Go 面向对象编程

 

 

Go 并非彻底面向对象的编程语言。Go 官网的 FAQ 回答了 Go 是不是面向对象语言,摘录以下。程序员

能够说是,也能够说不是。虽然 Go 有类型和方法,支持面向对象的编程风格,但却没有类型的层次结构。Go 中的“接口”概念提供了一种不一样的方法,咱们认为它易于使用,也更为广泛。Go 也能够将结构体嵌套使用,这与子类化(Subclassing)相似,但并不彻底相同。此外,Go 提供的特性比 C++ 或 Java 更为通用:子类能够由任何类型的数据来定义,甚至是内建类型(如简单的“未装箱的”整型)。这在结构体(类)中没有受到限制。golang

 

结构体替代类

Go 不支持类,而是提供告终构体。结构体中能够添加属性和方法。这样能够将数据和操做数据的方法绑定在一块儿,实现与类类似的效果。web

文件结构:编程

workspacepath -> oop -> employee -> employee.go   编程语言

workspacepath -> oop -> main.go函数

//employee.go文件
package employee import ( "fmt" ) type Employee struct { FirstName string LastName string TotalLeaves int LeavesTaken int } func (e Employee) LeavesRemaining() { fmt.Printf("%s %s has %d leaves remaining", e.FirstName, e.LastName, (e.TotalLeaves - e.LeavesTaken)) }
//main.go文件
package main import "oop/employee" func main() { e := employee.Employee { FirstName: "Sam", LastName: "Adolf", TotalLeaves: 30, LeavesTaken: 20, } e.LeavesRemaining() }

1.Go 并不支持构造器。若是某类型的零值不可用,须要程序员来隐藏该类型,避免从其余包直接访问。程序员应该提供一种名为 NewT(parameters) 的 函数,按照要求来初始化 T 类型的变量。  oop

2.应该让 Employee 结构体不可引用,修改 Employee为employee,这样别的文件就不能引用。post

//employee.go文件
package employee import ( "fmt" ) type employee struct { firstName string lastName string totalLeaves int leavesTaken int } func New(firstName string, lastName string, totalLeave int, leavesTaken int) employee { e := employee {firstName, lastName, totalLeave, leavesTaken} return e } func (e employee) LeavesRemaining() { fmt.Printf("%s %s has %d leaves remaining", e.firstName, e.lastName, (e.totalLeaves - e.leavesTaken)) }
//main.go文件
package main import "oop/employee" func main() { e := employee.New("Sam", "Adolf", 30, 20) e.LeavesRemaining() }  

总结:Go 不支持类,但结构体可以很好地取代类,而以 New(parameters) 签名的方法能够替代构造器。学习

 

组合取代继承

Go 不支持继承,但它支持组合(Composition)。组合通常定义为“合并在一块儿”。汽车就是一个关于组合的例子:一辆汽车由车轮、引擎和其余各类部件组合在一块儿。网站

在 Go 中,经过在结构体内嵌套结构体,能够实现组合。

组合的典型例子就是博客帖子。每个博客的帖子都有标题、内容和做者信息。使用组合能够很好地表示它们。经过学习本教程后面的内容,咱们会知道如何实现组合。

package main

import (  
    "fmt"
)

type author struct {  
    firstName string
    lastName  string
    bio       string
}

func (a author) fullName() string {  
    return fmt.Sprintf("%s %s", a.firstName, a.lastName)
}

type post struct {  
    title   string
    content string
    author
}

func (p post) details() {  
    fmt.Println("Title: ", p.title)
    fmt.Println("Content: ", p.content)
    fmt.Println("Author: ", p.fullName())
    fmt.Println("Bio: ", p.bio)
}

func main() {  
    author1 := author{        
        "Naveen",        
        "Ramanathan",        
        "Golang Enthusiast",
    }
    post1 := post{        
        "Inheritance in Go",        
        "Go supports composition instead of inheritance",
        author1,
    }
    post1.details()
}
Title:  Inheritance in Go
Content:  Go supports composition instead of inheritance
Author:  Naveen Ramanathan
Bio:  Golang Enthusiast

  

