ASP.Net Core 3.1 中使用JWT认证

JWT认证简单介绍

    关于Jwt的介绍网上不少,此处不在赘述,咱们主要看看jwt的结构。web

    JWT主要由三部分组成,以下:算法

HEADER.PAYLOAD.SIGNATURE

    HEADER包含token的元数据,主要是加密算法,和签名的类型,以下面的信息,说明了shell

加密的对象类型是JWT,加密算法是HMAC SHA-256数据库

{"alg":"HS256","typ":"JWT"}

    而后须要经过BASE64编码后存入token中json

eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9    

    Payload主要包含一些声明信息(claim),这些声明是key-value对的数据结构。api

一般如用户名,角色等信息,过时日期等,由于是未加密的,因此不建议存放敏感信息。安全

{"http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/name":"admin","exp":1578645536,"iss":"webapi.cn","aud":"WebApi"}

也须要经过BASE64编码后存入token中cookie

eyJodHRwOi8vc2NoZW1hcy54bWxzb2FwLm9yZy93cy8yMDA1LzA1L2lkZW50aXR5L2NsYWltcy9uYW1lIjoiYWRtaW4iLCJleHAiOjE1Nzg2NDU1MzYsImlzcyI6IndlYmFwaS5jbiIsImF1ZCI6IldlYkFwaSJ9

     Signaturejwt要符合jws(Json Web Signature)的标准生成一个最终的签名。把编码后的Header和Payload信息加在一块儿,而后使用一个强加密算法,如 HmacSHA256,进行加密。HS256(BASE64(Header).Base64(Payload),secret)数据结构

2_akEH40LR2QWekgjm8Tt3lesSbKtDethmJMo_3jpF4

    最后生成的token以下app

eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJodHRwOi8vc2NoZW1hcy54bWxzb2FwLm9yZy93cy8yMDA1LzA1L2lkZW50aXR5L2NsYWltcy9uYW1lIjoiYWRtaW4iLCJleHAiOjE1Nzg2NDU1MzYsImlzcyI6IndlYmFwaS5jbiIsImF1ZCI6IldlYkFwaSJ9.2_akEH40LR2QWekgjm8Tt3lesSbKtDethmJMo_3jpF4

   

开发环境

框架:asp.net 3.1

IDE:VS2019

ASP.NET 3.1 Webapi中使用JWT认证

    命令行中执行执行如下命令,建立webapix项目:

dotnet new webapi -n Webapi -o WebApi

    特别注意的时,3.x默认是没有jwt的Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authentication.JwtBearer库的,因此须要手动添加NuGet Package,切换到项目所在目录,执行 .net cli命令

dotnet add package Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authentication.JwtBearer --version 3.1.0

    建立一个简单的POCO类,用来存储签发或者验证jwt时用到的信息

using Newtonsoft.Json;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

namespace Webapi.Models

{
    public class TokenManagement
    {
        [JsonProperty("secret")]
        public string Secret { get; set; }

        [JsonProperty("issuer")]
        public string Issuer { get; set; }

        [JsonProperty("audience")]
        public string Audience { get; set; }

        [JsonProperty("accessExpiration")]
        public int AccessExpiration { get; set; }

        [JsonProperty("refreshExpiration")]
        public int RefreshExpiration { get; set; }
    }
}

    而后在 appsettings.Development.json 增长jwt使用到的配置信息(若是是生成环境在appsettings.json添加便可)

"tokenManagement": {
        "secret": "123456",
        "issuer": "webapi.cn",
        "audience": "WebApi",
        "accessExpiration": 30,
        "refreshExpiration": 60
    }

    而后再startup类的ConfigureServices方法中增长读取配置信息

public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
        {
            services.AddControllers();
            services.Configure<TokenManagement>(Configuration.GetSection("tokenManagement"));
            var token = Configuration.GetSection("tokenManagement").Get<TokenManagement>();

        }

    到目前为止,咱们完成了一些基础工做,下面再webapi中注入jwt的验证服务,并在中间件管道中启用authentication中间件。

    startup类中要引用jwt验证服务的命名空间

using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authentication.JwtBearer;
using Microsoft.IdentityModel.Tokens;

