Requests
Python标准库中提供了:urllib、urllib二、httplib等模块以供Http请求,可是,它的 API 太渣了。它是为另外一个时代、另外一个互联网所建立的。它须要巨量的工做,甚至包括各类方法覆盖,来完成最简单的任务。

import urllib2 import json import cookielib def urllib2_request(url, method="GET", cookie="", headers={}, data=None): """ :param url: 要请求的url :param cookie: 请求方式,GET、POST、DELETE、PUT.. :param cookie: 要传入的cookie,cookie= 'k1=v1;k1=v2' :param headers: 发送数据时携带的请求头,headers = {'ContentType':'application/json; charset=UTF-8'} :param data: 要发送的数据GET方式须要传入参数,data={'d1': 'v1'} :return: 返回元祖,响应的字符串内容 和 cookiejar对象 对于cookiejar对象,可使用for循环访问: for item in cookiejar: print item.name,item.value """ if data: data = json.dumps(data) cookie_jar = cookielib.CookieJar() handler = urllib2.HTTPCookieProcessor(cookie_jar) opener = urllib2.build_opener(handler) opener.addheaders.append(['Cookie', 'k1=v1;k1=v2']) request = urllib2.Request(url=url, data=data, headers=headers) request.get_method = lambda: method response = opener.open(request) origin = response.read() return origin, cookie_jar # GET result = urllib2_request('http://127.0.0.1:8001/index/', method="GET") # POST result = urllib2_request('http://127.0.0.1:8001/index/', method="POST", data= {'k1': 'v1'}) # PUT result = urllib2_request('http://127.0.0.1:8001/index/', method="PUT", data= {'k1': 'v1'})
Requests 是使用 Apache2 Licensed 许可证的 基于Python开发的HTTP 库,其在Python内置模块的基础上进行了高度的封装,从而使得Pythoner进行网络请求时,变得美好了许多,使用Requests能够垂手可得的完成浏览器可有的任何操做。
一、GET请求
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# 一、无参数实例
import
requests
ret
=
requests.get(
'https://github.com/timeline.json'
)
print
ret.url
print
ret.text
# 二、有参数实例
import
requests
payload
=
{
'key1'
:
'value1'
,
'key2'
:
'value2'
}
ret
=
requests.get(
"http://httpbin.org/get"
, params
=
payload)
print
ret.url
print
ret.text
|
向 https://github.com/timeline.json 发送一个GET请求,将请求和响应相关均封装在 ret 对象中。
二、POST请求
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# 一、基本POST实例
import
requests
payload
=
{
'key1'
:
'value1'
,
'key2'
:
'value2'
}
ret
=
requests.post(
"http://httpbin.org/post"
, data
=
payload)
print
ret.text
# 二、发送请求头和数据实例
import
requests
import
json
url
=
'https://api.github.com/some/endpoint'
payload
=
{
'some'
:
'data'
}
headers
=
{
'content-type'
:
'application/json'
}
ret
=
requests.post(url, data
=
json.dumps(payload), headers
=
headers)
print
ret.text
print
ret.cookies
|
向https://api.github.com/some/endpoint发送一个POST请求,将请求和相应相关的内容封装在 ret 对象中。
三、其余请求
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requests.get(url, params
=
None
,
*
*
kwargs)
requests.post(url, data
=
None
, json
=
None
,
*
*
kwargs)
requests.put(url, data
=
None
,
*
*
kwargs)
requests.head(url,
*
*
kwargs)
requests.delete(url,
*
*
kwargs)
requests.patch(url, data
=
None
,
*
*
kwargs)
requests.options(url,
*
*
kwargs)
# 以上方法均是在此方法的基础上构建
requests.request(method, url,
*
*
kwargs)
|
requests模块已经将经常使用的Http请求方法为用户封装完成,用户直接调用其提供的相应方法便可,其中方法的全部参数有:

def request(method, url, **kwargs): """Constructs and sends a :class:`Request <Request>`. :param method: method for the new :class:`Request` object. :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object. :param params: (optional) Dictionary or bytes to be sent in the query string for the :class:`Request`. :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`. :param json: (optional) json data to send in the body of the :class:`Request`. :param headers: (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the :class:`Request`. :param cookies: (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the :class:`Request`. :param files: (optional) Dictionary of ``'name': file-like-objects`` (or ``{'name': ('filename', fileobj)}``) for multipart encoding upload. :param auth: (optional) Auth tuple to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth. :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send data before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout, read timeout) <timeouts>` tuple. :type timeout: float or tuple :param allow_redirects: (optional) Boolean. Set to True if POST/PUT/DELETE redirect following is allowed. :type allow_redirects: bool :param proxies: (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of the proxy. :param verify: (optional) whether the SSL cert will be verified. A CA_BUNDLE path can also be provided. Defaults to ``True``. :param stream: (optional) if ``False``, the response content will be immediately downloaded. :param cert: (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, ('cert', 'key') pair. :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object :rtype: requests.Response Usage:: >>> import requests >>> req = requests.request('GET', 'http://httpbin.org/get') <Response [200]> """ # By using the 'with' statement we are sure the session is closed, thus we # avoid leaving sockets open which can trigger a ResourceWarning in some # cases, and look like a memory leak in others. with sessions.Session() as session: return session.request(method=method, url=url, **kwargs)
更多requests模块相关的文档见:http://cn.python-requests.org/zh_CN/latest/
自动登录抽屉并点赞
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### 一、首先登录任何页面,获取cookie
i1
=
requests.get(url
=
"http://dig.chouti.com/help/service"
)
### 二、用户登录,携带上一次的cookie,后台对cookie中的 gpsd 进行受权
i2
=
requests.post(
url
=
"http://dig.chouti.com/login"
,
data
=
{
'phone'
:
"86手机号"
,
'password'
:
"密码"
,
'oneMonth'
: ""
},
cookies
=
i1.cookies.get_dict()
)
### 三、点赞(只须要携带已经被受权的gpsd便可)
gpsd
=
i1.cookies.get_dict()[
'gpsd'
]
i3
=
requests.post(
url
=
"http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=8589523"
,
cookies
=
{
'gpsd'
: gpsd}
)
print
(i3.text)
|
“破解”微信公众号
“破解”微信公众号其实就是使用Python代码自动实现【登录公众号】->【获取观众用户】-> 【向关注用户发送消息】。
注:只能向48小时内有互动的粉丝主动推送消息
一、自动登录
分析对于Web登录页面,用户登录验证时仅作了以下操做:
- 登录的URL:https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/login?lang=zh_CN
- POST的数据为:
{
'username': 用户名,
'pwd': 密码的MD5值,
'imgcode': "",
'f': 'json'
}
注:imgcode是须要提供的验证码,默认无需验证码,只有在屡次登录未成功时,才须要用户提供验证码才能登录 - POST的请求头的Referer值,微信后台用次来检查是谁发送来的请求
- 请求发送并登录成功后,获取用户响应的cookie,之后操做其余页面时须要携带此cookie
- 请求发送并登录成功后,获取用户相应的内容中的token

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import requests import time import hashlib def _password(pwd): ha = hashlib.md5() ha.update(pwd) return ha.hexdigest() def login(): login_dict = { 'username': "用户名", 'pwd': _password("密码"), 'imgcode': "", 'f': 'json' } login_res = requests.post( url= "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/login?lang=zh_CN", data=login_dict, headers={'Referer': 'https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/login?lang=zh_CN'}) # 登录成功以后获取服务器响应的cookie resp_cookies_dict = login_res.cookies.get_dict() # 登录成功后,获取服务器响应的内容 resp_text = login_res.text # 登录成功后,获取token token = re.findall(".*token=(\d+)", resp_text)[0] print resp_text print token print resp_cookies_dict login()
登录成功获取的相应内容以下:
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响应内容:
{
"base_resp"
:{
"ret"
:
0
,
"err_msg"
:
"ok"
},
"redirect_url"
:
"\/cgi-bin\/home?t=home\/index&lang=zh_CN&token=537908795"
}
响应cookie:
{
'data_bizuin'
:
'3016804678'
,
'bizuin'
:
'3016804678'
,
'data_ticket'
:
'CaoX+QA0ZA9LRZ4YM3zZkvedyCY8mZi0XlLonPwvBGkX0/jY/FZgmGTq6xGuQk4H'
,
'slave_user'
:
'gh_5abeaed48d10'
,
'slave_sid'
:
'elNLbU1TZHRPWDNXSWdNc2FjckUxalM0Y000amtTamlJOUliSnRnWGRCdjFseV9uQkl5cUpHYkxqaGJNcERtYnM2WjdFT1pQckNwMFNfUW5fUzVZZnFlWGpSRFlVRF9obThtZlBwYnRIVGt6cnNGbUJsNTNIdTlIc2JJU29QM2FPaHZjcTcya0F6UWRhQkhO'
}
|
二、访问其余页面获取用户信息
分析用户管理页面,经过Pyhton代码以Get方式访问此页面,分析响应到的 HTML 代码,从中获取用户信息:
- 获取用户的URL:https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/user_tag?action=get_all_data&lang=zh_CN&token=登录时获取的token
- 发送GET请求时,须要携带登录成功后获取的cookie
1{
'data_bizuin'
:
'3016804678'
,
'bizuin'
:
'3016804678'
,
'data_ticket'
: 'C4YM3zZ...
- 获取当前请求的响应的html代码
- 经过正则表达式获取html中的指定内容(Python的模块Beautiful Soup)
- 获取html中每一个用户的 data-fakeid属性,该值是用户的惟一标识,经过它可向用户推送消息

