上篇文章,咱们聊到了SpringBoot得以实现的幕后推手,此次咱们来用SpringBoot开始HelloWorld之旅。SpringBoot是Spring框架对“约定大于配置(Convention over Configuration)”理念的最佳实践。SpringBoot应用本质上就是一个基于Spring框架的应用。咱们大多数程序猿已经对Spring特别熟悉了,那随着咱们的深刻挖掘,会发现SpringBoot中并无什么新鲜事,若是你不信,那就一块儿走着瞧呗!html
首先,咱们按照下图中的步骤生成一个SpringBoot项目:vue
解压后的项目文件在idea中打开之后,咱们会看到以下的项目结构:java
这时候,咱们在com.hafiz.springbootdemo
包下新建controller
包,而后再在该包下面新建DemoController.java
文件,内容以下:react
package com.hafiz.springbootdemo.controller;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
/** * @author hafiz.zhang * @description: first spring boot controller * @date Created in 2018/6/3 16:49. */
@RestController
public class DemoController {
@GetMapping("/hello")
public String sayHello(String name) {
return "Hello, " + name;
}
}
而后咱们运行SpringbootDemoApplication.java
这个main方法,启动成功后,在控制台中会出现如下日志,证实项目启动成功:web
咱们从日志中能够看出,已经注册了get方式的/hello
的路径以及名为/error
的路径,而且项目在tomat中运行在8080端口,而后咱们在浏览器中访问localhost:8080/hello?name=hafiz.zhang
会看到以下信息:redis
这样咱们就完成了demo项目的开发,先不用这里面到底发生了啥,我就想问问你:是否是很爽?彻底没有传统项目的繁琐的xml配置,爽到爆有木有?搭建一个项目骨架只要几秒钟!这就是SpringBoot带给咱们的便利~ 就是这么神奇!就是这么牛逼!spring
首先咱们来看,生成好的项目中的SpringbootDemoApplication.java
文件,内容以下:json
package com.hafiz.springbootdemo;
import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
@SpringBootApplication
public class SpringbootDemoApplication {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(SpringbootDemoApplication.class, args);
}
}
代码很简单,但最耀眼的就是@SpringBootApplication
注解以及在main方法中运行的SpringAppliation.run()了
,那咱们要揭开SpringBoot应用的奥秘,很明显就要拿这二位开刀了!浏览器
@SpringBootApplication
注解解析先看看@SpringBootApplication
注解的源码:springboot
@Target(ElementType.TYPE)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Documented
@Inherited
@SpringBootConfiguration
@EnableAutoConfiguration
@ComponentScan(excludeFilters = {
@Filter(type = FilterType.CUSTOM, classes = TypeExcludeFilter.class),
@Filter(type = FilterType.CUSTOM, classes = AutoConfigurationExcludeFilter.class) })
public @interface SpringBootApplication {
...
}
咱们看到@SpringBootApplication
实际上是一个复合的注解,起主要做用的就是@SpringBootConfiguration
、@EnableAutoConfiguration
以及@ComponentScan
三个注解组成,因此若是咱们把SpringBoot启动类改写成以下方式,整个SpringBoot应用依然能够与以前的启动类功能同样:
@SpringBootConfiguration
@EnableAutoConfiguration
@ComponentScan(excludeFilters = {
@Filter(type = FilterType.CUSTOM, classes = TypeExcludeFilter.class),
@Filter(type = FilterType.CUSTOM, classes = AutoConfigurationExcludeFilter.class) })
public class SpringbootDemoApplication {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(SpringbootDemoApplication.class, args);
}
}
由于咱们每次新建项目时都要写上三个注解来完成配置,这显然太繁琐了,SpringBoot就为咱们提供了@SpringBootApplication
这样一个复合注解来简化咱们的操做。简直不能再贴心一点了!
@SpringBootConfiguration
注解解析接着咱们来看@SpringBootConfiguration
注解的源码:
@Target(ElementType.TYPE)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Documented
@Configuration
public @interface SpringBootConfiguration {
}
咱们能够看到,这里面依旧没有什么新东西,它SpringBoot为了区别@Configuration
而新提供的专属于SpringBoot的注解,功能和@Configuration
如出一辙。而这里的@Configuration
注解对于咱们来讲并不陌生,咱们在上篇文章中进行了详细的介绍。SpringBoot的启动类标注了这个注解,毫无疑问,它自己也是个IoC容器的配置类。了解到了这里,咱们其实能够把SpringBoot的启动类来拆成两个类,拆完之后就很是清楚明了了:
@Configuration
@EnableAutoConfiguration
@ComponentScan
public class DemoConfiguration {
}
public class DemoApplication {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(DemoConfiguration.class, args);
}
}
因此呢,启动类DemoApplication其实就是一个标准的Standalone类型的Java程序的main函数启动类,也并无什么特殊的东西。
@EnableAutoConfiguration
的神奇之处看到这货,咱们不只联想出Spring 中不少以“@Enable”开头的注解,好比:@EnableScheduling
、@EnableCaching
以及@EnableMBeanExport
等,@EnableAutoConfiguration
注解的理念和工做原理和它们其实一脉相承。简单的来讲,就是该注解借助@Import
注解的支持,Spring的IoC容器收集和注册特定场景相关的Bean定义:
@EnableScheduling
是经过@Import
将Spring调度框架相关的bean都加载到IoC容器。@EnableMBeanExport
是经过@Import
将JMX相关的bean定义加载到IoC容器。而@EnableAutoConfiguration
注解也是借助@Import
将全部复合配置条件的bean定义加载到IoC容器,仅此而已!而@EnableAutoConfiguration
注解的源码以下:
@Target(ElementType.TYPE)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Documented
@Inherited
@AutoConfigurationPackage
@Import(EnableAutoConfigurationImportSelector.class)
public @interface EnableAutoConfiguration {
...