    而后在ConfigureServices方法中添加以下逻辑

services.AddAuthentication(x =>
            {
                x.DefaultAuthenticateScheme = JwtBearerDefaults.AuthenticationScheme;
                x.DefaultChallengeScheme = JwtBearerDefaults.AuthenticationScheme;
            }).AddJwtBearer(x =>
            {
                x.RequireHttpsMetadata = false;
                x.SaveToken = true;
                x.TokenValidationParameters = new TokenValidationParameters
                {
                    ValidateIssuerSigningKey = true,
                    IssuerSigningKey = new SymmetricSecurityKey(Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(token.Secret)),
                    ValidIssuer = token.Issuer,
                    ValidAudience = token.Audience,
                    ValidateIssuer = false,
                    ValidateAudience = false
                };
            });

    再Configure方法中启用验证

public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IWebHostEnvironment env)
        {
            if (env.IsDevelopment())
            {
                app.UseDeveloperExceptionPage();
            }

            app.UseHttpsRedirection();

            app.UseAuthentication();
            app.UseRouting();

            app.UseAuthorization();

            app.UseEndpoints(endpoints =>
            {
                endpoints.MapControllers();
            });
        }

    上面完成了JWT验证的功能,下面就须要增长签发token的逻辑。咱们须要增长一个专门用来用户认证和签发token的控制器,命名成AuthenticationController,同时增长一个请求的DTO类

public class LoginRequestDTO
    {
        [Required]
        [JsonProperty("username")]
        public string Username { get; set; }


        [Required]
        [JsonProperty("password")]
        public string Password { get; set; }
    }
[Route("api/[controller]")]
    [ApiController]
    public class AuthenticationController : ControllerBase
    {
        [AllowAnonymous]
         [HttpPost, Route("requestToken")]
        public ActionResult RequestToken([FromBody] LoginRequestDTO request)
        {
            if (!ModelState.IsValid)
            {
                return BadRequest("Invalid Request");
            }

            return Ok();

        }
    }

    目前上面的控制器只实现了基本的逻辑,下面咱们要建立签发token的服务,去完成具体的业务。第一步咱们先建立对应的服务接口,命名为IAuthenticateService

public interface IAuthenticateService
    {
        bool IsAuthenticated(LoginRequestDTO request, out string token);
    }

    接下来,实现接口

public class TokenAuthenticationService : IAuthenticateService
    {
        public bool IsAuthenticated(LoginRequestDTO request, out string token)
        {
            throw new NotImplementedException();
        }
    }

    在StartupConfigureServices方法中注册服务

services.AddScoped<IAuthenticateService, TokenAuthenticationService>();

    在Controller中注入IAuthenticateService服务,并完善action

public class AuthenticationController : ControllerBase
    {
        private readonly IAuthenticateService _authService;
        public AuthenticationController(IAuthenticateService authService)
        {
            this._authService = authService;
        }
        [AllowAnonymous]
         [HttpPost, Route("requestToken")]
        public ActionResult RequestToken([FromBody] LoginRequestDTO request)
        {
            if (!ModelState.IsValid)
            {
                return BadRequest("Invalid Request");
            }

            string token;
            if (_authService.IsAuthenticated(request, out token))
            {
                return Ok(token);
            }

            return BadRequest("Invalid Request");

        }
    }

    正常状况,咱们都会根据请求的用户和密码去验证用户是否合法,须要链接到数据库获取数据进行校验,咱们这里为了方便,假设任何请求的用户都是合法的。

    这里单独加个用户管理的服务,不在IAuthenticateService这个服务里面添加相应逻辑,主要遵循了职责单一原则。首先和上面同样,建立一个服务接口IUserService

public interface IUserService
    {
        bool IsValid(LoginRequestDTO req);
    }

    实现IUserService接口

public class UserService : IUserService
    {
        //模拟测试,默认都是人为验证有效
        public bool IsValid(LoginRequestDTO req)
        {
            return true;
        }
    }

    一样注册到容器中

services.AddScoped<IUserService, UserService>();

    接下来,就要完善TokenAuthenticationService签发token的逻辑,首先要注入IUserService 和 TokenManagement,而后实现具体的业务逻辑,这个token的生成仍是使用的Jwt的类库提供的api,具体不详细描述。

