GraphQL初探:从REST到GraphQL,更完善的数据查询定义

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Introduction

GraphQL is Facebook’s new query language for fetching application data in a uniform way.node

GraphQL并非一个面向图数据库的查询语言,而是一个数据抽象层,包括数据格式、数据关联、查询方式定义与实现等等一揽子的东西。GraphQL也并非一个具体的后端编程框架,若是将REST看作适合于简单逻辑的查询标准,那么GraphQL能够作一个独立的抽象层,经过对于多个REST风格的简单的接口的排列组合提供更多复杂多变的查询方式。与REST相比,GraphQL定义了更严格、可扩展、可维护的数据查询方式。git

GraphQL与以前Netflix出品的Falcor,都是致力于解决相同的问题:如何有效处理日益增加不断变化的Web/Mobile端复杂的数据需求。笔者一直认为,REST原论文最大的功劳在于先后端分离与无状态请求,而REST的资源化的请求方式只适合面向简单的请求,对于具备复杂资源间关联的请求就有点无能为力。关于这一点,笔者在以前的RARF系列中有过充分的讨论。github

GraphQL is a specification.shell

仍是须要强调一点,引入GraphQL并不意味着要像以前从Struts迁移到SpringBoot同样须要去修改你的真实的后端代码,所以GraphQL能够看作一个业务逻辑层灵活有效地辅助工具。这一点也是GraphQL与原来的REST API最大的差异,举例而言:数据库

{

  latestPost {

    _id,

    title,

    content,

    author {

      name

    },

    comments {

      content,

      author {

        name

      }

    }

  }

}

这是一个很典型的GraphQL查询,在查询中指明了须要返回某个Blog的评论与做者信息,一个典型的返回结果譬如:express

{

  "data": {

    "latestPost": {

      "_id": "03390abb5570ce03ae524397d215713b",

      "title": "New Feature: Tracking Error Status with Kadira",

      "content": "Here is a common feedback we received from our users ...",

      "author": {

        "name": "Pahan Sarathchandra"

      },

      "comments": [

        {

          "content": "This is a very good blog post",

          "author": {

            "name": "Arunoda Susiripala"

          }

        },

        {

          "content": "Keep up the good work",

          "author": {

            "name": "Kasun Indi"

          }

        }

      ]

    }

  }

}

而若是采用REST API方式,要么须要前端查询屡次,要么须要去添加一个新的接口,专门针对前端这种较为特殊的请求进行响应,而这样又不可避免地致使后端代码的冗余,毕竟颇有可能这个特殊的请求与返回哪天就被废了。npm

Reference

Tutorials & Docs

Mechanism:原理介绍

Practices & Resources

Comparison:框架对比

Collection

Quick Start

Official Quick Start:官方的简单的Quick Start教程

Setup

首先建立项目文件夹:

mkdir graphql-demo
cd graphql-demo

而后使用npm安装必要的依赖:

npm init -f
npm install graphql express express-graphql --save

Data

做为一个简单的数据服务器,咱们仅使用最简单的JSON文件做为数据源:

{
  "1": {
    "id": "1",
    "name": "Dan"
  },
  "2": {
    "id": "2",
    "name": "Marie"
  },
  "3": {
    "id": "3",
    "name": "Jessie"
  }
}

Server

一个简单的GraphQL服务器须要建立Scheme以及支持的查询:

// Import the required libraries
var graphql = require('graphql');
var graphqlHTTP = require('express-graphql');
var express = require('express');

// Import the data you created above
var data = require('./data.json');

// Define the User type with two string fields: `id` and `name`.
// The type of User is GraphQLObjectType, which has child fields
// with their own types (in this case, GraphQLString).
var userType = new graphql.GraphQLObjectType({
  name: 'User',
  fields: {
    id: { type: graphql.GraphQLString },
    name: { type: graphql.GraphQLString },
  }
});

