Phalcon查询语言

时间 2019-11-10

标签 phalcon 查询语言繁體版

原文原文链接

Phalcon查询语言(Phalcon Query Language)

Phalcon查询语言，简称PhalconQL或PHQL，是一种面向对象的高级SQL语言，容许用标准化的SQL编写。PHQL实现了把操做语句解析为RDBMS目标语言的解析器(C语言编写)。php

为了达到最佳性能，Phalcon提供了与SQLite相同的解析器，其线程安全，内存占用极低。linux

解析器先检查传递的PHQL语句的语法，而后构建中间语句，最后将其转换为RDBMS对应的SQL语句。web

PHQL实现了一系列功能，能够更安全的操做数据库。sql

参数绑定是PHQL功能之一，使代码更安全
PHQL每次只容许执行一条SQL语句，以防SQL注入
PHQL会忽略全部SQL注入中经常使用的SQL注释
PHQL只容许数据操做语句，避免错误的或未经受权的更改、删除数据库和表
PHQL实现了高级抽象接口，容许以模型方式操做表，以类属性方式操做表字段

使用示例(Usage Example)

为了更好的解释PHQL工做原理，请参考下例。有Cars和Brands两个模型：数据库

<?php

use Phalcon\Mvc\Model;

class Cars extends Model
{
    public $id;

    public $name;

    public $brand_id;

    public $price;

    public $year;

    public $style;

    // 模型Cars映射sample_cars表
    public function getSource()
    {
        return 'sample_cars';
    }

    // 一辆车属于一个品牌，但一个品牌有多辆车
    public function initialize()
    {
        $this->belongsTo('brand_id', 'Brands', 'id');
    }
}

每辆车都属于一个品牌，每一个品牌有多辆车：api

<?php

use Phalcon\Mvc\Model;

class Brands extends Model
{
    public $id;

    public $name;

    // 模型Brands映射表'sample_brands'
    public function getSource()
    {
        return 'sample_brands';
    }

    // 一个品牌有多辆车
    public function initialize()
    {
        $this->hasMany('id', 'Cars', 'brand_id');
    }
}

建立PHQL查询(Creating PHQL Queries)

实例化Phalcon\Mvc\Model\Query类便可建立PHQL查询：安全

<?php

use Phalcon\Mvc\Model\Query;

// 实例化Query
$query = new Query(
    "SELECT * FROM Cars",
    $this->getDI()
);

// 执行查询，返回结果(若是有的话)
$cars = $query->execute();

控制器或视图中，使用Phalcon\Mvc\Model\Manager能够很容易的建立、执行PHQL查询：app

<?php

// 执行简单查询
$query = $this->modelsManager->createQuery("SELECT * FROM Cars");
$cars  = $query->execute();

// 使用参数绑定
$query = $this->modelsManager->createQuery("SELECT * FROM Cars WHERE name = :name:");
$cars  = $query->execute(
    [
        'name' => 'Audi',
    ]
);

或者直接执行查询：less

<?php

// 执行简单查询
$cars = $this->modelsManager->executeQuery(
    "SELECT * FROM Cars"
);

// 使用参数绑定
$cars = $this->modelsManager->executeQuery(
    "SELECT * FROM Cars WHERE name = :name:",
    [
        'name' => 'Audi',
    ]
);

查询记录(Selecting Records)

PHQL容许使用咱们熟知的SELECT语句查询记录，使用模型名字代替表名：函数

<?php

$query = $manager->createQuery(
    "SELECT * FROM Cars ORDER BY Cars.name"
);

$query = $manager->createQuery(
    "SELECT Cars.name FROM Cars ORDER BY Cars.name"
);

容许带命名空间的模型名：

<?php

$phql  = "SELECT * FROM Formula\Cars ORDER BY Formula\Cars.name";
$query = $manager->createQuery($phql);

$phql  = "SELECT Formula\Cars.name FROM Formula\Cars ORDER BY Formula\Cars.name";
$query = $manager->createQuery($phql);

