ comment.auther }} {{ comment.createtime|date:"Y-m-d H:i:s" }}</h4>
{% endif %}
</li>
<li>{{ comment.content|safe }}</li>
</ul>
<hr/>
{% endfor %}
{% else %}
<ul class="comment">
<p>尚未人发表评论</p>
</ul>
{% endif %}
<span>评论 </span>
<form action="{% url 'blogs:saveComment' %}" method="post" onsubmit="return toVaild()">
{% csrf_token %}
<ul class="comment">
<li><textarea name="blogcomment"></textarea></li>
<li><input type="submit" value="提交"></li>
</ul>
</form>
{% endblock %}

<!-- blogs/templates/blogs/content.html -->
{% extends "blogTemplate.html" %}
{% block content %}
<div class="content">
<h2>{{ blog_title }}</h2>
{{ content|safe }}
</div>
<p><a href="{% url 'index' %}">返回首页</a></p>
{% endblock %}
{% block comment %}
{% if comment_list %}
	
	{% for comment in comment_list %}
		<ul class="comment">
		<li>
		{% if comment.auther.username == "anony" %}
		<h4>匿名用户    {{ comment.createtime|date:"Y-m-d H:i:s" }}</h4>
		{% else %}
                <img src="{{ comment.auther.logoimage.url }}" width="64" height="64" />
		<h4>{{ comment.auther }}    {{ comment.createtime|date:"Y-m-d H:i:s" }}</h4>
		{% endif %}
		</li>
		<li>{{ comment.content|safe }}</li>
		</ul>
		<hr/>
	{% endfor %}
{% else %}
	<ul class="comment">
	<p>尚未人发表评论</p>
	</ul>
{% endif %}
<span>评论 </span>
<form action="{% url 'blogs:saveComment' %}" method="post" onsubmit="return toVaild()">
{% csrf_token %}
<ul class="comment">
<li><textarea name="blogcomment"></textarea></li>
<li><input type="submit" value="提交"></li>
</ul>
</form>
{% endblock %}

content页面要显示两部份内容，其一是博客主体内容，包括博客的标题和正文，其二是博客的相关评论，以及发布评论的表单。在博客的正文部分有一个地方须要注意，就是咱们的博客是以富文本形式存储在数据库中的，所以博客正文包含不少html标记。在显示的时候咱们须要用|safe标记来代表这个内容是安全的，能够将内容转义以获得正确的格式。若是没有加上|safe，咱们看到的就是带有html标记的原始数据。
在显示评论的部分，咱们会逐条显示评论的内容以及发布时间，而且若是是非匿名评论，咱们会显示评论者的用户名和头像，以下所示：

下面来让咱们看一下如何发布博客。为了实现博客的图文混排，咱们选用CKeditor这一款编辑器做为博客的编辑器。这款编辑器是一种免费的富文本编辑器，体积小巧，而且配置方便，支持可见即所得的图文混排，如图所示：

此外，CKeditor还支持多种配置，以实现更强大的功能。在这里我选用了默认的配置。

为了使用CKeditor，咱们须要到官网上下载CKeditor，而后把解压后获得的ckeditor目录拷贝到咱们在myblog目录下创建的static目录下。此外，咱们还要安装Django的ckeditor库django-ckeditor，这样咱们就能够在工程中使用ckeditor了（static的部分见本系列第三篇）。须要注意的是，ckeditor须要python的pillow库做为处理图像的后端，所以咱们还须要安装pillow。

为了使用ckeditor，咱们须要在myblog/settings.py中添加一些配置，以下所示：

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# myblog/settings.py
# ...
INSTALLED_APPS = [
'ckeditor',
'ckeditor_uploader',
# ...
]
# ...
CKEDITOR_JQUERY_URL = '/static/js/jquery-3.2.1.min.js'
CKEDITOR_UPLOAD_PATH = 'blogimage/'
CKEDITOR_IMAGE_BACKEND = 'pillow'
# ...

# myblog/settings.py
# ...
INSTALLED_APPS = [
    'ckeditor',
    'ckeditor_uploader',
    # ...
]
# ...
CKEDITOR_JQUERY_URL = '/static/js/jquery-3.2.1.min.js'
CKEDITOR_UPLOAD_PATH = 'blogimage/'
CKEDITOR_IMAGE_BACKEND = 'pillow'
# ...

