requests

时间 2019-11-30

标签 requests 繁體版

原文原文链接

Requests模块

官方文档：http://cn.python-requests.org/zh_CN/latest/user/quickstart.html#id4html

　　Python标准库中提供了：urllib、urllib二、httplib等模块以供Http请求，可是，它的 API 太渣了。它是为另外一个时代、另外一个互联网所建立的。它须要巨量的工做，甚至包括各类方法覆盖，来完成最简单的任务。python

　　Requests 是使用 Apache2 Licensed 许可证的基于Python开发的HTTP 库，其在Python内置模块的基础上进行了高度的封装，从而使得Pythoner进行网络请求时，变得美好了许多，使用Requests能够垂手可得的完成浏览器可有的任何操做。git

一、GET请求github

# 一、无参数实例
  
import requests
  
ret = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')
  
print(ret.url)
print(ret.text)
  
  
  
# 二、有参数实例
  
import requests
  
payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
ret = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", params=payload)
  
print (ret.url)
print (ret.text)

二、POST请求正则表达式

# 一、基本POST实例
  
import requests
  
payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
ret = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=payload)
  
print(ret.text)
  
  
# 二、发送请求头和数据实例
  
import requests
import json
  
url = 'https://api.github.com/some/endpoint'
payload = {'some': 'data'}
headers = {'content-type': 'application/json'}
  
ret = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload), headers=headers)
  
print(ret.text)
print(ret.cookies)

三、其余请求算法

requests.get(url, params=None, **kwargs)
requests.post(url, data=None, json=None, **kwargs)
requests.put(url, data=None, **kwargs)
requests.head(url, **kwargs)
requests.delete(url, **kwargs)
requests.patch(url, data=None, **kwargs)
requests.options(url, **kwargs)
  
# 以上方法均是在此方法的基础上构建
requests.request(method, url, **kwargs)

四、更多参数json

参数 2.1 url
　　　　 requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=payload)
　　　　　requests.request(method='post', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/') 2.2 headers
　　　　# 发送请求头到服务器端 
　　　　requests.request(
　　　　　　method='POST', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', 
　　　　　　json={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'}, 
　　　　　　headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
　　　　 )　 2.3 cookies
　　　　# 发送Cookie到服务器端
　　　　requests.request(
　　　　　　method='POST',
　　　　　　 url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
 　　　　　　data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2'}, 
　　　　　　cookies={'cook1': 'value1'}, 
　　　　　　)
　　　　# 也可使用CookieJar（字典形式就是在此基础上封装）
from http.cookiejar import CookieJar
 from http.cookiejar import Cookie 
 obj = CookieJar() 
 obj.set_cookie(Cookie(version=0, name='c1', value='v1', port=None, domain='', path='/',
 secure=False, expires=None, discard=True, comment=None, comment_url=None, rest={'HttpOnly': None},
 rfc2109=False, port_specified=False, domain_specified=False, domain_initial_dot=False, path_specified=False) )
 requests.request(method='POST', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2'}, cookies=obj)2.4 params
　　　　# - 能够是字典
　　　　# - 能够是字符串 
 # - 能够是字节（ascii编码之内）
　　　　requests.request(method='get', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', params={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'})
　　　　requests.request(method='get', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', params="k1=v1&k2=水电费&k3=v3&k3=vv3")
　　　　requests.request(method='get', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', params=bytes("k1=v1&k2=k2&k3=v3&k3=vv3", encoding='utf8'))  2.5 data,传请求体
　　　　requests.request(
　　　　method='POST', 
　　　　url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', 
　　　　data="k1=v1;k2=v2;k3=v3;k3=v4", 
　　　　headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'} 
　　 )
　　　　requests.request(
　　　　method='POST', 
　　　　 url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', 
　　　　data=open('data_file.py', mode='r', encoding='utf-8'), 
　　　　#文件内容是：k1=v1;k2=v2;k3=v3;k3=v4
　　　　headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
　　 ) requests.post( ..., data={'user':'root','pwd':'123'} ) GET /index http1.1\r\nhost:c1.com\r\n\r\nuser=root&pwd=123
    2.6 json,传请求体
    # 将json中对应的数据进行序列化成一个字符串，json.dumps(...) # 而后发送到服务器端的body中，而且Content-Type是 {'Content-Type': 'application/json'}  requests.request(
　　　 method='POST', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', json={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'}
 )

 2.7代理 

   #无验证 
     proxie_dict = { "http": "77.75.105.165", "https": "77.75.105.123", } 
 ret = requests.get("http://www.baidu.com",proxies=proxie_dict)
　　　print(ret.headers) 
  
  #验证代理 
　　from requests.auth import HTTPProxyAuth 
　　proxyDict = { 'http': '77.75.105.165', 'https': '77.75.105.165' } 
　　auth = HTTPProxyAuth('username', 'mypassword') 
　　r = requests.get("http://www.google.com", proxies=proxyDict, auth=auth) 
　　print(r.text)
 
　　 2.8上传文件 files
　　# 发送文件 
　　　 file_dict = { 'f1': open('xxxx.log','rb') }
 requests.request( method='POST', url = 'http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', files=file_dict )