$phql  = "SELECT c.name FROM Formula\Cars c ORDER BY c.name";
$query = $manager->createQuery($phql);

PHQL支持大部分标准SQL语法，非标准的SQL语法也一样支持，如LIMIT：

<?php

$phql = "SELECT c.name FROM Cars AS c WHERE c.brand_id = 21 ORDER BY c.name LIMIT 100";

$query = $manager->createQuery($phql);

结果集类型(Result Types)

结果集类型根据咱们查询字段的不一样而不一样，若是检索单个完整对象，则返回Phalcon\Mvc\Model\Resultset\Simple对象。这种结果集是一组完整的模型对象：

<?php

$phql = "SELECT c.* FROM Cars AS c ORDER BY c.name";

$cars = $manager->executeQuery($phql);

foreach ($cars as $car) {
    echo 'Name: ', $car->name, "\n";
}

下面这种方式也同样：

<?php

$cars = Cars::find(
    [
        'order' => 'name',
    ]
);

foreach ($cars as $car) {
    echo 'Name: ', $car->name, "\n";
}

完整模型对象中的数据可以被修改，并从新保存到数据库中，由于它们表明关联表的完整记录。下面这种查询方式不会返回完整模型对象：

<?php

$phql = "SELECT c.id, c.name FROM Cars AS c ORDER BY c.name";

$cars = $manager->executeQuery($phql);

foreach ($cars as $car) {
    echo 'Name: ', $car->name, "\n";
}

咱们仅仅查询了表中的某些字段，虽然返回的结果集仍然是Phalcon\Mvc\Model\Resultset\Simple对象，但不能当成完整模型对象。该对象的每一个成员都是一个包含所查询字段的标准对象。

这些不表示完整对象的值就是咱们所说的标量，PHQL容许查询全部类型的标量：字段，函数，字面两，表达式等：

<?php

$phql = "SELECT CONCAT(c.id, ' ', c.name) AS id_name FROM Cars AS c ORDER BY c.name";

$cars = $manager->execute($phql);

foreach ($cars as $car) {
    echo $car->id_name, "\n";
}

咱们能够查询完整对象或标量，也能够同时查询它们：

<?php

$phql = "SELECT c.price*0.16 AS taxes, c.* FROM Cars AS c ORDER BY c.name";

$result = $manager->executeQuery($phql);

这种状况下的结果集是一个Phalcon\Mvc\Model\Resultset\Complex对象，能够同时访问完整对象和标量：

<?php

foreach ($result as $row) {
    echo 'Name: ', $row->cars->name, "\n";
    echo 'Price: ', $row->cars->price, "\n";
    echo 'Taxes: ', $row->taxes, "\n";
}

链接(Joins)

使用PHQL能够很容易的从多个模型请求记录，支持大部分的JOIN方式。咱们在模型中定义关系以后，PHQL会自动添加这些条件：

<?php

$phql = "SELECT Cars.name AS car_name, Brands.name AS brand_name FROM Cars JOIN Brands";

$rows = $manager->executeQuery($phql);

foreach ($rows as $row) {
    echo $row->car_name, "\n";
    echo $row->brand_name, "\n";
}

默认使用INNER JOIN，能够指定JOIN类型：

<?php

$phql = "SELECT Cars.*, Brands.* FROM Cars INNER JOIN Brands";
$rows = $manager->executeQuery($phql);

$phql = "SELECT Cars.*, Brands.* FROM Cars LEFT JOIN Brands";
$rows = $manager->executeQuery($phql);

$phql = "SELECT Cars.*, Brands.* FROM Cars LEFT OUTER JOIN Brands";
$rows = $manager->executeQuery($phql);

$phql = "SELECT Cars.*, Brands.* FROM Cars CROSS JOIN Brands";
$rows = $manager->executeQuery($phql);

也能够手动设置JOIN条件：

<?php

$phql = "SELECT Cars.*, Brands.* FROM Cars INNER JOIN Brands ON Brands.id = Cars.brands_id";