}
这其中最关键的就是@Import(EnableAutoConfigurationImportSelector.class)
了,它借助EnableAutoConfigurationImportSelector.class
能够帮助SpringBoot应用将全部符合条件的@Configuration配置类都加载到当前SpringBoot建立并使用的IoC容器,就像一个“八爪鱼”同样。
下面咱们给出EnableAutoConfigurationImportSelector.java
的父类AutoConfigurationImportSelector.java
的部分源码,来解释和验证上图:
public class AutoConfigurationImportSelector implements DeferredImportSelector, BeanClassLoaderAware, ResourceLoaderAware, BeanFactoryAware, EnvironmentAware, Ordered {
protected List<AutoConfigurationImportFilter> getAutoConfigurationImportFilters() {
return SpringFactoriesLoader.loadFactories(AutoConfigurationImportFilter.class,
this.beanClassLoader);
}
protected List<AutoConfigurationImportListener> getAutoConfigurationImportListeners() {
return SpringFactoriesLoader.loadFactories(AutoConfigurationImportListener.class,
this.beanClassLoader);
}
}
以上源码能够看出,@EnableAutoConfiguration
正是借助SpringFactoriesLoader
的支持,才能完成如此伟大的壮举!
SpringFactoriesLoader
详解SpringFactoriesLoader属于Spring框架专属的一种扩展方案(其功能和使用方式相似于Java的SPI方案:java.util.ServiceLoader),它的主要功能就是从指定的配置文件META-INF/spring.factories
中加载配置,spring.factories是一个很是经典的java properties文件,内容格式是Key=Value形式,只不过这Key以及Value都很是特殊,为Java类的完整类名(Fully qualified name),好比:
com.hafiz.service.DemoService=com.hafiz.service.impl.DemoServiceImpl,com.hafiz.service.impl.DemoServiceImpl2
而后Spring框架就能够根据某个类型做为Key来查找对应的类型名称列表了,SpringFactories源码以下:
public abstract class SpringFactoriesLoader {
private static final Log logger = LogFactory.getLog(SpringFactoriesLoader.class);
public static final String FACTORIES_RESOURCE_LOCATION = "META-INF/spring.factories";
public static <T> List<T> loadFactories(Class<T> factoryClass, ClassLoader classLoader){
...
}
public static List<String> loadFactoryNames(Class<?> factoryClass, ClassLoader classLoader) {
...
}
// ...
