背景vue
咱们先来看一段Vue的执行代码:数组
export default { data () { return { msg: 0 } }, mounted () { this.msg = 1 this.msg = 2 this.msg = 3 }, watch: { msg () { console.log(this.msg) } } } 复制代码
这段脚本执行咱们猜想会依次打印:一、二、3。可是实际效果中,只会输出一次:3。为何会出现这样的状况?咱们来一探究竟。promise
queueWatcherweex
咱们定义watch监听msg,实际上会被Vue这样调用vm.$watch(keyOrFn, handler, options)。$watch是咱们初始化的时候,为vm绑定的一个函数,用于建立Watcher对象。那么咱们看看Watcher中是如何处理handler的:dom
this.deep = this.user = this.lazy = this.sync = false... update () { if (this.lazy) { this.dirty = true } else if (this.sync) { this.run() } else { queueWatcher(this) } } ... 复制代码
初始设定this.deep = this.user = this.lazy = this.sync = false,也就是当触发update更新的时候,会去执行queueWatcher方法:异步
const queue: Array<Watcher> = []let has: { [key: number]: ?true } = {}let waiting = falselet flushing = false...export function queueWatcher (watcher: Watcher) { const id = watcher.id if (has[id] == null) { has[id] = true if (!flushing) { queue.push(watcher) } else { // if already flushing, splice the watcher based on its id // if already past its id, it will be run next immediately. let i = queue.length - 1 while (i > index && queue[i].id > watcher.id) { i-- } queue.splice(i + 1, 0, watcher) } // queue the flush if (!waiting) { waiting = true nextTick(flushSchedulerQueue) } } } 复制代码
这里面的nextTick(flushSchedulerQueue)中的flushSchedulerQueue函数其实就是watcher的视图更新:async
function flushSchedulerQueue () { flushing = true let watcher, id ... for (index = 0; index < queue.length; index++) { watcher = queue[index] id = watcher.id has[id] = null watcher.run() ... } } 复制代码
另外,关于waiting变量,这是很重要的一个标志位,它保证flushSchedulerQueue回调只容许被置入callbacks一次。 接下来咱们来看看nextTick函数,在说nexTick以前,须要你对Event Loop、microTask、macroTask有必定的了解,Vue nextTick 也是主要用到了这些基础原理。若是你还不了解,能够参考个人这篇文章Event Loop 简介 好了,下面咱们来看一下他的实现:ide
export const nextTick = (function () { const callbacks = [] let pending = false let timerFunc function nextTickHandler () { pending = false const copies = callbacks.slice(0) callbacks.length = 0 for (let i = 0; i < copies.length; i++) { copies[i]() } } // An asynchronous deferring mechanism. // In pre 2.4, we used to use microtasks (Promise/MutationObserver) // but microtasks actually has too high a priority and fires in between // supposedly sequential events (e.g. #4521, #6690) or even between // bubbling of the same event (#6566). Technically setImmediate should be // the ideal choice, but it's not available everywhere; and the only polyfill // that consistently queues the callback after all DOM events triggered in the // same loop is by using MessageChannel. /* istanbul ignore if */ if (typeof setImmediate !== 'undefined' && isNative(setImmediate)) { timerFunc = () => { setImmediate(nextTickHandler) } } else if (typeof MessageChannel !== 'undefined' && ( isNative(MessageChannel) || // PhantomJS MessageChannel.toString() === '[object MessageChannelConstructor]' )) { const channel = new MessageChannel() const port = channel.port2 channel.port1.onmessage = nextTickHandler timerFunc = () => { port.postMessage(1) } } else /* istanbul ignore next */ if (typeof Promise !