$rows = $manager->executeQuery($phql);

若是查询中为模型定义别名，则将使用别名为结果集中的每一条记录命名：

<?php

$phql = "SELECT c.*, b.* FROM Cars c, Brands b WHERE b.id = c.brands_id";

$rows = $manager->executeQuery($phql);

foreach ($rows as $row) {
    echo 'Car: ', $row->c->name, "\n";
    echo 'Brand: ', $row->b->name, "\n";
}

若是链接模型与from以后的模型具备多对多关系时，中间模型将隐式的添加到查询中：

<?php

$phql = "SELECT Artists.name, Songs.name FROM Artists JOIN Songs WHERE Artists.genre = 'Trip-Hop'";

$result = $this->modelsManager->executeQuery($phql);

上述代码在MySQL中执行下列SQL：

SELECT `artists`.`name`, `songs`.`name` FROM `artists`
INNER JOIN `albums` ON `albums`.`artists_id` = `artists`.`id`
INNER JOIN 'songs' ON `albums`.`songs_id` = `songs`.`id`
WHERE `artists`.`genre` = 'Trip-Hop'

聚合(Aggregations)

下面例子展现了PHQL中如何使用聚合：

<?php

// 全部汽车的总价值
$phql = "SELECT SUM(price) AS summatory FROM Cars";
$row  = $manager->executeQuery($phql)->getFirst();
echo $row['summatory'];

// 每一个品牌下的汽车总数
$phql = "SELECT Cars.brand_id, COUNT(*) FROM Cars GROUP BY Cars.brand_id";
$rows = $manager->executeQuery($phql);
foreach ($rows as $row) {
    echo $row->brand_id, ' ', $row['1'], "\n";
}

// 每一个品牌下的汽车总数
$phql = "SELECT Brands.name, COUNT(*) FROM Cars JOIN Brands GROUP BY 1";
$rows = $manager->executeQuery($phql);
foreach ($rows as $row) {
    echo $row->name, ' ', $row['1'], "\n";
}

$phql = "SELECT MAX(price) AS maximum, MIN(price) AS minimum FROM Cars";
$rows = $manager->executeQuery($phql);
foreach ($rows as $row) {
    echo $row['maximum'], ' ', $row['minimum'], "\n";
}

// 统计品牌数量
$phql = "SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT brand_id) AS brandId FROM Cars";
$rows = $manager->executeQuery($phql);
foreach ($rows as $row) {
    echo $row->brandId, "\n";
}

条件(Conditions)

条件能让咱们过滤想要查询的记录，WHERE子句容许这样:

<?php

// 简单条件
$phql = "SELECT * FROM Cars WHERE Cars.name = 'Lamborghini Espada'";
$cars = $manager->executeQuery($phql);

$phql = "SELECT * FROM Cars WHERE Cars.price > 10000";
$cars = $manager->executeQuery($phql);

$phql = "SELECT * FROM Cars WHERE TRIM(Cars.name) = 'Audi R8'";
$cars = $manager->executeQuery($phql);

$phql = "SELECT * FROM Cars WHERE Cars.name LIKE 'Ferrari%'";
$cars = $manager->executeQuery($phql);

$phql = "SELECT * FROM Cars WHERE Cars.name NOT LIKE 'Ferrari%'";
$cars = $manager->executeQuery($phql);

$phql = "SELECT * FROM Cars WHERE Cars.price IS NULL";
$cars = $manager->executeQuery($phql);

$phql = "SELECT * FROM Cars WHERE Cars.id IN (120, 121, 122)";
$cars = $manager->executeQuery($phql);

$phql = "SELECT * FROM Cars WHERE Cars.id NOT IN(430, 431)";
$cars = $manager->executeQuery($phql);

$phql = "SELECT * FROM Cars WHERE Cars.id BETWEEN 1 AND 100";
$cars = $manager->executeQuery($phql);