}
对于@EnableAutoConfiguraion
来讲,SpringFactoriesLoader的用途和其本意稍微不一样,它本意是为了提供SPI扩展,而在@EnableAutoConfiguration
这个场景下,它更多的是提供了一种配置查找的功能的支持,也就是根据@EnableAutoConfiguration
的完整类名org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.EnableAutoConfiguration
做为Key来获取一组对应的@Configuration类:
org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.EnableAutoConfiguration=\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.admin.SpringApplicationAdminJmxAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.aop.AopAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.amqp.RabbitAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.batch.BatchAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.cache.CacheAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.cassandra.CassandraAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.cloud.CloudAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.context.ConfigurationPropertiesAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.context.MessageSourceAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.context.PropertyPlaceholderAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.couchbase.CouchbaseAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.dao.PersistenceExceptionTranslationAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.data.cassandra.CassandraDataAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.data.cassandra.CassandraRepositoriesAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.data.couchbase.CouchbaseDataAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.data.couchbase.CouchbaseRepositoriesAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.data.elasticsearch.ElasticsearchAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.data.elasticsearch.ElasticsearchDataAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.data.elasticsearch.ElasticsearchRepositoriesAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.data.jpa.JpaRepositoriesAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.data.ldap.LdapDataAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.data.ldap.LdapRepositoriesAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.data.mongo.MongoDataAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.data.mongo.MongoRepositoriesAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.data.neo4j.Neo4jDataAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.data.neo4j.Neo4jRepositoriesAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.data.solr.SolrRepositoriesAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.data.redis.RedisAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.data.redis.RedisRepositoriesAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.data.rest.RepositoryRestMvcAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.data.web.SpringDataWebAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.elasticsearch.jest.JestAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.freemarker.FreeMarkerAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.gson.GsonAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.h2.H2ConsoleAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.hateoas.HypermediaAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.hazelcast.HazelcastAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.hazelcast.HazelcastJpaDependencyAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.info.ProjectInfoAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.integration.IntegrationAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jackson.JacksonAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jdbc.DataSourceAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jdbc.JdbcTemplateAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jdbc.JndiDataSourceAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jdbc.XADataSourceAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jdbc.DataSourceTransactionManagerAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jms.JmsAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jmx.JmxAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jms.JndiConnectionFactoryAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jms.activemq.ActiveMQAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jms.artemis.ArtemisAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.flyway.FlywayAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.groovy.template.GroovyTemplateAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jersey.JerseyAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jooq.JooqAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.kafka.KafkaAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.ldap.embedded.EmbeddedLdapAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.ldap.LdapAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.liquibase.LiquibaseAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.mail.MailSenderAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.mail.MailSenderValidatorAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.mobile.DeviceResolverAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.mobile.DeviceDelegatingViewResolverAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.mobile.SitePreferenceAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.mongo.embedded.EmbeddedMongoAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.mongo.MongoAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.mustache.MustacheAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.orm.jpa.HibernateJpaAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.reactor.ReactorAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.security.SecurityAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.security.SecurityFilterAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.security.FallbackWebSecurityAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.security.oauth2.OAuth2AutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.sendgrid.SendGridAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.session.SessionAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.social.SocialWebAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.social.FacebookAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.social.LinkedInAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.social.TwitterAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.solr.SolrAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.thymeleaf.ThymeleafAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.transaction.TransactionAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.transaction.jta.JtaAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.validation.ValidationAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.DispatcherServletAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.EmbeddedServletContainerAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.ErrorMvcAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.HttpEncodingAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.HttpMessageConvertersAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.MultipartAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.ServerPropertiesAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.WebClientAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.WebMvcAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.websocket.WebSocketAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.websocket.WebSocketMessagingAutoConfiguration,\ org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.webservices.WebServicesAutoConfiguration
在SpringBoot的autoconfigure依赖包中的META-INF文件下的spring.factories文件中,咱们能够找到以上内容,这就很好的解释了为何。
总结来讲,@EnableAutoConfiguration
能实现自动配置的原理就是:SpringFactoriesLoader从classpath中搜寻全部META-INF/spring.fatories文件,并将其中Key[org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.EnableAutoConfiguration
]对应的Value配置项经过反射的方式实例化为对应的标注了@Configuration
的JavaConfig形式的IoC容器配置类,而后汇总到当前使用的IoC容器中。
@ComponentScan
解析为何说这个注解是非必需的呢?由于咱们知道做为Spring框架里的老成员,@ComponentScan的功能就是自动扫描并加载复合条件的组件或Bean定义,最终将这些bean定义加载到当前使用的容器中。这个过程,咱们能够手工单个进行注册,不是必定要经过这个注解批量扫描和注册,因此说@ComponentScan
是非必需的。
因此,若是咱们当前应用没有任何bean定义须要经过@ComponentScan
加载到当前SpringBoot应用对应的IoC容器,那么,去掉@ComponentScan
注解,当前的SpringBoot应用依旧能够完美运行!那是否是到目前为止,依旧没有什么新鲜的事物出现?
@RestController
以及@GetMapping
@RestController
注解也是一个复合注解,没啥新东西,就是自动返回json类型的数据,源码以下:
@Target(ElementType.TYPE)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Documented
@Controller
@ResponseBody
public @interface RestController {
String value() default "";
}
@GetMapping
注解也是一个复合注解,依旧没啥新东西,就是用来定义只支持GET请求的URL,源码以下:
@Target(ElementType.METHOD)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Documented
@RequestMapping(method = RequestMethod.GET)
public @interface GetMapping {
...
}
刚开始没有深刻接触SpringBoot的时候,感受这货真的好神奇,居然能够省去那么多搭建步骤。这特么简直就是开发人员的福音啊,再回头想一想这货为啥会火呢?咱们都知道近几年微服务的概念很火,不少企业也开始把本身的项目作成微服务了,那随着项目愈来愈多,按照咱们之前那种方式配置项目,很繁琐,光建立项目就要耗费很大的精力和时间,这个时候拯救世界的SpringBoot出现了,它简化了配置方式,实乃应运而生,顺势而为啊!再不火,没天理不是。下篇文章咱们来聊一聊SpringBoot的启动流程。期待的小伙伴,评论扣1.