运维自动化之ANSIBLE（中级）

时间  2019-11-09
标签 自动化 ansible 中级 栏目 测试自动化 繁體版
原文   原文链接

  上一篇简单介绍ansible的一些基础知识，这篇我们来讨论下ansible的基本使用，高级阶段放到下一篇来讲 node

Ansbile

ansible经过ssh实现配置管理、应用部署、任务执行等功能，建议配置ansible端能基于密钥认证的方式联系各被管理节点
ansible <host-pattern> [-m module_name] [-a args]
  --version 显示版本
  -m module 指定模块，默认为command
  -v 详细过程 –vv -vvv更详细
  --list-hosts 显示主机列表，可简写 --list
  -k, --ask-pass 提示输入ssh链接密码，默认Key验证
  -K, --ask-become-pass 提示输入sudo时的口令
  -C, --check 检查，并不执行
  -T, --timeout=TIMEOUT 执行命令的超时时间，默认10s
  -u, --user=REMOTE_USER 执行远程执行的用户
  -b, --become 代替旧版的sudo 切换 web

ansible的Host-pattern

ansible的Host-pattern
  匹配的主机的列表：
    All ：表示全部Inventory中的全部主机 shell

[root@ansible ~]#ansible all -m ping 
172.20.7.50 | SUCCESS => {
    "changed": false, 
    "ping": "pong"
}
172.20.7.52 | SUCCESS => {
    "changed": false, 
    "ping": "pong"
}
172.20.7.56 | SUCCESS => {
    "changed": false, 
    "ping": "pong"
}
172.20.7.54 | SUCCESS => {
    "changed": false, 
    "ping": "pong"
}
172.20.7.57 | SUCCESS => {
    "changed": false, 
    "ping": "pong"
}
172.20.7.55 | SUCCESS => {
    "changed": false, 
    "ping": "pong"
}
172.20.7.53 | SUCCESS => {
    "changed": false, 
    "ping": "pong"
}

    * ： 通配符 bash

[root@ansible ~]#ansible "*" -a 'echo $HOSTNAME'
172.20.7.56 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
node6.dklwj.com
172.20.7.54 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
node4.dklwj.com
.....

[root@ansible ~]#ansible 172.20.7.* -a 'echo $HOSTNAME'
172.20.7.53 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
node3.dklwj.com
172.20.7.56 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
node6.dklwj.com
....

[root@ansible ~]#ansible *srvs -a 'echo $HOSTNAME'
172.20.7.52 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
node2.dklwj.com
172.20.7.50 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
ansible
....

    或关系 服务器

[root@ansible ~]#ansible "websrvs:dbsrvs" -a 'echo $HOSTNAME'
172.20.7.54 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
node4.dklwj.com
172.20.7.52 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
node2.dklwj.com
172.20.7.56 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
node6.dklwj.com
172.20.7.53 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
node3.dklwj.com
172.20.7.57 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
node7.dklwj.com

[root@ansible ~]#ansible "172.20.7.50:172.20.7.56" -a 'echo $HOSTNAME'
172.20.7.50 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
ansible
172.20.7.56 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
node6.dklwj.com

逻辑与
  ansible “websrvs:&dbsrvs” –a 'echo $HOSTNAME'
  在websrvs组而且在dbsrvs组中的主机app

cat /etc/ansible/hosts
[websrvs]
172.20.7.52
172.20.7.56
172.20.7.57
[dbsrvs]
172.20.7.53
172.20.7.54
172.20.7.52
[appsrvs]
172.20.7.50
172.20.7.55
"/etc/ansible/hosts" 54L, 1143C written                      
[root@ansible ~]#ansible "websrvs:&dbsrvs" -a 'echo $HOSTNAME'
172.20.7.52 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
node2.dklwj.com

逻辑非
  ansible ‘websrvs:!dbsrvs’ –a 'echo $HOSTNAME'
  在websrvs组，但不在dbsrvs组中的主机
  注意：此处为单引号 运维

[root@ansible ~]#ansible 'websrvs:!dbsrvs' -a 'echo $HOSTNAME'
172.20.7.57 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
node7.dklwj.com
172.20.7.56 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
node6.dklwj.com