咱们须要把ckeditor和它的上传器加入到INSTALLED_APPS中，此外咱们还要将ckeditor的上传图片路径和依赖的jquery库路径写在settings.py中。

在配置好CKeditor后，咱们就能够开始编写发布博客以及存储草稿的view函数了。咱们须要一个ModelForm来发布博客，所以咱们创建blogForm.py文件，并建好咱们的BlogForm表单：

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# blogs/blogForm.py
#-*- coding=utf-8 -*-
from django import forms
from django.forms import ModelForm
from .models import Blog
class BlogForm(ModelForm):
class Meta:
model = Blog
fields = ['title','category','content']

# blogs/blogForm.py
#-*- coding=utf-8 -*-
from django import forms
from django.forms import ModelForm
from .models import Blog


class BlogForm(ModelForm):
    class Meta:
        model = Blog
        fields = ['title','category','content']

在定义好BlogForm表单后，咱们就能够写发布博客的相关函数了：

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# blogs/views.py
def addBlog(request):
if request.method == 'POST':
if request.session.has_key('currentblogId'):
tmpBlog = Blog.objects.get(id=request.session['currentblogId'])
if tmpBlog:
form = BlogForm(request.POST,instance=tmpBlog)
tmpBlog = form.save(commit=False)
tmpBlog.draft = False
tmpBlog.save()
result_info = 'Success'
else:
form = BlogForm(request.POST)
if form.is_valid():
newBlog = form.save(commit=False)
newBlog.auther = Users.objects.get(username=request.session['username'])
newBlog.draft = False
category = Category.objects.get(categoryname=newBlog.category)
category.blogcount = category.blogcount+1
category.save()
newBlog.save()
result_info = 'Success'
del request.session['currentblogId']
else:
form = BlogForm(request.POST)
if form.is_valid():
newBlog = form.save(commit=False)
newBlog.auther = Users.objects.get(username=request.session['username'])
newBlog.draft = False
category = Category.objects.get(categoryname=newBlog.category)
category.blogcount = category.blogcount + 1
category.save()
newBlog.save()
result_info = 'Success'
return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse('blogs:addblogResult', kwargs={'info': result_info}))
else:
form = BlogForm()
return render(request, 'blogs/addblog.html', {'form':form})
def addBlogResult(request,info):
tipMessage=''
if info == 'Success':
tipMessage = '博文已成功发表！'
else:
tipMessage = info
parameters = {'info':tipMessage}
return render(request, 'blogs/addblogResult.html', parameters)
def saveDraft(request):
if request.method == 'POST':
blogId = request.session.get('currentblogId','-1')
if blogId!='-1':
try:
tmpBlog = Blog.objects.get(id=blogId)
form = BlogForm(request.POST, instance=tmpBlog)
tmpBlog = form.save(commit=False)
tmpBlog.draft = True
tmpBlog.save()
result_info = u'文章已保存于草稿箱中。'
return HttpResponse(result_info)
except Blog.DoesNotExist:
form = BlogForm(request.POST)
if form.is_valid():
newBlog = form.save(commit=False)
newBlog.auther = Users.objects.get(username=request.session['username'])
category = Category.objects.get(categoryname=newBlog.category)
category.blogcount = category.blogcount+1
category.save()
newBlog.save()
request.session['currentblogId'] = newBlog.id
result_info = u'文章已保存于草稿箱中。'
return HttpResponse(result_info)
return HttpResponse('test')
else:
form = BlogForm(request.POST)
if form.is_valid():
newBlog = form.save(commit=False)
newBlog.auther = Users.objects.get(username=request.session['username'])
category = Category.objects.get(categoryname=newBlog.category)
category.blogcount = category.blogcount + 1
category.save()
newBlog.save()
request.session['currentblogId'] = newBlog.id
result_info = u'文章已保存于草稿箱中。'
return HttpResponse(result_info)
else:
return HttpResponse('test')
else:
return HttpResponse('test')

# blogs/views.py
def addBlog(request):
    if request.method == 'POST':
        if request.session.has_key('currentblogId'):
            tmpBlog = Blog.objects.get(id=request.session['currentblogId'])
            if tmpBlog:
                form = BlogForm(request.POST,instance=tmpBlog)
                tmpBlog = form.save(commit=False)
                tmpBlog.draft = False
                tmpBlog.save()
                result_info = 'Success'
            else:
                form = BlogForm(request.POST)
                if form.is_valid():
                    newBlog = form.save(commit=False)
                    newBlog.auther = Users.objects.get(username=request.session['username'])
                    newBlog.draft = False
                    category = Category.objects.get(categoryname=newBlog.category)
                    category.blogcount = category.blogcount+1
                    category.save()
                    newBlog.save()
                    result_info = 'Success'
            del request.session['currentblogId']
        else:
            form = BlogForm(request.POST)
            if form.is_valid():
                newBlog = form.save(commit=False)
                newBlog.auther = Users.objects.get(username=request.session['username'])
                newBlog.draft = False
                category = Category.objects.get(categoryname=newBlog.category)
                category.blogcount = category.blogcount + 1
                category.save()
                newBlog.save()
                result_info = 'Success'
        return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse('blogs:addblogResult', kwargs={'info': result_info}))
    else:
        form = BlogForm()
    return render(request, 'blogs/addblog.html', {'form':form})