结构体切片的嵌套

package main

import (  
    "fmt"
)

type author struct {  
    firstName string
    lastName  string
    bio       string
}

func (a author) fullName() string {  
    return fmt.Sprintf("%s %s", a.firstName, a.lastName)
}

type post struct {  
    title   string
    content string
    author
}

func (p post) details() {  
    fmt.Println("Title: ", p.title)
    fmt.Println("Content: ", p.content)
    fmt.Println("Author: ", p.fullName())
    fmt.Println("Bio: ", p.bio)
}

type website struct {  
     posts []post
}

func (w website) contents() {  
    fmt.Println("Contents of Website\n")    
    for _, v := range w.posts {
        v.details()
        fmt.Println()
    }
}
    
func main() {  
    author1 := author{        
        "Naveen",        
        "Ramanathan",        
        "Golang Enthusiast",
    }
    post1 := post{        
        "Inheritance in Go",        
        "Go supports composition instead of inheritance",
        author1,
    }
    post2 := post{        
        "Struct instead of Classes in Go",        
        "Go does not support classes but methods can be added to structs",
        author1,
    }
    post3 := post{        
        "Concurrency",        
        "Go is a concurrent language and not a parallel one",
        author1,
    }
    w := website{
        posts: []post{post1, post2, post3},
    }
    w.contents()
}

在上面的主函数中,咱们建立了一个做者 author1,以及三个帖子 post1post2和 post3。咱们最后经过嵌套三个帖子,在第 62 行建立了网站 w,并在下一行显示内容。

程序会输出:

Contents of Website

Title:  Inheritance in Go  
Content:  Go supports composition instead of inheritance  
Author:  Naveen Ramanathan  
Bio:  Golang Enthusiast

Title:  Struct instead of Classes in Go  
Content:  Go does not support classes but methods can be added to structs  
Author:  Naveen Ramanathan  
Bio:  Golang Enthusiast

Title:  Concurrency  
Content:  Go is a concurrent language and not a parallel one  
Author:  Naveen Ramanathan  
Bio:  Golang Enthusiast

  

使用接口实现多态

Go 经过接口来实现多态。在 Go 语言中,咱们是隐式地实现接口。一个类型若是定义了接口所声明的所有方法,那它就实现了该接口。

一、多个类型能够实现同一个接口。 
二、一个类型能够实现多个接口。

package main

import (
    "fmt"
)

type Income interface {
    calculate() int
    source() string
}

type FixedBilling struct {
    projectName string
    biddedAmount int
}

type TimeAndMaterial struct {
    projectName string
    noOfHours  int
    hourlyRate int
}

func (fb FixedBilling) calculate() int {
    return fb.biddedAmount
}

func (fb FixedBilling) source() string {
    return fb.projectName
}

func (tm TimeAndMaterial) calculate() int {
    return tm.noOfHours * tm.hourlyRate
}

func (tm TimeAndMaterial) source() string {
    return tm.projectName
}

func calculateNetIncome(ic []Income) {
    var netincome int = 0
    for _, income := range ic {
        fmt.Printf("Income From %s = $%d\n", income.source(), income.calculate())
        netincome += income.calculate()
    }
    fmt.Printf("Net income of organisation = $%d", netincome)
}

func main() {
    project1 := FixedBilling{projectName: "Project 1", biddedAmount: 5000}
    project2 := FixedBilling{projectName: "Project 2", biddedAmount: 10000}
    project3 := TimeAndMaterial{projectName: "Project 3", noOfHours: 160, hourlyRate: 25}
    incomeStreams := []Income{project1, project2, project3}
    calculateNetIncome(incomeStreams)
}

在上面的 main 函数中,咱们建立了三个项目,有两个是 FixedBilling 类型,一个是 TimeAndMaterial 类型。接着咱们建立了一个 Income 类型的切片,存放了这三个项目。因为这三个项目都实现了 Interface 接口,所以能够把这三个项目放入 Income 切片。最后咱们将该切片做为参数,调用了 calculateNetIncome 函数,显示了项目不一样的收益和收入来源。  

Income From Project 1 = $5000
Income From Project 2 = $10000
Income From Project 3 = $4000
Net income of organisation = $19000 

 

refer:https://studygolang.com/articles/12681

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