Promise是JS异步编程中的重要概念,异步抽象处理对象,是目前比较流行Javascript异步编程解决方案之一jquery
语法git
new Promise( function(resolve, reject) {...} /* executor */ );github
** Promise构造函数执行时当即调用excutor函数, excutor有两个函数类型形参resolve ,reject。**npm
const promise = new Promise((resolve, reject) => { // 异步处理 // 处理结束后、调用resolve 或 reject });
自定义实现一个简单的Promise构造函数,便于理解Promise是怎么实现的编程
function MyPromise(fn){ let callback = null; this.then = function(cb){//调用then时传入的函数 callback = cb; } function resolve(value){ setTimeout(()=>{ callback(value); },0) } fn(resolve) //excutor函数 } var promise = new MyPromise((resolve, reject) => { setTimeout(function() { resolve('foo'); },1000); }); promise.then((res) => { console.log(res); })
promise至关于一个状态机api
promise的三种状态数组
(1)promise 对象初始化状态为 pending;promise
(2)当调用resolve(成功),会由pending => fulfilled;缓存
(3)当调用reject(失败),会由pending => rejected;异步
注意promsie状态 只能由 pending => fulfilled/rejected, 一旦修改就不能再变
promise对象方法
(1) then方法注册 当resolve(成功)/reject(失败)的回调函数;
// onFulfilled 是用来接收promise成功的值 // onRejected 是用来接收promise失败的缘由 promise.then(onFulfilled, onRejected);
(2) resolve(成功) onFulfilled会被调用;
const promise = new Promise((resolve, reject) => { resolve('fulfilled'); // 状态由 pending => fulfilled }); promise.then(result => { // onFulfilled console.log(result); // 'fulfilled' }, reason => { // onRejected 不会被调用 })
(3) reject(失败) onRejected会被调用;
const promise = new Promise((resolve, reject) => { reject('rejected'); // 状态由 pending => rejected }); promise.then(result => { // onFulfilled 不会被调用 }, reason => { // onRejected console.log(reason); // 'rejected' })
(4) promise.catch
在链式写法中能够捕获前面then中发送的异常
promise.catch(onRejected) 至关于 promise.then(null, onRrejected); // 注意 // onRejected 不能捕获当前onFulfilled中的异常 promise.then(onFulfilled, onRrejected); // 能够写成: promise.then(onFulfilled) .catch(onRrejected);
(5)promise chain
promise.then方法每次调用 都返回一个新的promise对象 因此能够链式写法
function taskA() { console.log("Task A"); } function taskB() { console.log("Task B"); } function onRejected(error) { console.log("Catch Error: A or B", error); } var promise = Promise.resolve(); promise .then(taskA) .then(taskB) .catch(onRejected) // 捕获前面then方法中的异常
/** * Promise 实现 遵循promise/A+规范 * Promise/A+规范译文: * https://malcolmyu.github.io/2015/06/12/Promises-A-Plus/#note-4 */ // promise 三个状态 const PENDING = "pending"; const FULFILLED = "fulfilled"; const REJECTED = "rejected"; function Promise(excutor) { let that = this; // 缓存当前promise实例对象 that.status = PENDING; // 初始状态 that.value = undefined; // fulfilled状态时 返回的信息 that.reason = undefined; // rejected状态时 拒绝的缘由 that.onFulfilledCallbacks = []; // 存储fulfilled状态对应的onFulfilled函数 that.onRejectedCallbacks = []; // 存储rejected状态对应的onRejected函数 function resolve(value) { // value成功态时接收的终值 if(value instanceof Promise) { return value.then(resolve, reject); } // 为何resolve 加setTimeout? // 2.2.4规范 onFulfilled 和 onRejected 只容许在 execution context 栈仅包含平台代码时运行. // 注1 这里的平台代码指的是引擎、环境以及 promise 的实施代码。实践中要确保 onFulfilled 和 onRejected 方法异步执行,且应该在 then 方法被调用的那一轮事件循环以后的新执行栈中执行。 