shelve -- 用来持久化任意的Python对象

shelve模块是一个简单的k,v将内存数据经过文件持久化的模块,能够持久化任何pickle可支持的python数据格式html

建立一个新的shelfpython

直接使用shelve.open()就能够建立了
复制代码web

import shelve

 s = shelve.open('test_shelf.db')
 try:
     s['key1'] = { 'int': 10, 'float':9.5, 'string':'Sample data' }
 finally:
     s.close()

若是想要再次访问这个shelf,只须要再次shelve.open()就能够了,而后咱们能够像使用字典同样来使用这个shelf
复制代码缓存

import shelve

 s = shelve.open('test_shelf.db')
 try:
     existing = s['key1']
 finally:
     s.close()

print existing

当咱们运行以上两个py,咱们将获得以下输出:ruby

$ python shelve_create.py
$ python shelve_existing.py
{'int': 10, 'float': 9.5, 'string': 'Sample data'}

dbm这个模块有个限制,它不支持多个应用同一时间往同一个DB进行写操做。因此当咱们知道咱们的应用若是只进行读操做,咱们可让shelve经过只读方式打开DB:svg

import shelve

 s = shelve.open('test_shelf.db', flag='r')
 try:
     existing = s['key1']
 finally:
     s.close()

 print existing

当咱们的程序试图去修改一个以只读方式打开的DB时,将会抛一个访问错误的异常。异常的具体类型取决于anydbm这个模块在建立DB时所选用的DB。ui

写回(Write-back)this

因为shelve在默认状况下是不会记录待持久化对象的任何修改的,因此咱们在shelve.open()时候须要修改默认参数,不然对象的修改不会保存。
复制代码spa

import shelve

  s = shelve.open('test_shelf.db')
  try:
      print s['key1']
      s['key1']['new_value'] = 'this was not here before'
  finally:
      s.close()

 s = shelve.open('test_shelf.db', writeback=True)
 try:
     print s['key1']
 finally:
     s.close()

上面这个例子中,因为一开始咱们使用了缺省参数shelve.open()了,所以第6行修改的值即便咱们s.close()也不会被保存。code

执行结果以下:

$ python shelve_create.py
$ python shelve_withoutwriteback.py
{'int': 10, 'float': 9.5, 'string': 'Sample data'}
{'int': 10, 'float': 9.5, 'string': 'Sample data'}

因此当咱们试图让shelve去自动捕获对象的变化,咱们应该在打开shelf的时候将writeback设置为True。当咱们将writeback这个flag设置为True之后,shelf将会将全部从DB中读取的对象存放到一个内存缓存。当咱们close()打开的shelf的时候,缓存中全部的对象会被从新写入DB。
复制代码

import shelve

  s = shelve.open('test_shelf.db', writeback=True)
  try:
      print s['key1']
      s['key1']['new_value'] = 'this was not here before'
      print s['key1']
  finally:
      s.close()

 s = shelve.open('test_shelf.db', writeback=True)
 try:
     print s['key1']
 finally:
     s.close()

writeback方式有优势也有缺点。优势是减小了咱们出错的几率,而且让对象的持久化对用户更加的透明了;但这种方式并非全部的状况下都须要,首先,使用writeback之后,shelf在open()的时候会增长额外的内存消耗,而且当DB在close()的时候会将缓存中的每个对象都写入到DB,这也会带来额外的等待时间。由于shelve没有办法知道缓存中哪些对象修改了,哪些对象没有修改,所以全部的对象都会被写入。
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$ python shelve_create.py
 $ python shelve_writeback.py
 {'int': 10, 'float': 9.5, 'string': 'Sample data'}
 {'int': 10, 'new_value': 'this was not here before', 'float': 9.5, 'string': 'Sample data'}
 {'int': 10, 'new_value': 'this was not here before', 'float': 9.5, 'string': 'Sample data'}

最后再来个复杂一点的例子:
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#!/bin/env python

 import time
 import datetime
 import md5
 import shelve

 LOGIN_TIME_OUT = 60
 db = shelve.open('user_shelve.db', writeback=True)

 def newuser():
     global db
     prompt = "login desired: "
     while True:
         name = raw_input(prompt)
         if name in db:
             prompt = "name taken, try another: "
             continue
         elif len(name) == 0:
             prompt = "name should not be empty, try another: "
             continue
         else:
             break
     pwd = raw_input("password: ")
     db[name] = {"password": md5_digest(pwd), "last_login_time": time.time()}
     #print '-->', db

 def olduser():
     global db
     name = raw_input("login: ")
     pwd = raw_input("password: ")
     try:
         password = db.get(name).get('password')
     except AttributeError, e:
         print "\033[1;31;40mUsername '%s' doesn't existed\033[0m" % name
         return
     if md5_digest(pwd) == password:
         login_time = time.time()
         last_login_time = db.get(name).get('last_login_time')
         if login_time - last_login_time < LOGIN_TIME_OUT:
             print "\033[1;31;40mYou already logged in at: <%s>\033[0m" % datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(last_login_time).isoformat()

         db[name]['last_login_time'] = login_time
         print "\033[1;32;40mwelcome back\033[0m", name
     else:
         print "\033[1;31;40mlogin incorrect\033[0m"

 def md5_digest(plain_pass):
    return md5.new(plain_pass).hexdigest()

 def showmenu():
     #print '>>>', db
     global db
     prompt = """ (N)ew User Login (E)xisting User Login (Q)uit Enter choice: """
     done = False
     while not done:
         chosen = False
         while not chosen:
             try:
                 choice = raw_input(prompt).strip()[0].lower()
             except (EOFError, KeyboardInterrupt):
                 choice = "q"
             print "\nYou picked: [%s]" % choice
             if choice not in "neq":
                 print "invalid option, try again"
             else:
                 chosen = True

         if choice == "q": done = True
         if choice == "n": newuser()
         if choice == "e": olduser()
     db.close()

 if __name__ == "__main__":
     showmenu()
转自:https://www.cnblogs.com/frankzs/p/5949645.html
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