综合逻辑
  ansible ‘websrvs:dbsrvs:&appsrvs:!ftpsrvs’ –a 'echo $HOSTNAME'dom

cat /etc/ansible/hosts
[websrvs]
172.20.7.52
172.20.7.56
172.20.7.57
[dbsrvs]
172.20.7.53
172.20.7.54
172.20.7.52
[appsrvs]
172.20.7.50
172.20.7.52
172.20.7.55
[ftpsrvs]
172.20.7.50
172.20.7.55
"/etc/ansible/hosts" 58L, 1189C written                      
[root@ansible ~]#ansible 'websrvs:dbsrvs:&appsrvs:!ftpsrvs' -a 'echo $HOSTNAME'172.20.7.52 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
node2.dklwj.com

ansible命令执行过程

ansible命令执行过程
  1. 加载本身的配置文件 默认/etc/ansible/ansible.cfg
  2. 加载本身对应的模块文件，如command
  3. 经过ansible将模块或命令生成对应的临时py文件，并将该 文件传输至远程服务器的对应执行用户$HOME/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-数字/XXX.PY文件
  4. 给文件+x执行
  5. 执行并返回结果
  6. 删除临时py文件，sleep 0退出
执行状态：
  ×××：执行成功而且对目标主机作变动
运维自动化之ANSIBLE（中级）
  绿色：执行成功而且不须要作改变的操做
运维自动化之ANSIBLE（中级）
  红色：执行失败
运维自动化之ANSIBLE（中级）ssh

Ansible使用示例

基于一台主机管理
[root@ansible ~]#ansible 172.20.7.52 -m command -a 'ls /root'
172.20.7.52 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
anaconda-ks.cfg
Desktop
Documents
Downloads
initial-setup-ks.cfg
Music
Pictures
Public
Templates
Videos

基于组的自动管理
[root@ansible ~]#ansible websrvs -m command -a 'ls /root'
172.20.7.53 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
anaconda-ks.cfg
Desktop
Documents
Downloads
install.log
install.log.syslog
Music
Pictures
Public
Templates
Videos

172.20.7.52 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
anaconda-ks.cfg
Desktop
Documents
Downloads
initial-setup-ks.cfg
Music
Pictures
Public
Templates
Videos

Ansible经常使用模块

Command：
  在远程主机执行命令，默认模块，可忽略-m选项
    ansible websrvs -m command -a 'systemctl start httpd' ide

[root@ansible ~]#ansible websrvs -m command -a 'systemctl start httpd'
172.20.7.57 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>

172.20.7.56 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>

172.20.7.52 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>

    ansible 172.20.7.52 -m command -a 'echo 123456 |passwd --stdin cobbler'不成功

[root@ansible ~]#ansible 172.20.7.52 -m command -a 'echo 123456|passwd --stdin cobbler'
172.20.7.52 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
123456|passwd --stdin cobbler

    此命令不支持 $VARNAME < > | ; & 等，用shell模块实现
Shell：和command类似，用shell执行命令
  ansible 172.20.7.52 -m command -a 'echo 123456 |passwd --stdin cobbler' 

[root@ansible ~]#ansible 172.20.7.52 -m shell -a 'echo 123456|passwd --stdin cobbler'
172.20.7.52 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
Changing password for user cobbler.
passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.

  调用bash执行命令 相似 cat /tmp/stanley.md | awk -F‘|’ ‘{print $1,$2}’ &> /tmp/example.txt 这些复杂命令，即便使用shell也可能会失败，解决办法：写到脚本时，copy到远程，执行，再把须要的结果拉回执行命令的机器
Script：运行脚本
  -a "/PATH/TO/SCRIPT_FILE"
  ansible websrvs -m script -a f1.sh

[root@ansible ~]#ansible websrvs -m script -a f1.sh 
172.20.7.52 | SUCCESS => {
    "changed": true, 
    "rc": 0, 
    "stderr": "Shared connection to 172.20.7.52 closed.\r\n", 
    "stderr_lines": [
        "Shared connection to 172.20.7.52 closed."
    ], 
    "stdout": "node2.dklwj.com\r\n", 
    "stdout_lines": [
        "node2.dklwj.com"
    ]
}
172.20.7.56 | SUCCESS => {
    "changed": true, 
    "rc": 0, 
    "stderr": "Shared connection to 172.20.7.56 closed.\r\n", 
    "stderr_lines": [
        "Shared connection to 172.20.7.56 closed."
    ], 
    "stdout": "node6.dklwj.com\r\n", 
    "stdout_lines": [
        "node6.dklwj.com"
    ]
}
172.20.7.57 | SUCCESS => {
    "changed": true, 
    "rc": 0, 
    "stderr": "Shared connection to 172.20.7.57 closed.\r\n", 
    "stderr_lines": [
        "Shared connection to 172.20.7.57 closed."
    ], 
    "stdout": "node7.dklwj.com\r\n", 
    "stdout_lines": [
        "node7.dklwj.com"
    ]
}