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import requests import time import hashlib import json import re LOGIN_COOKIES_DICT = {} def _password(pwd): ha = hashlib.md5() ha.update(pwd) return ha.hexdigest() def login(): login_dict = { 'username': "用户名", 'pwd': _password("密码"), 'imgcode': "", 'f': 'json' } login_res = requests.post( url= "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/login?lang=zh_CN", data=login_dict, headers={'Referer': 'https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/login?lang=zh_CN'}) # 登录成功以后获取服务器响应的cookie resp_cookies_dict = login_res.cookies.get_dict() # 登录成功后,获取服务器响应的内容 resp_text = login_res.text # 登录成功后,获取token token = re.findall(".*token=(\d+)", resp_text)[0] return {'token': token, 'cookies': resp_cookies_dict} def standard_user_list(content): content = re.sub('\s*', '', content) content = re.sub('\n*', '', content) data = re.findall("""cgiData=(.*);seajs""", content)[0] data = data.strip() while True: temp = re.split('({)(\w+)(:)', data, 1) if len(temp) == 5: temp[2] = '"' + temp[2] + '"' data = ''.join(temp) else: break while True: temp = re.split('(,)(\w+)(:)', data, 1) if len(temp) == 5: temp[2] = '"' + temp[2] + '"' data = ''.join(temp) else: break data = re.sub('\*\d+', "", data) ret = json.loads(data) return ret def get_user_list(): login_dict = login() LOGIN_COOKIES_DICT.update(login_dict) login_cookie_dict = login_dict['cookies'] res_user_list = requests.get( url= "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/user_tag", params = {"action": "get_all_data", "lang": "zh_CN", "token": login_dict['token']}, cookies = login_cookie_dict, headers={'Referer': 'https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/login?lang=zh_CN'} ) user_info = standard_user_list(res_user_list.text) for item in user_info['user_list']: print "%s %s " % (item['nick_name'],item['id'],) get_user_list()
三、发送消息
分析给用户发送消息的页面,从网络请求中剖析获得发送消息的URL,从而使用Python代码发送消息:
- 发送消息的URL:https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/singlesend?t=ajax-response&f=json&token=登录时获取的token放在此处&lang=zh_CN
- 从登录时相应的内容中获取:token和cookie
- 从用户列表中获取某个用户惟一标识: fake_id
- 封装消息,并发送POST请求
1234567891011send_dict
=
{
'token'
: 登录时获取的token,
'lang'
:
"zh_CN"
,
'f'
:
'json'
,
'ajax'
:
1
,
'random'
:
"0.5322618900912392"
,
'type'
:
1
,
'content'
: 要发送的内容,
'tofakeid'
: 用户列表中获取的用户的
ID
,
'imgcode'
: ''
}

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import requests import time import hashlib import json import re LOGIN_COOKIES_DICT = {} def _password(pwd): ha = hashlib.md5() ha.update(pwd) return ha.hexdigest() def login(): login_dict = { 'username': "用户名", 'pwd': _password("密码"), 'imgcode': "", 'f': 'json' } login_res = requests.post( url= "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/login?lang=zh_CN", data=login_dict, headers={'Referer': 'https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/login?lang=zh_CN'}) # 登录成功以后获取服务器响应的cookie resp_cookies_dict = login_res.cookies.get_dict() # 登录成功后,获取服务器响应的内容 resp_text = login_res.text # 登录成功后,获取token token = re.findall(".*token=(\d+)", resp_text)[0] return {'token': token, 'cookies': resp_cookies_dict} def standard_user_list(content): content = re.sub('\s*', '', content) content = re.sub('\n*', '', content) data = re.findall("""cgiData=(.*);seajs""", content)[0] data = data.strip() while True: temp = re.split('({)(\w+)(:)', data, 1) if len(temp) == 5: temp[2] = '"' + temp[2] + '"' data = ''.join(temp) else: break while True: temp = re.split('(,)(\w+)(:)', data, 1) if len(temp) == 5: temp[2] = '"' + temp[2] + '"' data = ''.join(temp) else: break data = re.sub('\*\d+', "", data) ret = json.loads(data) return ret def get_user_list(): login_dict = login() LOGIN_COOKIES_DICT.update(login_dict) login_cookie_dict = login_dict['cookies'] res_user_list = requests.get( url= "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/user_tag", params = {"action": "get_all_data", "lang": "zh_CN", "token": login_dict['token']}, cookies = login_cookie_dict, headers={'Referer': 'https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/login?lang=zh_CN'} ) user_info = standard_user_list(res_user_list.text) for item in user_info['user_list']: print "%s %s " % (item['nick_name'],item['id'],) def send_msg(user_fake_id, content='啥也没发'): login_dict = LOGIN_COOKIES_DICT token = login_dict['token'] login_cookie_dict = login_dict['cookies'] send_dict = { 'token': token, 'lang': "zh_CN", 'f': 'json', 'ajax': 1, 'random': "0.5322618900912392", 'type': 1, 'content': content, 'tofakeid': user_fake_id, 'imgcode': '' } send_url = "https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/singlesend?t=ajax-response&f=json&token=%s&lang=zh_CN" % (token,) message_list = requests.post( url=send_url, data=send_dict, cookies=login_cookie_dict, headers={'Referer': 'https://mp.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/login?lang=zh_CN'} ) get_user_list() fake_id = raw_input('请输入用户ID:') content = raw_input('请输入消息内容:') send_msg(fake_id, content)
以上就是“破解”微信公众号的整个过程,经过Python代码实现了自动【登录微信公众号平台】【获取用户列表】【指定用户发送消息】。