JDK7新特性，你知道几个？

时间  2021-01-02
标签 java sql 数组 安全 网络 并发 app dom 异步 async 栏目 Java 繁體版
原文   原文链接

前言

以前学习的过程当中，天天都是老师说这个是JDK7之后可使用，那个是JDK8之后可使用，天天都记的很混乱，今天专门忙里偷闲，归拢整理下JDK7的新特性，对于JDK的新特性，后期会进行整理更新，但愿能够帮助到有须要的朋友。java

一，语法上

1.1switch中可使用字串了

String s = "test";
switch (s) {
 case "test" :
   System.out.println("test");
case "test1" :
   System.out.println("test1");
break ;
default :
  System.out.println("break");
break ;
}

1.2二进制变量的表示,支持将整数类型用二进制来表示，用0b开头。

// 全部整数 int， short，long，byte均可以用二进制表示
// An 8-bit 'byte' value:
byte aByte = (byte) 0b00100001;
// A 16-bit 'short' value:
short aShort = (short) 0b1010000101000101;
// Some 32-bit 'int' values:
intanInt1 = 0b10100001010001011010000101000101;
intanInt2 = 0b101;
intanInt3 = 0B101; // The B can be upper or lower case.
// A 64-bit 'long' value. Note the "L" suffix:
long aLong =
0b1010000101000101101000010100010110100001010001011010000101000101L;
// 二进制在数组等的使用
final int[] phases = { 0b00110001, 0b01100010, 0b11000100, 0b10001001,0b00010011, 0b00100110, 0b01001100, 0b10011000 };

1.3 Try-with-resource语句

注意：实现java.lang.AutoCloseable接口的资源均可以放到try中，跟final里面的关闭资源相似； 按照声明逆序关闭资源 ;Try块抛出的异常经过Throwable.getSuppressed获取sql

try (java.util.zip.ZipFile zf = new java.util.zip.ZipFile(zipFileName);
java.io.BufferedWriter writer = java.nio.file.Files.newBufferedWriter(outputFilePath, charset)) {
    // Enumerate each entry
    for (java.util.Enumeration entries = zf.entries(); entries.hasMoreElements()) {
        // Get the entry name and write it to the output file
        String newLine = System.getProperty("line.separator");
        String zipEntryName = ((java.util.zip.ZipEntry) entries
                            .nextElement()).getName() + newLine;
        writer.write(zipEntryName, 0, zipEntryName.length());
        }
    }
 }

1.4 Catch多个异常 说明：Catch异常类型为final； 生成Bytecode 会比多个catch小； Rethrow时保持异常类型

public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
try {
    testthrows();
    } catch (IOException | SQLException ex) {
        throw ex;
    }
}
public static void testthrows() throws IOException, SQLException {}

1.5 数字类型的下划线表示 更友好的表示方式，不过要注意下划线添加的一些标准，能够参考下面的示例

long creditCardNumber = 1234_5678_9012_3456L;
long socialSecurityNumber = 999_99_9999L;
float pi = 3.14_15F;
long hexBytes = 0xFF_EC_DE_5E;
long hexWords = 0xCAFE_BABE;
long maxLong = 0x7fff_ffff_ffff_ffffL;
byte nybbles = 0b0010_0101;
long bytes = 0b11010010_01101001_10010100_10010010;
//float pi1 = 3_.1415F;// Invalid; cannot put underscores adjacent to a decimal point
//float pi2 = 3._1415F;// Invalid; cannot put underscores adjacent to a decimal point
//long socialSecurityNumber1= 999_99_9999_L;// Invalid; cannot put underscores prior to an L suffix
//int x1 = _52;// This is an identifier, not a numeric literal
int x2 = 5_2;// OK (decimal literal)
//int x3 = 52_;// Invalid; cannot put underscores at the end of a literal
int x4 = 52;// OK (decimal literal)
//int x5 = 0_x52;// Invalid; cannot put underscores in the 0x radix prefix
//int x6 = 0x_52;// Invalid; cannot put underscores at the beginning of a number
int x7 = 0x5_2;// OK (hexadecimal literal)
//int x8 = 0x52_;// Invalid; cannot put underscores at the end of a number
int x9 = 0_52; // OK (octal literal)
int x10 = 05_2;// OK (octal literal)
//int x11 = 052_;// Invalid; cannot put underscores at the end of a number

1.6 泛型实例的建立能够经过类型推断来简化 能够去掉后面new部分的泛型类型，只用<>就能够了。

//使用泛型前
List strList = new ArrayList();
List<String> strList4 = new ArrayList<String>();
List<Map<String, List<String>>> strList5 =  new ArrayList<Map<String, List<String>>>();