Copy:从服务器复制文件到客户端
  ansible 172.20.7.52 -m copy -a 'src=/root/f1.sh dest=/tmp/f2.sh owner=cobbler mode=600 backup=yes'
  如目标存在，默认覆盖，此处指定先备份

[root@ansible ~]#ansible 172.20.7.52 -m copy -a 'src=/root/f1.sh dest=/tmp/f2.sh owner=cobbler mode=600 backup=yes'
172.20.7.52 | SUCCESS => {
    "changed": true, 
    "checksum": "186e23e2c374f961aae6e4a876791f8ea3fa132a", 
    "dest": "/tmp/f2.sh", 
    "gid": 0, 
    "group": "root", 
    "mode": "0600", 
    "owner": "cobbler", 
    "path": "/tmp/f2.sh", 
    "size": 29, 
    "state": "file", 
    "uid": 1002
}

  ansible websrv -m copy -a “content=‘test content\n’ dest=/tmp/f1.txt”
  利用内容，直接生成目标文件

[root@ansible ~]#ansible websrvs -m copy -a 'content="line1\nline2" dest=/tmp/f1.txt'
172.20.7.52 | SUCCESS => {
    "changed": true, 
    "checksum": "05eed6236c8bda5ecf7af09bae911f9d5f90998b", 
    "dest": "/tmp/f1.txt", 
    "gid": 0, 
    "group": "root", 
    "md5sum": "ee5a58024a155466b43bc559d953e018", 
    "mode": "0644", 
    "owner": "root", 
    "size": 11, 
    "src": "/root/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-1537759297.03-108086848060144/source", 
    "state": "file", 
    "uid": 0
}
172.20.7.57 | SUCCESS => {
    "changed": true, 
    "checksum": "05eed6236c8bda5ecf7af09bae911f9d5f90998b", 
    "dest": "/tmp/f1.txt", 
    "gid": 0, 
    "group": "root", 
    "md5sum": "ee5a58024a155466b43bc559d953e018", 
    "mode": "0644", 
    "owner": "root", 
    "size": 11, 
    "src": "/root/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-1537759297.06-272258279616668/source", 
    "state": "file", 
    "uid": 0
}
172.20.7.56 | SUCCESS => {
    "changed": true, 
    "checksum": "05eed6236c8bda5ecf7af09bae911f9d5f90998b", 
    "dest": "/tmp/f1.txt", 
    "gid": 0, 
    "group": "root", 
    "md5sum": "ee5a58024a155466b43bc559d953e018", 
    "mode": "0644", 
    "owner": "root", 
    "size": 11, 
    "src": "/root/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-1537759297.04-113306386739819/source", 
    "state": "file", 
    "uid": 0
}
#查看远程主机是否成功
[root@ansible ~]#ansible websrvs -a 'cat /tmp/f1.txt'
172.20.7.57 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
line1
line2
172.20.7.56 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
line1
line2
172.20.7.52 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
line1
line2

Fetch:从客户端取文件至服务器端，copy相反，目录可先tar 

[root@ansible ~]#ansible websrvs -m fetch -a 'src=/data/f1 dest=/data/'
172.20.7.52 | SUCCESS => {
    "changed": true, 
    "checksum": "da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709", 
    "dest": "/data/172.20.7.52/data/f1", 
    "md5sum": "d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e", 
    "remote_checksum": "da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709", 
    "remote_md5sum": null
}
172.20.7.56 | SUCCESS => {
    "changed": true, 
    "checksum": "da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709", 
    "dest": "/data/172.20.7.56/data/f1", 
    "md5sum": "d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e", 
    "remote_checksum": "da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709", 
    "remote_md5sum": null
}
172.20.7.57 | SUCCESS => {
    "changed": true, 
    "checksum": "da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709", 
    "dest": "/data/172.20.7.57/data/f1", 
    "md5sum": "d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e", 
    "remote_checksum": "da39a3ee5e6b4b0d3255bfef95601890afd80709", 
    "remote_md5sum": null
}
# 查看server端，在这里ansible作的仍是能够的 怕传过来的混淆，用客户端的IP做为文件夹以示区分。
[root@ansible ~]#ls /data/
172.20.7.52  172.20.7.56  172.20.7.57

File：设置文件属性
  ansible 172.20.7.52 -m file -a "path=/root/f1.sh owner=cobbler mode=755"