def addBlogResult(request,info):
    tipMessage=''
    if info == 'Success':
        tipMessage = '博文已成功发表！'
    else:
        tipMessage = info
    parameters = {'info':tipMessage}
    return render(request, 'blogs/addblogResult.html', parameters)


def saveDraft(request):
    if request.method == 'POST':
        blogId = request.session.get('currentblogId','-1')
        if blogId!='-1':
            try:
                tmpBlog = Blog.objects.get(id=blogId)
                form = BlogForm(request.POST, instance=tmpBlog)
                tmpBlog = form.save(commit=False)
                tmpBlog.draft = True
                tmpBlog.save()
                result_info = u'文章已保存于草稿箱中。'
                return HttpResponse(result_info)
            except Blog.DoesNotExist:
                form = BlogForm(request.POST)
                if form.is_valid():
                    newBlog = form.save(commit=False)
                    newBlog.auther = Users.objects.get(username=request.session['username'])
                    category = Category.objects.get(categoryname=newBlog.category)
                    category.blogcount = category.blogcount+1
                    category.save()
                    newBlog.save()
                    request.session['currentblogId'] = newBlog.id
                    result_info = u'文章已保存于草稿箱中。'
                    return HttpResponse(result_info)
                return HttpResponse('test')
        else:
            form = BlogForm(request.POST)
            if form.is_valid():
                newBlog = form.save(commit=False)
                newBlog.auther = Users.objects.get(username=request.session['username'])
                category = Category.objects.get(categoryname=newBlog.category)
                category.blogcount = category.blogcount + 1
                category.save()
                newBlog.save()
                request.session['currentblogId'] = newBlog.id
                result_info = u'文章已保存于草稿箱中。'
                return HttpResponse(result_info)
            else:
                return HttpResponse('test')
    else:
        return HttpResponse('test')

发布博客的函数分为三部分：addBlog用于发布博客，addBlogResult是在发布博客成功后要跳转的页面，而saveDraft是将博客存储为草稿的函数。

首先来看saveDraft函数的实现。该函数要考虑到两种状况：一、博客的第一次保存；二、博客已存为草稿下的再次保存。对于博客的第一次保存，咱们能够直接调用BlogForm的方法进行保存，而且在保存以后将该篇博客的id存储在session['currentblogId']中，以便状况2的使用；对于已经存储为草稿的博客，咱们只需根据session['currentblogId']的值获得当前博客，并再次调用save方法保存便可。在这个函数中，咱们使用了一种新的方法来初始化BlogForm：form = BlogForm(request.POST,instance=tmpBlog)，这是由于咱们能够用一个已存在的对象来初始化一个ModelForm。另外，因为咱们稍后在前端会以Ajax的方式来调用这个函数，所以咱们没有使用render函数来渲染某个页面，而只是简单地返回了一个HttpResponse对象。

再来看addBlog函数的实现。该函数也要考虑两种状况：一、博客已存为草稿后发布；二、博客没有存储为草稿直接发布。对于第一种状况，咱们能够直接从session['currentblogId']中获得当前博客的id值，再将其draft的值改成False后调用save方法保存。注意这里的第一次save函数的调用，咱们传入了commit=False的选项，这表示这次save并不会真正加载到数据库中，在以后咱们还能够对对象的字段值进行修改后再真正commit到数据库中。另一个须要注意的地方是，咱们不只要在Blog表里插入数据，也要更新category model的blogcount值，使之+1。

addBlogResult函数没什么可说的，就是根据addBlog的结果进行的跳转页面。

以上三个函数的url配置以下：

[python] view plain copy

print ?

# blog/urls.py
urlpatterns = [
# ...
url(r'^addblog/$', views.addBlog, name='addblog'),
url(r'^addblogResult/(?P<info>.*)$', views.addBlogResult, name='addblogResult'),
url(r'^saveDraft/$',views.saveDraft,name='saveDraft'),
# ...
]

# blog/urls.py
urlpatterns = [
    # ...
    url(r'^addblog/$', views.addBlog, name='addblog'),
    url(r'^addblogResult/(?P<info>.*)$', views.addBlogResult, name='addblogResult'),
    url(r'^saveDraft/$',views.saveDraft,name='saveDraft'),
    # ...
]

这样，咱们的发布博客、存储草稿和正文的后端部分就完成了。在下篇博客中，将继续介绍这三个功能的前端页面实现～