//编译器使用尖括号 (<>) 推断类型
List<String> strList0 = new ArrayList<String>();
List<Map<String, List<String>>> strList1 =  new ArrayList<Map<String, List<String>>>();
List<String> strList2 = new ArrayList<>();
List<Map<String, List<String>>> strList3 = new ArrayList<>();
List<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
list.add("A");
  // The following statement should fail since addAll expects
  // Collection<? extends String>
//list.addAll(new ArrayList<>());

1.7在可变参数方法中传递非具体化参数,改进编译警告和错误

Heap pollution 指一个变量被指向另一个不是相同类型的变量。例如数组

List l = new ArrayList<Number>();
List<String> ls = l;       // unchecked warning
l.add(0, new Integer(42)); // another unchecked warning
String s = ls.get(0);      // ClassCastException is thrown
Jdk7:
public static <T> void addToList (List<T> listArg, T... elements) {
for (T x : elements) {
listArg.add(x);
}
}
你会获得一个warning
warning: [varargs] Possible heap pollution from parameterized vararg type
要消除警告，能够有三种方式
1.加 annotation @SafeVarargs
2.加 annotation @SuppressWarnings({"unchecked", "varargs"})
3.使用编译器参数 –Xlint:varargs;

1.8 信息更丰富的回溯追踪 就是上面try中try语句和里面的语句同时抛出异常时，异常栈的信息

java.io.IOException at Suppress.write(Suppress.java:19)at Suppress.main(Suppress.java:8)
Suppressed:  java.io.IOException at Suppress.close(Suppress.java:24)
                                 at Suppress.main(Suppress.java:9)
Suppressed:  java.io.IOException at  Suppress.close(Suppress.java:24)
                                 at  Suppress.main(Suppress.java:9)

2、NIO2的一些新特性

  1. java.nio.file 和java.nio.file.attribute包 支持更详细属性，好比权限，全部者
  2. symbolic and hard links支持
  3. Path访问文件系统，Files支持各类文件操做
  4. 高效的访问metadata信息
  5. 递归查找文件树，文件扩展搜索
  6. 文件系统修改通知机制
  7. File类操做API兼容
  8. 文件随机访问加强 mapping a region,locl a region,绝对位置读取
  9. AIO Reactor（基于事件）和Proactor
    下面列一些示例：

    2.1 IO and New IO 监听文件系统变化通知

    经过FileSystems.getDefault().newWatchService()获取watchService，而后将须要监听的path目录注册到这个watchservice中，对于这个目录的文件修改，新增，删除等实践能够配置，而后就自动能监听到响应的事件。安全

    private WatchService watcher;
public TestWatcherService(Path path) throws IOException {
watcher = FileSystems.getDefault().newWatchService();
path.register(watcher, ENTRY_CREATE, ENTRY_DELETE, ENTRY_MODIFY);
}
public void handleEvents() throws InterruptedException {
while (true) {
    WatchKey key = watcher.take();
    for (WatchEvent<?> event : key.pollEvents()) {
        WatchEvent.Kind kind = event.kind();
        if (kind == OVERFLOW) {// 事件可能lost or discarded
        continue;
    }
WatchEvent<Path> e = (WatchEvent<Path>) event;
Path fileName = e.context();
System.out.printf("Event %s has happened,which fileName is %s%n",kind.name(), fileName);
}
if (!key.reset()) {
break;
}

    2.2 IO and New IO遍历文件树，经过继承SimpleFileVisitor类，实现事件遍历目录树操做，而后经过Files.walkFileTree(listDir, opts,Integer.MAX_VALUE, walk);这个API来遍历目录树

    private void workFilePath() {
Path listDir = Paths.get("/tmp"); // define the starting file
ListTree walk = new ListTree();
Files.walkFileTree(listDir, walk);
// 遍历的时候跟踪连接
EnumSet opts = EnumSet.of(FileVisitOption.FOLLOW_LINKS);
try {
    Files.walkFileTree(listDir, opts, Integer.MAX_VALUE, walk);
} catch (IOException e) {
    System.err.println(e);
}
class ListTree extends SimpleFileVisitor<Path> {// NIO2 递归遍历文件目录的接口
@Override
public FileVisitResult postVisitDirectory(Path dir, IOException exc) {
    System.out.println("Visited directory: " + dir.toString());
    return FileVisitResult.CONTINUE;
}
@Override
public FileVisitResult visitFileFailed(Path file, IOException exc) {
    System.out.println(exc);
    return FileVisitResult.CONTINUE;
}
}