setTimeout(() => { // 调用resolve 回调对应onFulfilled函数 if (that.status === PENDING) { // 只能由pending状态 => fulfilled状态 (避免调用屡次resolve reject) that.status = FULFILLED; that.value = value; that.onFulfilledCallbacks.forEach(cb => cb(that.value)); } }); } function reject(reason) { // reason失败态时接收的拒因 setTimeout(() => { // 调用reject 回调对应onRejected函数 if (that.status === PENDING) { // 只能由pending状态 => rejected状态 (避免调用屡次resolve reject) that.status = REJECTED; that.reason = reason; that.onRejectedCallbacks.forEach(cb => cb(that.reason)); } }); } // 捕获在excutor执行器中抛出的异常 // new Promise((resolve, reject) => { // throw new Error('error in excutor') // }) try { excutor(resolve, reject); } catch (e) { reject(e); } } /** * resolve中的值几种状况: * 1.普通值 * 2.promise对象 * 3.thenable对象/函数 */ /** * 对resolve 进行改造加强 针对resolve中不一样值状况 进行处理 * @param {promise} promise2 promise1.then方法返回的新的promise对象 * @param {[type]} x promise1中onFulfilled的返回值 * @param {[type]} resolve promise2的resolve方法 * @param {[type]} reject promise2的reject方法 */ function resolvePromise(promise2, x, resolve, reject) { if (promise2 === x) { // 若是从onFulfilled中返回的x 就是promise2 就会致使循环引用报错 return reject(new TypeError('循环引用')); } let called = false; // 避免屡次调用 // 若是x是一个promise对象 (该判断和下面 判断是否是thenable对象重复 因此无关紧要) if (x instanceof Promise) { // 得到它的终值 继续resolve if (x.status === PENDING) { // 若是为等待态需等待直至 x 被执行或拒绝 并解析y值 x.then(y => { resolvePromise(promise2, y, resolve, reject); }, reason => { reject(reason); }); } else { // 若是 x 已经处于执行态/拒绝态(值已经被解析为普通值),用相同的值执行传递下去 promise x.then(resolve, reject); } // 若是 x 为对象或者函数 } else if (x != null && ((typeof x === 'object') || (typeof x === 'function'))) { try { // 是不是thenable对象(具备then方法的对象/函数) let then = x.then; if (typeof then === 'function') { then.call(x, y => { if(called) return; called = true; resolvePromise(promise2, y, resolve, reject); }, reason => { if(called) return; called = true; reject(reason); }) } else { // 说明是一个普通对象/函数 resolve(x); } } catch(e) { if(called) return; called = true; reject(e); } } else { resolve(x); } } /** * [注册fulfilled状态/rejected状态对应的回调函数] * @param {function} onFulfilled fulfilled状态时 执行的函数 * @param {function} onRejected rejected状态时 执行的函数 * @return {function} newPromsie 返回一个新的promise对象 */ Promise.prototype.then = function(onFulfilled, onRejected) { const that = this; let newPromise; // 处理参数默认值 保证参数后续可以继续执行 onFulfilled = typeof onFulfilled === "function" ? onFulfilled : value => value; onRejected = typeof onRejected === "function" ? onRejected : reason => { throw reason; }; // then里面的FULFILLED/REJECTED状态时 为何要加setTimeout ? // 缘由: // 其一 2.2.4规范 要确保 onFulfilled 和 onRejected 方法异步执行(且应该在 then 方法被调用的那一轮事件循环以后的新执行栈中执行) 因此要在resolve里加上setTimeout // 其二 2.2.6规范 对于一个promise,它的then方法能够调用屡次.