此外，做为PHQL的一部分，参数绑定会自动转义输入数据，安全性更高：

<?php

$phql = "SELECT * FROM Cars WHERE Cars.name = :name:";
$cars = $manager->executeQuery(
    $phql,
    [
        'name' => 'Lamborghini Espada',
    ]
);

$phql = "SELECT * FROM Cars WHERE Cars.name = ?0";
$cars = $manager->executeQuery(
    $phql,
    [
        0 => 'Lamborghini Espada',
    ]
);

插入数据(Inserting Data)

经过PHQL，可使用咱们很是熟悉的INSERT语句插入数据：

<?php

// 插入数据，不指定字段
$phql = "INSERT INTO Cars VALUES (NULL, 'Lamborghini Espada', 7, 10000.00, 1969, 'Grand Tourer')";
$manager->executeQuery($phql);

// 插入数据，指定字段
$phql = "INSERT INTO Cars (name, brand_id, year, style) VALUES ('Lamborghini Espada', 7, 1969, 'Grand Tourer')";
$manager->executeQuery($phql);

// 插入数据，使用占位符
$phql = "INSERT INTO Cars (name, brand_id, year, style) VALUES (:name:, :brand_id:, :year:, :style:)";
$manager->executeQuery(
    $phql,
    [
        'name'     => 'Lamborghini Espada',
        'brand_id' => 7,
        'year'     => 1969,
        'style'    => 'Grand Tourer',
    ]
);

Phalcon不仅是单纯的将PHQL语句转化成SQL，模型中定义的全部事件和业务规则都会执行，就像咱们手动建立对象那样。咱们为模型Cars建立一条规则，车的价格不能低于$ 10,000：

<?php

use Phalcon\Mvc\Model;
use Phalcon\Mvc\Model\Message;

class Cars extends Model
{
    public function beforeCreate()
    {
        if ($this->price < 10000) {
            $this->appendMessage(
                new Message('A car cannot cost less than $ 10,000')
            );

            return false;
        }
    }
}

若是咱们在模型Cars中执行下面的INSERT语句，操做将会失败，由于price不知足咱们制定的规则。经过检查插入状态，咱们能够打印任何内部生成的验证消息：

<?php

$phql = "INSERT INTO Cars VALUES (NULL, 'Nissan Versa', 7, 9999.00, 2015, 'Sedan')";

$result = $manager->executeQuery($phql);

if ($result->success() === false) {
    foreach ($result->getMessages() as $message) {
        echo $message->getMessage();
    }
}

更新数据(Updating Data)

更新记录与插入记录很是类似，更新记录使用UPDATE命令。更新记录时，将为每条记录执行与更新操做相关的事件。

<?php

// 更新一个字段
$phql = "UPDATE Cars SET price = 15000.00 WHERE id = 101";
$manager->executeQuery($phql);

// 更新多个字段
$phql = "UPDATE Cars SET price = 15000.00, type = 'Sedan' WHERE id = 101";
$manager->executeQuery($phql);

// 更新多条记录
$phql = "UPDATE Cars SET price = 7000.00, type = 'Sedan' WHERE brands_id > 5";
$manager->executeQuery($phql);

// 使用占位符
$phql = "UPDATE Cars SET price = ?0, type = ?1 WHERE brands_id > ?2";
$manager->executeQuery(
    $phql,
    [
        0 => 7000.00,
        1 => 'Sedan',
        2 => 5,
    ]
);

UPDATE语句执行更新分两步进行：

首先，若是UPDATE包含WHERE子句，将检索符合条件的全部对象
其次，基于查询对象更新字段并保存

这种操做方式容许事件、虚拟外键和验证参与更新过程。

<?php

$phql = "UPDATE Cars SET price = 15000.00 WHERE id > 101";

$result = $manager->executeQuery($phql);

if ($result->success() === false) {
    $messages = $result->getMessages();

    foreach ($messages as $message) {
        echo $message->getMessage();
    }
}

上面代码至关于：

<?php

$messages = null;

