现代操作系统和操作系统概念_在操作系统之前使用了哪些“概念”？
现代操作系统和操作系统概念
Computers have been with us for quite some time now, but before the advent of modern operating systems, what was used to make the early computer systems work? Today’s SuperUser Q&A post takes a curious reader on a journey back in time.
计算机已经存在了很长时间，但是在现代操作系统问世之前，是什么使早期的计算机系统正常工作？ 今天的“超级用户问答”帖子带给好奇的读者以时光回溯。
Today’s Question & Answer session comes to us courtesy of SuperUser—a subdivision of Stack Exchange, a community-driven grouping of Q&A web sites.
今天的“问答”环节由SuperUser提供，它是Stack Exchange的一个分支，该社区是由社区驱动的Q＆A网站分组。
Photo courtesy of The Bulletin of the Computer Conservation Society.
图片由“计算机保护学会公报”提供。
问题 (The Question)
SuperUser reader nEw gUy wants to know what was used to make computer systems work before modern operating systems came into being:
超级用户阅读器新手想知道在现代操作系统出现之前用来使计算机系统工作的原因：
Operating systems are the basis for modern computing, but before this, what was used in computer systems to make them work?
操作系统是现代计算的基础，但是在此之前，计算机系统中使用了哪些方法来使其运行？
What was used to make computer systems work before the modern operating systems we are familiar with today?
是什么使计算机系统在我们今天所熟悉的现代操作系统之前运行？
答案 (The Answer)
SuperUser contributors RedGrittyBrick and DavidPostill have the answer for us. First up, RedGrittyBrick:
超级用户贡献者RedGrittyBrick和DavidPostill为我们提供了答案。 首先，RedGrittyBrick：
Early computers* ran one program at a time and programs loaded directly from paper tape with holes punched in it (for example). You would program the earliest computers* by setting a large set of on-off switches.
早期的计算机*一次只运行一个程序，然后直接从纸带上打Kong的程序中加载程序(例如)。 您将通过设置大集通断开关方案中最早的计算机*。
*I am using the word ‘computer’ to mean the sort of device that exists nowadays in the billions. Of this vast number of computers, all but an insignificantly tiny number are digital electronic programmable computers with stored programs. I am sure the original question is not about how people with the job title ‘computer’ spent their working day. In between those two types of computer, there is a progression of interesting devices not covered in this answer.
*我用“计算机”一词来表示当今存在的数十亿种设备。 在如此众多的计算机中，除了很小的一部分外，其余都是具有存储程序的数字电子可编程计算机。 我敢肯定，最初的问题不是关于“计算机”这个职位的人们如何度过他们的工作日。 在这两种类型的计算机之间，此答案未涵盖有趣的设备。
Followed by the answer from DavidPostill:
随后是DavidPostill的回答：
History of Operating Systems (Source: Kent State University)
操作系统的历史(来源：肯特州立大学)
Operating systems have evolved through a number of distinct phases or generations which correspond roughly to the decades.
操作系统经历了许多不同的阶段或演变，大致对应于几十年。
The 1940s – First Generation
1940年代–第一代
The earliest electronic digital computers had no operating systems. Machines of the time were so primitive that programs were often entered one bit at a time on rows of mechanical switches (plug boards). Programming languages were unknown (not even any assembly languages). Operating systems were unheard of.
最早的电子数字计算机没有操作系统。 当时的机器是如此原始，以至于程序通常一次在一排机械开关(插板)上一次输入。 编程语言是未知的(甚至没有任何汇编语言)。 操作系统是闻所未闻的。
The 1950s – Second Generation
1950年代–第二代
By the early 1950s, the routine had improved somewhat with the introduction of punch cards. The General Motors Research Laboratories implemented the first operating systems in the early 1950s for their IBM 701. The systems of the 1950s generally ran one job at a time. These were called single-stream batch processing systems because programs and data were submitted in groups or batches.
到1950年代初期，随着打Kong卡的推出，这种惯例有了一些改善。 通用汽车研究实验室在1950年代初为其IBM 701实施了第一个操作系统。1950年代的系统通常一次只能完成一项工作。 之所以称为单流批处理系统，是因为程序和数据是以组或批的形式提交的。
History of Operating Systems (Source: Wikipedia)
操作系统的历史(来源：维基百科)
The earliest computers were mainframes that lacked any form of operating system.
最早的计算机是大型机，缺少任何形式的操作系统。
Each user had sole use of the machine for a scheduled period of time and would arrive at the computer with a program and data, often on punched paper cards and magnetic or paper tape. The program would be loaded into the machine and the machine would work until the program was complete or crashed.
每个用户在预定的时间里只能使用机器，并且通常会在打Kong的纸卡，磁带或纸带上带着程序和数据到达计算机。 程序将被加载到计算机中，并且计算机将运行，直到程序完成或崩溃。
Programs could generally be debugged via a control panel using toggle switches and panel lights. It is said that Alan Turing was a master of this on the early Manchester Mark 1 machine and that he was already deriving the primitive conception of an operating system from the principles of the Universal Turing machine.
通常可以使用拨动开关和面板灯通过控制面板调试程序。 据说，艾伦·图灵(Alan Turing)在早期的曼彻斯特马克1(Manchester Mark 1)机器上是大师，他已经从通用图灵(Universal Turing)机器的原理中衍生出了操作系统的原始概念。
Interested in seeing more feedback on this particular topic? Then make sure to visit the lively discussion thread linked below!
有兴趣看到有关此特定主题的更多反馈吗？ 然后确保访问下面链接的生动讨论线程！
Have something to add to the explanation? Sound off in the comments. Want to read more answers from other tech-savvy Stack Exchange users? Check out the full discussion thread here.
有什么补充说明吗？ 在评论中听起来不错。 是否想从其他精通Stack Exchange的用户那里获得更多答案？ 在此处查看完整的讨论线程。
翻译自: https://www.howtogeek.com/196493/what-concepts-were-used-before-operating-systems/
现代操作系统和操作系统概念