[root@ansible ~]#ansible 172.20.7.52 -m file -a "path=/root/f1.sh owner=cobbler mode=755"
172.20.7.52 | SUCCESS => {
    "changed": true, 
    "gid": 0, 
    "group": "root", 
    "mode": "0755", 
    "owner": "cobbler", 
    "path": "/root/f1.sh", 
    "size": 30, 
    "state": "file", 
    "uid": 1002
}

[root@ansible ~]#ansible 172.20.7.52 -a 'ls -l /root/f1.sh'
172.20.7.52 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
-rwxr-xr-x 1 cobbler root 30 Sep 23 19:24 /root/f1.sh

  ansible websrvs -m file -a ‘src=/app/testfile dest=/app/testfile-link state=link’

# 在websrvs组中全部机器上建立软链接
[root@ansible ~]#ansible websrvs -m file -a 'src=/data/f1 dest=/data/f1-link state=link'
172.20.7.52 | SUCCESS => {
    "changed": true, 
    "dest": "/data/f1-link", 
    "gid": 0, 
    "group": "root", 
    "mode": "0777", 
    "owner": "root", 
    "size": 8, 
    "src": "/data/f1", 
    "state": "link", 
    "uid": 0
}
172.20.7.56 | SUCCESS => {
    "changed": true, 
    "dest": "/data/f1-link", 
    "gid": 0, 
    "group": "root", 
    "mode": "0777", 
    "owner": "root", 
    "size": 8, 
    "src": "/data/f1", 
    "state": "link", 
    "uid": 0
}
172.20.7.57 | SUCCESS => {
    "changed": true, 
    "dest": "/data/f1-link", 
    "gid": 0, 
    "group": "root", 
    "mode": "0777", 
    "owner": "root", 
    "size": 8, 
    "src": "/data/f1", 
    "state": "link", 
    "uid": 0
}
# 查看结果
[root@ansible ~]#ansible websrvs -a 'ls -l /data'
172.20.7.57 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
total 0
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Sep 22 16:45 f1
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 8 Sep 24 12:57 f1-link -> /data/f1

172.20.7.56 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
total 0
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  0 Sep 22 16:45 f1
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root  8 Sep 24 12:57 f1-link -> /data/f1

172.20.7.52 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
total 0
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  0 Sep 25 11:27 f1
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root  8 Sep 25 12:57 f1-link -> /data/f1

Hostname：管理主机名
  ansible node1 -m hostname -a “name=websrv” 

#把单独一台远程主机修改主机名，这种修改是直接生效的若是是6系统的话连/etc/sysconfig/network里面的都修改了
[root@ansible ~]#ansible 172.20.7.52 -m hostname -a 'name=ansible2'
172.20.7.52 | SUCCESS => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "ansible_domain": "", 
        "ansible_fqdn": "ansible2", 
        "ansible_hostname": "ansible2", 
        "ansible_nodename": "ansible2"
    }, 
    "changed": true, 
    "name": "ansible2"
}
[root@ansible ~]#ansible 172.20.7.52 -a 'hostname'
172.20.7.52 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
ansible2

Cron：计划任务
支持时间：minute，hour，day，month，weekday
  ansible srv -m cron -a “minute=*/5 job=‘/usr/sbin/ntpdate 172.16.0.1 &>/dev/null’ name=Synctime” 建立任务 

# 给websrvs组中全部主机建立一个时间同步计划，时间为每5钟同步一次
[root@ansible ~]#ansible websrvs -m cron -a 'name="sync time from ntpserver" minute="*/5" job="ntpdate 172.20.0.1 &> /dev/null"'
172.20.7.56 | SUCCESS => {
    "changed": true, 
    "envs": [], 
    "jobs": [
        "sync time from ntpserver"
    ]
}
172.20.7.52 | SUCCESS => {
    "changed": true, 
    "envs": [], 
    "jobs": [
        "sync time from ntpserver"
    ]
}
172.20.7.57 | SUCCESS => {
    "changed": true, 
    "envs": [], 
    "jobs": [
        "sync time from ntpserver"
    ]
}
# 查看websrvs是否建立成功
[root@ansible ~]#ansible websrvs -a 'crontab -l'
172.20.7.57 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
#Ansible: sync time from ntpserver
*/5 * * * * ntpdate 172.20.0.1 &> /dev/null

172.20.7.56 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
#Ansible: sync time from ntpserver
*/5 * * * * ntpdate 172.20.0.1 &> /dev/null

172.20.7.52 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
#Ansible: sync time from ntpserver
*/5 * * * * ntpdate 172.20.0.1 &> /dev/null

  ansible srv -m cron -a ‘state=absent name=Synctime’ 删除任务

后续持续更新中ing.......

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