$process = function () use (&$messages) {
    $cars = Cars::find('id > 101');

    foreach ($cars as $car) {
        $car->price = 15000;

        if ($car->save() === false) {
            $messages = $car->getMessages();

            return false;
        }
    }

    return true;
};

$success = $process();

删除数据(Deleting Data)

删除记录时，与删除操做相关的事件将逐一执行：

<?php

// 删除一条记录
$phql = "DELETE FROM Cars WHERE id = 101";
$manager->executeQuery($phql);

// 删除多条记录
$phql = "DELETE FROM Cars WHERE id > 100";
$manager->executeQuery($phql);

// 使用占位符
$phql = "DELETE FROM Cars WHERE id BETWEEN :initial: AND :final:";
$manager->executeQuery(
    $phql,
    [
        'initial' => 1,
        'final'   => 100,
    ]
);

和UPDATE同样，DELETE操做也分两步执行，要检查删除操做是否产生验证消息，你能够检查返回的状态：

<?php

// 删除多条记录
$phql = "DELETE FROM Cars WHERE id > 100";

$result = $manager->executeQuery($phql);

if ($result->success() === false) {
    $messages = $result->getMessages();

    foreach ($messages as $message) {
        echo $message->getMessage();
    }
}

使用查询构造器建立查询(Creating queries using the Query Builder)

查询构造器可用于建立PHQL查询，无需编写PHQL语句：

<?php

// 获取全部记录
$robots = $this->modelsManager->createBuilder()
    ->from('Robots')
    ->join('RobotsParts')
    ->orderBy('Robots.name')
    ->getQuery()
    ->execute();

// 获取第一条记录
$robots = $this->modelsManager->createBuilder()
    ->from('Robots')
    ->join('RobotsParts')
    ->orderBy('Robots.name')
    ->getQuery()
    ->getSingleResult();

同下列操做：

<?php

$phql = "SELECT Robots.* FROM Robots JOIN RobotsParts p ORDER BY Robots.name LIMIT 20";

$result = $manager->executeQuery($phql);

查询构造器更多示例：

<?php

// "SELECT Robots.* FROM Robots";
$builder->from('Robots');

// "SELECT Robots.*, RobotsParts.* FROM Robots, RobotsParts";
$builder->from(
    [
        'Robots',
        'RobotsParts',
    ]
);

// "SELECT * FROM Robots";
$phql = $builder->columns('*')
    ->from('Robots');

// "SELECT id FROM Robots";
$builder->columns('id')
    ->from('Robots');

// "SELECT id, name FROM Robots";
$builder->columns(['id', 'name'])
    ->from('Robots');

// "SELECT Robots.* FROM Robots WHERE Robots.name = 'Voltron'";
$builder->from('Robots')
    ->where('Robots.name = "Voltron"');

// "SELECT Robots.* FROM Robots WHERE Robots.id = 100";
$builder->from('Robots')
    ->where(100);

// "SELECT Robots.* FROM Robots WHERE Robots.type = 'virtual' AND Robots.id > 50";
$builder->from('Robots')
    ->where('type = "virtual"')
    ->andWhere('id > 50');

// "SELECT Robots.* FROM Robots WHERE Robots.type = 'virtual' OR Robots.id > 50";
$builder->from('Robots')
    ->where('type = "virtual"')
    ->orWhere('id > 50');

// "SELECT Robots.* FROM Robots GROUP BY Robots.name";
$builder->from('Robots')
    ->groupBy('Robots.name');

// "SELECT Robots.* FROM Robots GROUP BY Robots.name, Robots.id";
$builder->from('Robots')
    ->groupBy(['Robots.name', 'Robots.id']);

// "SELECT Robots.name SUM(Robots.price) FROM Robots GROUP BY Robots.name";
$builder->columns(['Robots.name', 'SUM(Robots.price)'])
    ->from('Robots')
    ->groupBy('Robots.name');