== 'undefined' && isNative(Promise)) { // use microtask in non-DOM environments, e.g. Weex const p = Promise.resolve() timerFunc = () => { p.then(nextTickHandler) } } else { // fallback to setTimeout timerFunc = () => { setTimeout(nextTickHandler, 0) } } return function queueNextTick (cb?: Function, ctx?: Object) { let _resolve callbacks.push(() => { if (cb) { try { cb.call(ctx) } catch (e) { handleError(e, ctx, 'nextTick') } } else if (_resolve) { _resolve(ctx) } }) if (!pending) { pending = true timerFunc() } // $flow-disable-line if (!cb && typeof Promise !== 'undefined') { return new Promise((resolve, reject) => { _resolve = resolve }) } } })() 复制代码
首先Vue经过callback数组来模拟事件队列,事件队里的事件,经过nextTickHandler方法来执行调用,而何事进行执行,是由timerFunc来决定的。咱们来看一下timeFunc的定义:函数
if (typeof setImmediate !== 'undefined' && isNative(setImmediate)) { timerFunc = () => { setImmediate(nextTickHandler) } } else if (typeof MessageChannel !== 'undefined' && ( isNative(MessageChannel) || // PhantomJS MessageChannel.toString() === '[object MessageChannelConstructor]' )) { const channel = new MessageChannel() const port = channel.port2 channel.port1.onmessage = nextTickHandler timerFunc = () => { port.postMessage(1) } } else /* istanbul ignore next */ if (typeof Promise !== 'undefined' && isNative(Promise)) { // use microtask in non-DOM environments, e.g. Weex const p = Promise.resolve() timerFunc = () => { p.then(nextTickHandler) } } else { // fallback to setTimeout timerFunc = () => { setTimeout(nextTickHandler, 0) } } 复制代码
能够看出timerFunc的定义优先顺序macroTask --> microTask,在没有Dom的环境中,使用microTask,好比weexoop
setImmediate、MessageChannel VS setTimeout
咱们是优先定义setImmediate、MessageChannel为何要优先用他们建立macroTask而不是setTimeout? HTML5中规定setTimeout的最小时间延迟是4ms,也就是说理想环境下异步回调最快也是4ms才能触发。Vue使用这么多函数来模拟异步任务,其目的只有一个,就是让回调异步且尽早调用。而MessageChannel 和 setImmediate 的延迟明显是小于setTimeout的。
解决问题
有了这些基础,咱们再看一遍上面提到的问题。由于Vue的事件机制是经过事件队列来调度执行,会等主进程执行空闲后进行调度,因此先回去等待全部的进程执行完成以后再去一次更新。这样的性能优点很明显,好比:
如今有这样的一种状况,mounted的时候test的值会被++循环执行1000次。 每次++时,都会根据响应式触发setter->Dep->Watcher->update->run。 若是这时候没有异步更新视图,那么每次++都会直接操做DOM更新视图,这是很是消耗性能的。 因此Vue实现了一个queue队列,在下一个Tick(或者是当前Tick的微任务阶段)的时候会统一执行queue中Watcher的run。同时,拥有相同id的Watcher不会被重复加入到该queue中去,因此不会执行1000次Watcher的run。最终更新视图只会直接将test对应的DOM的0变成1000。 保证更新视图操做DOM的动做是在当前栈执行完之后下一个Tick(或者是当前Tick的微任务阶段)的时候调用,大大优化了性能。
有趣的问题
var vm = new Vue({ el: '#example', data: { msg: 'begin', }, mounted () { this.msg = 'end' console.log('1') setTimeout(() => { // macroTask console.log('3') }, 0) Promise.resolve().then(function () { //microTask console.log('promise!') }) this.$nextTick(function () { console.log('2') }) } }) 复制代码
这个的执行顺序想必你们都知道前后打印:一、promise、二、3。
由于首先触发了this.msg = 'end',致使触发了watcher的update,从而将更新操做callback push进入vue的事件队列。
this.$nextTick也为事件队列push进入了新的一个callback函数,他们都是经过setImmediate --> MessageChannel --> Promise --> setTimeout来定义timeFunc。而Promise.resolve().then则是microTask,因此会先去打印promise。
在支持MessageChannel和setImmediate的状况下,他们的执行顺序是优先于setTimeout的(在IE11/Edge中,setImmediate延迟能够在1ms之内,而setTimeout有最低4ms的延迟,因此setImmediate比setTimeout(0)更早执行回调函数。其次由于事件队列里,优先收入callback数组)因此会打印2,接着打印3
可是在不支持MessageChannel和setImmediate的状况下,又会经过Promise定义timeFunc,也是老版本Vue 2.4 以前的版本会优先执行promise。这种状况会致使顺序成为了:一、二、promise、3。由于this.msg一定先会触发dom更新函数,dom更新函数会先被callback收纳进入异步时间队列,其次才定义Promise.resolve().then(function () { console.log('promise!')})这样的microTask,接着定义$nextTick又会被callback收纳。咱们知道队列知足先进先出的原则,因此优先去执行callback收纳的对象。