    2.3 AIO异步IO 文件和网络 异步IO在java

    NIO2实现了，都是用AsynchronousFileChannel，AsynchronousSocketChanne等实现，关于同步阻塞IO，同步非阻塞IO，异步阻塞IO和异步非阻塞IO在ppt的这页上下面备注有说明，有兴趣的能够深刻了解下。Java NIO2中就实现了操做系统的异步非阻塞IO。网络

    // 使用AsynchronousFileChannel.open(path, withOptions(),taskExecutor))这个API对异步文件IO的处理
public static void asyFileChannel2() {
    final int THREADS = 5;
    ExecutorService taskExecutor = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(THREADS);
    String encoding = System.getProperty("file.encoding");
    List<Future<ByteBuffer>> list = new ArrayList<>();
    int sheeps = 0;
    Path path = Paths.get("/tmp","store.txt");
    try (AsynchronousFileChannel asynchronousFileChannel = AsynchronousFileChannel.open(path, withOptions(), taskExecutor)) {
        for (int i = 0; i < 50; i++) {
            Callable<ByteBuffer> worker = new Callable<ByteBuffer>(){
                @Override
                public ByteBuffer call() throws Exception {
                    ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(ThreadLocalRandom.current().nextInt(100, 200));
                    asynchronousFileChannel.read(buffer, ThreadLocalRandom)
……

    三. JDBC 4.1

3.1.可使用try-with-resources自动关闭Connection, ResultSet, 和 Statement资源对象
3.2. RowSet 1.1：引入RowSetFactory接口和RowSetProvider类，能够建立JDBC driver支持的各类 row sets，这里的rowset实现其实就是将sql语句上的一些操做转为方法的操做，封装了一些功能。
3.3. JDBC-ODBC驱动会在jdk8中删除并发

try (Statement stmt = con.createStatement()) {
    RowSetFactory aFactory = RowSetProvider.newFactory();
    CachedRowSet crs = aFactory.createCachedRowSet();
    RowSetFactory rsf = RowSetProvider.newFactory("com.sun.rowset.RowSetFactoryImpl", null);
    WebRowSet wrs = rsf.createWebRowSet();
    createCachedRowSet
    createFilteredRowSet
    createJdbcRowSet
    createJoinRowSet
    createWebRowSet
 }

4、并发工具加强

4.1.fork-join

最大的加强，充分利用多核特性，将大问题分解成各个子问题，由多个cpu能够同时解决多个子问题，最后合并结果，继承RecursiveTask，实现compute方法，而后调用fork计算，最后用join合并结果。app

class Fibonacci extends RecursiveTask<Integer> {
    final int n;
Fibonacci(int n) {
this.n = n;
}
private int compute(int small) {
final int[] results = { 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89 };
return results[small];
}
public Integer compute() {
    if (n <= 10) {
        return compute(n);
    }
    Fibonacci f1 = new Fibonacci(n - 1);
    Fibonacci f2 = new Fibonacci(n - 2);
    System.out.println("fork new thread for " + (n - 1));
    f1.fork();
    System.out.println("fork new thread for " + (n - 2));
    f2.fork();
    return f1.join() + f2.join();
    }
}

4.2.ThreadLocalRandon 并发下随机数生成类，保证并发下的随机数生成的线程安全，实际上就是使用threadlocal

final int MAX = 100000;
ThreadLocalRandom threadLocalRandom = ThreadLocalRandom.current();
long start = System.nanoTime();
for (int i = 0; i < MAX; i++) {
    threadLocalRandom.nextDouble();
}
long end = System.nanoTime() - start;
System.out.println("use time1 : " + end);
long start2 = System.nanoTime();
for (int i = 0; i < MAX; i++) {
    Math.random();
}
long end2 = System.nanoTime() - start2;
System.out.println("use time2 : " + end2);

4.3. phaser 相似cyclebarrier和countdownlatch，不过能够动态添加资源减小资源

void runTasks(List<Runnable> tasks) {
    final Phaser phaser = new Phaser(1); // "1" to register self
    // create and start threads
    for (final Runnable task : tasks) {
        phaser.register();
        new Thread() {
            public void run() {
                phaser.arriveAndAwaitAdvance(); // await all creation
                task.run();
            }
        }.start();
    }
    // allow threads to start and deregister self
    phaser.arriveAndDeregister();
}

结尾

因为我的能力问题，还有不少须要改进的地方，若有错误，烦请各位大佬私信或留言进行批评指正，在下定当及时更正！dom

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