// "SELECT Robots.name, SUM(Robots.price) FROM Robots GROUP BY Robots.name HAVING SUM(Robots.price) > 1000";
$builder->columns(['Robots.name', 'SUM(Robots.price)'])
    ->from('Robots')
    ->groupBy('Robots.name')
    ->having('SUM(Robots.price) > 1000');

// "SELECT Robots.* FROM Robots JOIN RobotsParts";
$builder->from('Robots')
    ->join('RobotsParts');

// "SELECT Robots.* FROM Robots JOIN RobotsParts AS p";
$builder->from('Robots')
    ->join('RobotsParts', null, 'p');

// "SELECT Robots.* FROM Robots JOIN RobotsParts ON Robots.id = RobotsParts.robots_id AS p";
$builder->from('Robots')
    ->join('RobotsParts', 'Robots.id = RobotsParts.robots_id', 'p');

// "SELECT Robots.* FROM robots JOIN RobotsParts ON Robots.id = RobotsParts.robots_id AS p JOIN Parts ON Parts.id = RobotsParts.parts_id AS t";
$builder->from('Robots')
    ->join('RobotsParts', 'Robots.id = RobotsParts.robots_id', 'p')
    ->join('RobotsParts', 'Parts.id = RobotsParts.parts_id', 't');

// "SELECT r.* FROM Robots AS r";
$builder->addFrom('Robots', 'r');

// "SELECT Robots.*, p.* FROM Robots, Parts AS p";
$builder->from('Robots')
    ->addFrom('Parts', 'p');

// "SELECT r.*, p.* FROM Robots AS r, Parts AS p";
$builder->from(['r' => 'Robots'])
    ->addFrom('Parts', 'p');

// "SELECT r.*, p.* FROM Robots AS r, Parts AS p";
$builder->from(['r' => 'Robots', 'p' => 'Parts']);

// "SELECT Robots.* FROM Robots LIMIT 10";
$builder->from('Robots')
    ->limit(10);

// "SELECT Robots.* FROM Robots LIMIT 10 OFFSET 5";
$builder->from('Robots')
    ->limit(10, 5);

// "SELECT Robots.* FROM Robots WHERE id BETWEEN 1 AND 100";
$builder->from('Robots')
    ->betweenWhere('id', 1, 10);

// "SELECT Robots.* FROM Robots WHERE id IN (1, 2, 3)";
$builder->from('Robots')
    ->inWhere('id', [1, 2, 3]);

// "SELECT Robots.* FROM Robots WHERE id NOT IN (1, 2, 3)";
$builder->from('Robots')
    ->notInWhere('id', [1, 2, 3]);

// "SELECT Robots.* FROM Robots WHERE name LIKE '%Art%'";
$builder->from('Robots')
    ->where('name LIKE :name:', ['name' => '%' . $name . '%']);

// "SELECT r.* FROM Store\Robots WHERE r.name LIKE '%Art%'";
$builder->from(['r' => 'Store\Robots'])
    ->where('r.name LIKE :name:', ['name' => '%' . $name . '%']);

参数绑定(Bound Parameters)

查询构造器中的参数绑定能够在查询构建时设置，也能够在查询执行时设置：

<?php

// 构建查询时传递参数
$robots = $this->modelsManager->createBuilder()
    ->from('Robots')
    ->where('name = :name:', ['name' => $name])
    ->andWhere('type = :type:', ['type' => $type])
    ->getQuery()
    ->execute();

// 执行查询时传递参数
$robots = $this->modelsManager->createBuilder()
    ->from('Robots')
    ->where('name = :name:')
    ->andWhere('type = :type:')
    ->getQuery()
    ->execute(['name' => $name, 'type' => $type]);

禁用字面量(Disallow literals in PHQL)

PHQL中能够禁用字面量，这意味着若是禁用开启，则不能在PHQL语句中直接使用PHP字符串、数字和布尔值。若是在PHQL语句中嵌入外部数据，可能致使潜在的注入攻击：

<?php

$login  = 'voltron';
$phql   = "SELECT * FROM Models\Users WHERE login = '{$login}'";
$result = $manager->executeQuery($phql);