特别注意下TokenManagement的注入是已IOptions的接口类型注入的,还记得在Startpup中吗?咱们是经过配置项的方式注册TokenManagement类型的。

public class TokenAuthenticationService : IAuthenticateService
    {
        private readonly IUserService _userService;
        private readonly TokenManagement _tokenManagement;
        public TokenAuthenticationService(IUserService userService, IOptions<TokenManagement> tokenManagement)
        {
            _userService = userService;
            _tokenManagement = tokenManagement.Value;
        }
        public bool IsAuthenticated(LoginRequestDTO request, out string token)
        {
            token = string.Empty;
            if (!_userService.IsValid(request))
                return false;
            var claims = new[]
            {
                new Claim(ClaimTypes.Name,request.Username)
            };
            var key = new SymmetricSecurityKey(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(_tokenManagement.Secret));
            var credentials = new SigningCredentials(key, SecurityAlgorithms.HmacSha256);
            var jwtToken = new JwtSecurityToken(_tokenManagement.Issuer, _tokenManagement.Audience, claims, expires: DateTime.Now.AddMinutes(_tokenManagement.AccessExpiration), signingCredentials: credentials);

            token = new JwtSecurityTokenHandler().WriteToken(jwtToken);

            return true;

        }
    }

  准备好测试试用的APi,打上Authorize特性,代表须要受权!

[ApiController]
    [Route("[controller]")]
    [Authorize]
    public class WeatherForecastController : ControllerBase
    {
        private static readonly string[] Summaries = new[]
        {
            "Freezing", "Bracing", "Chilly", "Cool", "Mild", "Warm", "Balmy", "Hot", "Sweltering", "Scorching"
        };

        private readonly ILogger<WeatherForecastController> _logger;

        public WeatherForecastController(ILogger<WeatherForecastController> logger)
        {
            _logger = logger;
        }

        [HttpGet]
        public IEnumerable<WeatherForecast> Get()
        {
            var rng = new Random();
            return Enumerable.Range(1, 5).Select(index => new WeatherForecast
            {
                Date = DateTime.Now.AddDays(index),
                TemperatureC = rng.Next(-20, 55),
                Summary = Summaries[rng.Next(Summaries.Length)]
            })
            .ToArray();
        }
    }

    支持咱们能够测试验证了,咱们能够使用postman来进行http请求,先启动http服务,获取url,先测试一个访问须要受权的接口,但没有携带token信息,返回是401,表示未受权

    下面咱们先经过认证接口,获取token,竟然报错,查询了下,发现HS256算法的秘钥长度最新为128位,转换成字符至少16字符,以前设置的秘钥是123456,因此致使异常。

System.ArgumentOutOfRangeException: IDX10603: Decryption failed. Keys tried: 'HS256'. Exceptions caught: '128'. token: '48' (Parameter 'KeySize') at

    更新秘钥

"tokenManagement": {
        "secret": "123456123456123456",
        "issuer": "webapi.cn",
        "audience": "WebApi",
        "accessExpiration": 30,
        "refreshExpiration": 60
    }

    从新发起请求,成功获取token

eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJodHRwOi8vc2NoZW1hcy54bWxzb2FwLm9yZy93cy8yMDA1LzA1L2lkZW50aXR5L2NsYWltcy9uYW1lIjoiYWRtaW4iLCJleHAiOjE1Nzg2NDUyMDMsImlzcyI6IndlYmFwaS5jbiIsImF1ZCI6IldlYkFwaSJ9.AehD8WTAnEtklof2OJsvg0U4_o8_SjdxmwUjzAiuI-o

    把token带到以前请求的api中,从新测试,成功获取数据

总结

    基于token的认证方式,让咱们构建分布式/松耦合的系统更加容易。任何地方生成的token,只有拥有相同秘钥,就能够再任何地方进行签名校验。

    固然要用好jwt认证方式,还有其余安全细节须要处理,好比palyload中不能存放敏感信息,使用https的加密传输方式等等,能够根据业务实际须要再进一步安全加固!

   同时咱们也发现使用token,就能够摆脱cookie的限制,因此JWT是移动app开发的首选!

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