// Define the schema with one top-level field, `user`, that
// takes an `id` argument and returns the User with that ID.
// Note that the `query` is a GraphQLObjectType, just like User.
// The `user` field, however, is a userType, which we defined above.
var schema = new graphql.GraphQLSchema({
  query: new graphql.GraphQLObjectType({
    name: 'Query',
    fields: {
      user: {
        type: userType,
        // `args` describes the arguments that the `user` query accepts
        args: {
          id: { type: graphql.GraphQLString }
        },
        // The resolve function describes how to "resolve" or fulfill
        // the incoming query.
        // In this case we use the `id` argument from above as a key
        // to get the User from `data`
        resolve: function (_, args) {
          return data[args.id];
        }
      }
    }
  })
});

express()
  .use('/graphql', graphqlHTTP({ schema: schema, pretty: true }))
  .listen(3000);

console.log('GraphQL server running on http://localhost:3000/graphql');

而后使用node命令启动服务器:

node index.js

若是你直接访问http://localhost:3000/graphql会获得以下反馈:

{
  "errors": [
    {
      "message": "Must provide query string."
    }
  ]
}

Queries

按照以下方式能够建立一个简单的根据ID查询用户的姓名,从中能够看出基本的GraphQL的查询的样式,就是一个JSON的Key-Value对,键值就是查询值:

{

  user(id: "1") {

    name

  }

}

返回数据是:

{

  "data": {

    "user": {

      "name": "Dan"

    }

  }

}

若是你但愿以GET方式进行查询,能够移除全部的空格,即获得以下方式的请求:

http://localhost:3000/graphql?query={user(id:"1"){name}}

Another First GraphQL Server:另外一个Step By Step的介绍

Setup an HTTP Server:构建一个HTTP服务器

注意,GraphQL定义了一种通用的数据查询语言,并不必定要基于HTTP协议,不过目前绝大部分应用服务器的交互协议都是HTTP,所以这里也是基于Express以及GraphQL的JavaScript实现构建一个简单的GraphQL服务器。

$ mkdir graphql-intro && cd ./graphql-intro

$ npm install express --save

$ npm install babel --save

$ touch ./server.js

$ touch ./index.js

而核心的服务端代码为:

// index.js

// by requiring `babel/register`, all of our successive `require`s will be Babel'd

require('babel/register');

require('./server.js');



// server.js

import express from 'express';



let app  = express();

let PORT = 3000;



app.post('/graphql', (req, res) => {

  res.send('Hello!');

});



let server = app.listen(PORT, function () {

  let host = server.address().address;

  let port = server.address().port;



  console.log('GraphQL listening at http://%s:%s', host, port);

});

直接使用Node命令便可以启动服务器:

$ node index.js
GraphQL listening at http://0.0.0.0:3000

能够用Curl进行简单的测试:

$ curl -XPOST http://localhost:3000/graphql

Hello!

建立一个Schema

如今咱们已经建立了一个简单的HTTP Server能够进行交互,下面咱们就要为该Server添加GraphQL查询的解析的支持。首先回顾下一个基本的GraphQL的查询请求以下:

query getHighScore { score }

该查询意味着某个GraphQL的客户端但愿获取getHighScore域的score子域的信息,Fields就是客户端要求GraphQL返回的数听说明,一个Fields也能够包含参数,譬如:

query getHighScores(limit: 10) { score }

而咱们的GraphQL Server首先须要知道应该如何去解析这样的请求,即须要去定义Schema。构建一个Schema的过程有点相似于构建RESTful的路由树的过程,Schema会包含Server能够返回给前端的Fields以及响应中的数据类型。GraphQL中是采起了静态数据类型,所以Client能够依赖于其发起请求时声明的数据类型。首先咱们声明使用Schema所须要的依赖项:

$ npm install graphql --save
$ npm install body-parser --save
$ touch ./schema.js

而后咱们建立一个GraphQLSchema实例,通常来讲咱们会将配置放入一个单独的文件夹中:

// schema.js

import {

  GraphQLObjectType,

  GraphQLSchema,

  GraphQLInt

} from 'graphql/lib/type';



let count = 0;



let schema = new GraphQLSchema({

  query: new GraphQLObjectType({

    name: 'RootQueryType',

    fields: {

      count: {

        type: GraphQLInt,

        resolve: function() {

          return count;

        }

      }

    }

  })

});



export default schema;

该Schema的定义用通俗地语言表达便是针对查询会返回一个RootQueryType的对象,而每一个RootQueryType对象会包含一个整型的count域。

Connect the Schema

在定义好了Schema以后,咱们就须要将其应用到HTTP Server中:

import express from 'express';

import schema from './schema';

// new dependencies

import { graphql } from 'graphql';

import bodyParser from 'body-parser';



let app  = express();

let PORT = 3000;



// parse POST body as text

app.use(bodyParser.text({ type: 'application/graphql' }));



app.post('/graphql', (req, res) => {

  // execute GraphQL!

  graphql(schema, req.body)

  .then((result) => {

    res.send(JSON.stringify(result, null, 2));

  });

});



let server = app.listen(PORT, function () {

  var host = server.address().address;

  var port = server.address().port;



  console.log('GraphQL listening at http://%s:%s', host, port);

});

全部针对/graphql的查询都会在定义好的Schema下执行,这里咱们默认的返回count值,仍是使用Curl进行简单的调试能够获得:

$ node ./index.js // restart your server
// in another shell
$ curl -XPOST -H "Content-Type:application/graphql"  -d 'query RootQueryType { count }' http://localhost:3000/graphql
{
 "data": {
   "count": 0
 }
}

Introspect the Server:获取Server定义的Schema信息

实际上,GraphQL Server也能够返回其定义好的Schema信息:

$ curl -XPOST -H 'Content-Type:application/graphql'  -d '{__schema { queryType { name, fields { name, description} }}}' http://localhost:3000/graphql
{
 "data": {
   "__schema": {
     "queryType": {
       "name": "RootQueryType",
       "fields": [
         {
           "name": "count",
           "description": null
         }
       ]
     }
   }
 }
}

其使用的查询实际上就是这个样子:

{
 __schema {
   queryType {
     name, 
     fields {
       name,
       description
     }
   }
 }
}

实际上,咱们也能够为每一个定义的域添加譬如description, isDeprecated, 以及 deprecationReason这样的描述信息,譬如:

let schema = new GraphQLSchema({

  query: new GraphQLObjectType({

    name: 'RootQueryType',

    fields: {

      count: {

        type: GraphQLInt,

        // add the description

        description: 'The count!',

        resolve: function() {

          return count;

        }

      }

    }

  })

});

那么返回的新的元信息就是:

$ curl -XPOST -H 'Content-Type:application/graphql'  -d '{__schema { queryType { name, fields { name, description} }}}' http://localhost:3000/graphql
{
 "data": {
   "__schema": {
     "queryType": {
       "name": "RootQueryType",
       "fields": [
         {
           "name": "count",
           "description": "The count!"
         }
       ]
     }
   }
 }
}

Add a Mutation:GraphQL中支持增删改

上文中所讲的都是基于GraphQL定义一个查询方式,而GraphQL也是支持对于数据的增删改,这在GraphQL中称为mutations。Mutations也是一个域,其主要是为了指明某个请求打来的Side Effects,所以大部分的语法仍是一致的。Mutations也是须要提供一个返回值的,主要是为了返回你改变的值以供验证修改是否成功。

let schema = new GraphQLSchema({

  query

  mutation: new GraphQLObjectType({

    name: 'RootMutationType',

    fields: {

      updateCount: {

        type: GraphQLInt,

        description: 'Updates the count',

        resolve: function() {

          count += 1;

          return count;

        }

      }

    }

  })

});

对应的查询方式就是:

$ curl -XPOST -H 'Content-Type:application/graphql' -d 'mutation RootMutationType { updateCount }' http://localhost:3000/graphql
{
 "data": {
   "updateCount": 1
 }
}

GraphiQL

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