若是$login的值为' OR ' ' = ' ，将产生以下PHQL语句：

SELECT * FROM Models\Users WHERE login = '' OR '' = '';

不管存储在数据库中的login是何值，条件老是true。

若是字面量被禁用，在PHQL中使用PHP字面量会抛出异常，以强制开发者使用参数绑定。上面的查询这样写更安全：

<?php

$type   = 'virtual';
$phql   = "SELECT Robots.* FROM Robots WHERE Robots.type = :type:";
$result = $manager->executeQuery(
    $phql,
    [
        'type' => $type,
    ]
);

能够经过如下方式禁用字面量：

<?php

use Phalcon\Mvc\Model;

Model::setup(
    ['phqlLiterals' => false]
);

不管字面量是否禁用，参数绑定均可以正常使用。禁用只是开发人员可以在web应用中采起的一项安全策略。

转义保留字(Escaping Reserved Words)

PHQL有一些保留字，若是想将保留字做为模型名或字段名使用，则须要使用转义分隔符[和]来转义关键字：

<?php

$phql   = "SELECT * FROM [Update]";
$result = $manager->executeQuery($phql);

$phql   = "SELECT id, [Like] FROM Posts";
$result = $manager->executeQuery($phql);

PHQL生命周期(PHQL Lifecycle)

做为高级语言，PHQL赋予了开发者个性化定制的能力，以知足不一样的需求。如下是PHQL语句的生命周期：

PHQL被解析并转换为独立于数据库SQL以外的中间表示(IR)
根据模型对应的数据库系统，IR被转换为有效的SQL
PHQL语句被解析并保存在内存中，再次执行相同语句时速度会更快

使用原生SQL(Using Raw SQL)

某些数据库系统可能会提供PHQL不支持的特殊SQL扩展，这种状况适合使用原生SQL：

<?php

use Phalcon\Mvc\Model;
use Phalcon\Mvc\Model\Resultset\Simple as Resultset;

class Robots extends Model
{
    public static function findByCreateInterval()
    {
        // 原生SQL
        $sql = "SELECT * FROM robots WHERE id > 0";

        // 模型
        $robot = new Robots();

        // 执行查询
        return new Resultset(
            null,
            $robot,
            $robot->getReadConnection()->query($sql)
        );
    }
}

若是原生SQL查询在应用中很广泛，能够在模型中添加通用方法：

<?php

use Phalcon\Mvc\Model;
use Phalcon\Mvc\Model\Resultset\Simple as Resultset;

class Robots extends Model
{
    public static function findByRawSql($conditions, $params = null)
    {
        // 原生SQL
        $sql = "SELECT * FROM robots WHERE {$conditions}";

        // 模型
        $robot = new Robots();

        // 执行查询
        return new Resultset(
            null,
            $robot,
            $robot->getReadConnection()->query($sql),
        );
    }
}

上述findByRawSQL能够以下使用：

<?php

$robots = Robots::findByRawSql(
    'id > ?',
    [
        10,
    ]
);

注意事项(Troubleshooting)

PHQL中的一些注意事项：

类名称区分大小写，若是定义类时名称和建立时的名称不一致，在大小写敏感的操做系统(如linux)中将致使不可预知行为
为保证参数绑定成功，链接数据库时必须指定正确的字符集
指定别名的类不能用完整命名空间替换，由于这项操做发生在PHP代码中，而非PHQL语句里
若是字段使用别名，应避免别名和字段名相同，否则查询解析器容易混淆。

1. phalcon的查询
2. phalcon查询
3. phalcon执行原始SQL查询语句
4. es 查询语言
5. Hibernate查询语言
6. HQL(对象查询语言) 和 SQL(结构化查询语言)
7. MySQL DQL语言数据查询语言
8. phalcon经验教程系列（四）controller的常用方法，mysql查询语言
9. Mysql_DQL数据查询语言
10. Hive查询语言(HiveQL)
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