ASP.NET Core 2 学习笔记(十一)Cookies & Session

原文: ASP.NET Core 2 学习笔记(十一)Cookies & Session

基本上HTTP是没有记录状态的协定,但能够经过Cookies将Request来源区分出来,并将部分数据暂存于Cookies及Session,是写网站经常使用的用户数据暂存方式。
本篇将介绍如何在ASP.NET Core使用Cookie及Session。html

Cookies

Cookies是将用户数据存在Client的浏览器,每次Request都会把Cookies送到Server。
在ASP.NET Core中要使用Cookie,能够经过HttpContext.RequestHttpContext.Response存取:git

Startup.csgithub

using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Threading.Tasks; using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Builder; using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Hosting; using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http; using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection; namespace MyWebsite { public class Startup { // This method gets called by the runtime. Use this method to add services to the container. // For more information on how to configure your application, visit https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=398940 public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services) { } // This method gets called by the runtime. Use this method to configure the HTTP request pipeline. public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IHostingEnvironment env) { if (env.IsDevelopment()) { app.UseDeveloperExceptionPage(); } // app.Run(async (context) => // { // await context.Response.WriteAsync("Hello World!"); // }); app.Run(async (context) => { string message; if (!context.Request.Cookies.TryGetValue("Sample", out message)) { message = "Save data to cookies."; } context.Response.Cookies.Append("Sample", "This is Cookies."); // 刪除 Cookies 数据 //context.Response.Cookies.Delete("Sample"); await context.Response.WriteAsync($"{message}"); }); } } } 

从HTTP 能够看到传送跟收到的Cookies 信息:web

当存在Cookies 的信息越多,封包就会越大,由于每一个Request 都会带着Cookies 数据。数据库

Session

Session是经过Cookies内的惟一识别信息,把用户数据存在Server端内存、NoSQL或数据库等。
要在ASP.NET Core使用Session须要先加入两个服务:浏览器

  • Session容器
    Session能够存在不一样的地方,透过DI IDistributedCache物件,让Session服务知道要将Session存在哪边。
    (以后的文章会介绍到IDistributedCache分散式快取)
  • Session服务
    在DI容器加入Session服务。并将Session的Middleware加入Pipeline。

Startup.cs安全

using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Threading.Tasks; using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Builder; using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Hosting; using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http; using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection; namespace MyWebsite { public class Startup { // This method gets called by the runtime. Use this method to add services to the container. // For more information on how to configure your application, visit https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=398940 public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services) { // 将 Session 存在 ASP.NET Core 内存中 services.AddDistributedMemoryCache(); services.AddSession(); } // This method gets called by the runtime. Use this method to configure the HTTP request pipeline. public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IHostingEnvironment env) { if (env.IsDevelopment()) { app.UseDeveloperExceptionPage(); } // SessionMiddleware 加入 Pipeline app.UseSession(); app.Run(async (context) => { context.Session.SetString("Sample", "This is Session."); string message = context.Session.GetString("Sample"); await context.Response.WriteAsync($"{message}"); }); } } } 

HTTP Cookies 信息以下:cookie

能够看到多出了.AspNetCore.Session.AspNetCore.Session就是Session的惟一识别信息。
每次Request时都会带上这个值,当Session服务取得这个值后,就会去Session容器找出专属这个值的Session数据。session

对象类型

之前ASP.NET能够将对象直接存放到Session,如今ASP.NET Core Session再也不自动序列化对象到Sesson。
若是要存放对象到Session就要本身序列化了,这边以JSON格式做为范例:app

Extensions\SessionExtensions.cs

using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http; using Newtonsoft.Json; namespace MyWebsite.Extensions { public static class SessionExtensions { public static void SetObject<T>(this ISession session, string key, T value) { session.SetString(key, JsonConvert.SerializeObject(value)); } public static T GetObject<T>(this ISession session, string key) { var value = session.GetString(key); return value == null ? default(T) : JsonConvert.DeserializeObject<T>(value); } } } 

经过上面扩展方法,就能够将对象存取至Session,以下:

using MyWebsite.Extensions; using MyWebsite.Models; // ... var user = context.Session.GetObject<UserModel>("user"); context.Session.SetObject("user", user); 

安全性

虽然Session数据都存在Server端看似安全,但若是封包被拦截,只要拿到.AspNetCore.Session就能够取到该用户数据,也是有风险。
有些安全调整建议实做:

  • SecurePolicy
    限制只有在HTTPS连线的状况下,才容许使用Session。如此一来变成加密连线,就不容易被拦截。
  • IdleTimeout
    修改合理的Session到期时间。预设是20分钟没有跟Server互动的Request,就会将Session变成过时状态。
    (20分钟有点长,不过仍是要看产品需求。)
  • Name
    不必将Server或网站技术的信息爆露在外面,因此预设Session名称.AspNetCore.Session能够改掉。
// ... public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services) { services.AddDistributedMemoryCache(); services.AddSession(options => { options.Cookie.SecurePolicy = CookieSecurePolicy.Always; options.Cookie.Name = "mywebsite"; options.IdleTimeout = TimeSpan.FromMinutes(5); }); } 

强类型

因为Cookies及Session预设都是使用字串的方式存取资料,弱类型没法在开发阶段判断有没有打错字,仍是建议包装成强类型比较好。
并且直接存取Cookies/Session的话逻辑相依性太强,对单元测试很不友善,因此仍是建议包装一下。

Wappers\SessionWapper.cs

using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http; using MyWebsite.Extensions; using MyWebsite.Models; // ... namespace MyWebsite.Wappers { public interface ISessionWapper { UserModel User { get; set; } } public class SessionWapper : ISessionWapper { private static readonly string _userKey = "session.user"; private readonly IHttpContextAccessor _httpContextAccessor; public SessionWapper(IHttpContextAccessor httpContextAccessor) { _httpContextAccessor = httpContextAccessor; } private ISession Session { get { return _httpContextAccessor.HttpContext.Session; } } public UserModel User { get { return Session.GetObject<UserModel>(_userKey); } set { Session.SetObject(_userKey, value); } } } } 

在DI容器中加入IHttpContextAccessorISessionWapper,以下:

Startup.cs

// ... public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services) { services.AddSingleton<IHttpContextAccessor, HttpContextAccessor>(); services.AddSingleton<ISessionWapper, SessionWapper>(); }
  • IHttpContextAccessor
    ASP.NET Core实现了IHttpContextAccessor,让HttpContext能够轻松的注入给须要用到的对象使用。
    因为IHttpContextAccessor只是取用HttpContext实例的接口,用Singleton的方式就能够供其它物件使用。

在Controller就能够直接注入ISessionWapper,以强类型的方式存取Session,以下:

Controllers/HomeController.cs

using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc; using MyWebsite.Wappers; namespace MyWebsite.Controllers { public class HomeController : Controller { private readonly ISessionWapper _sessionWapper; public HomeController(ISessionWapper sessionWapper) { _sessionWapper = sessionWapper; } public IActionResult Index() { var user = _sessionWapper.User; if (user == null) user = new Models.UserModel(); _sessionWapper.User = user; return Ok(user); } } }

参考

Introduction to session and application state in ASP.NET Core

老司机发车啦:https://github.com/SnailDev/SnailDev.NETCore2Learning

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