(当在其余程序中屡次调用同一个promise的then时 因为以前状态已经为FULFILLED/REJECTED状态,则会走的下面逻辑),因此要确保为FULFILLED/REJECTED状态后 也要异步执行onFulfilled/onRejected // 其二 2.2.6规范 也是resolve函数里加setTimeout的缘由 // 总之都是 让then方法异步执行 也就是确保onFulfilled/onRejected异步执行 // 以下面这种情景 屡次调用p1.then // p1.then((value) => { // 此时p1.status 由pending状态 => fulfilled状态 // console.log(value); // resolve // // console.log(p1.status); // fulfilled // p1.then(value => { // 再次p1.then 这时已经为fulfilled状态 走的是fulfilled状态判断里的逻辑 因此咱们也要确保判断里面onFuilled异步执行 // console.log(value); // 'resolve' // }); // console.log('当前执行栈中同步代码'); // }) // console.log('全局执行栈中同步代码'); // if (that.status === FULFILLED) { // 成功态 return newPromise = new Promise((resolve, reject) => { setTimeout(() => { try{ let x = onFulfilled(that.value); resolvePromise(newPromise, x, resolve, reject); // 新的promise resolve 上一个onFulfilled的返回值 } catch(e) { reject(e); // 捕获前面onFulfilled中抛出的异常 then(onFulfilled, onRejected); } }); }) } if (that.status === REJECTED) { // 失败态 return newPromise = new Promise((resolve, reject) => { setTimeout(() => { try { let x = onRejected(that.reason); resolvePromise(newPromise, x, resolve, reject); } catch(e) { reject(e); } }); }); } if (that.status === PENDING) { // 等待态 // 当异步调用resolve/rejected时 将onFulfilled/onRejected收集暂存到集合中 return newPromise = new Promise((resolve, reject) => { that.onFulfilledCallbacks.push((value) => { try { let x = onFulfilled(value); resolvePromise(newPromise, x, resolve, reject); } catch(e) { reject(e); } }); that.onRejectedCallbacks.push((reason) => { try { let x = onRejected(reason); resolvePromise(newPromise, x, resolve, reject); } catch(e) { reject(e); } }); }); } }; /** * Promise.all Promise进行并行处理 * 参数: promise对象组成的数组做为参数 * 返回值: 返回一个Promise实例 * 当这个数组里的全部promise对象所有变为resolve状态的时候,才会resolve。 */ Promise.all = function(promises) { return new Promise((resolve, reject) => { let done = gen(promises.length, resolve); promises.forEach((promise, index) => { promise.then((value) => { done(index, value) }, reject) }) }) } function gen(length, resolve) { let count = 0; let values = []; return function(i, value) { values[i] = value; if (++count === length) { console.log(values); resolve(values); } } } /** * Promise.race * 参数: 接收 promise对象组成的数组做为参数 * 返回值: 返回一个Promise实例 * 只要有一个promise对象进入 FulFilled 或者 Rejected 状态的话,就会继续进行后面的处理(取决于哪个更快) */ Promise.race = function(promises) { return new Promise((resolve, reject) => { promises.forEach((promise, index) => { promise.then(resolve, reject); }); }); } // 用于promise方法链时 捕获前面onFulfilled/onRejected抛出的异常 Promise.prototype.catch = function(onRejected) { return this.then(null, onRejected); } Promise.resolve = function (value) { return new Promise(resolve => { resolve(value); }); } Promise.reject = function (reason) { return new Promise((resolve, reject) => { reject(reason); }); } /** * 基于Promise实现Deferred的 * Deferred和Promise的关系 * - Deferred 拥有 Promise * - Deferred 具有对 Promise的状态进行操做的特权方法(resolve reject) * *参考jQuery.Deferred *url: http://api.jquery.com/category/deferred-object/ */ Promise.deferred = function() { // 延迟对象 let defer = {}; defer.promise = new Promise((resolve, reject) => { defer.resolve = resolve; defer.reject = reject; }); return defer; } /** * Promise/A+规范测试 * npm i -g promises-aplus-tests * promises-aplus-tests Promise.js */ try { module.exports = Promise } catch (e) { }