 　　# 发送文件，定制文件名 　　file_dict = { 　　 'f1': ('test.txt', open('readme', 'rb'))
　　　　} 　　requests.request(method='POST',url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',files=file_dict)

　　# 发送文件，定制文件名 　　file_dict = { 　　　　'f1': ('test.txt', "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf") 　　} requests.request(method='POST',url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',files=file_dict)

　　# 发送文件，定制文件名 
 　　　　file_dict = { 
　　　　　　'f1': ('test.txt', "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf", 'application/text', {'k1': '0'}) 
　　　　} 
　　　　requests.request(method='POST', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', files=file_dict)


　　 2.9 认证 auth 
　　　　内部： 用户名和密码，用户名和密码加密，放在请求头中传给后台。 
　　　　　　-"用户|密码" -base64("用户:密码") 
　　　　　　-"basic base64("用户|密码")" 
　　　　　　-请求头： Authorization: "basic base64("用户|密码")"
　　　　 from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth, HTTPDigestAuth
　　　　ret = requests.get('https://api.github.com/user',auth=HTTPBasicAuth('qwqw','11213')) 
   2.10超时 
　　　　 ret1 = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=1) 
 print(ret1) 
 ret2 = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=(5, 1)) 
 print(ret2)

 2.11是否容许重定向 
       allow_redirects ret = requests.get("http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/",allow_redirects=False) 
 print(ret.text)
    2.12 大文件下载stream 
　　　　ret = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', stream=True) 
　　　　print(ret.content) 
　　　　ret.close()
  
    　　from contextlib import closing with closing(requests.get('http://htttpbin.org/get',stream=True)) as r1: #在此处理响应 
　　　　 for i in r1.iter_content():
　　　　　　 print(i) 
 
    2.13证书 cert 
     -百度、腾讯 =》不用携带证书（系统自动获取证书） 
     -自定义证书 
        requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',cert="xxxx/xxx/xxx.pem") 
 requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',cert=("xxxx/xxx/xxx.pem","xxx.xx.xx.key")) 
 
  2.14 确认
　　　verify　= False
　　2.15session

　　　　import requests 　　session = requests.Session()  ### 一、首先登录任何页面，获取cookie  　　i1 = session.get(url="http://dig.chouti.com/help/service") ### 二、用户登录，携带上一次的cookie，后台对cookie中的 gpsd 进行受权 　　i2 = session.post( 　　url="http://dig.chouti.com/login", 　　data={ 　　 'phone': "8615131255089", 　　'password': "xxxxxx", 　　'oneMonth': "" } )  i3 = session.post( url="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=8589623", ) print(i3.text)

五、总结api

1、爬虫基本操做
    a、爬虫
        -定向
        -非定向
    
    b、
        下载页面：
        
        筛选：
            正则表达式
        =========开源模块=============================
        1、requests模块
            -方法
            -参数
            -session
                session = requests.Session()
                session.get()
                session.post()
            response = requests.get('http://www.autohome.com.cn/news/')
            response.txt
            
            总结：
                response = requests.get('URL')
                response.tetx
                response.content
                response.encoding
                response.aparent_encoding
                response.status_code
                
                
                
                
                
        2、beautisoup模块
            soup = BeautiSoup(response.txt,parser='html.parser')
            target=soup.find(id = 'auto-channel-lazyload-article')
            
            
            总结：
            find #匹配的第一个
            find_all#匹配的全部
            
            soup = beautifulsoup('<html>...</html>',features='html.parser')
            v1 = soup.find('div')#找soup孩子里面的第一个div
            v1 = soup.find(id='i1')#找soup孩子里面的第一个id=i1
            v1 = soup.find('div',id='i1')#找soup孩子里面的第一个div而且id=i1
            
            v2 = soup.find_all('div')
            v2 = soup.find_all(id='i1')
            v2 = soup.find_all('div',id='i1')
            
            obj = v1
            
            obj = v2[0]
            obj.text#获取对象的文本
            obj.attrs#获取对象的属性
        
        登陆：
            页面刷新：form 表单提交
            页面不刷新：Ajax提交
        需求二：
        
            经过程序自动登陆github
            requests
        需求三：爬取GitHub
            -带请求头
            -带cookie
            -请求体中：
                commit: Sign in
                utf8: ✓
                authenticity_token: iWlPKAsJ9nQNDaqC47P27GWx37a08iBv/0io8C4QPUluL1JxyWJSt0ZlgBBWv3BeFJ4ywbR5dKWzSqwzhILH6Q==
                login: Yun-Wangj
                password: yun258762
        需求四：登陆拉勾网
            -密码加密
                -找js，经过python实现加密方式
                -找密文，密文<=>密文
            -Referer头是上一次请求的地址，可用于作防盗链
        
        总结：
            请求头：
                user-agent
                referer
                host
                cookie
                
                特殊请求头，查看上一次请求获取内容,如拉勾网
            请求体：
                -原始数据
                -原始数据 + token
                -密文
                    -找算法
                    -使用密文
                    
            两种套路：
                -post登陆获取cookie，之后携带cookie，
                -get获取未受权cookie,post登陆携带cookie去受权，之后携带cookie

BeautifulSoup模块

　　BeautifulSoup是一个模块，该模块用于接收一个HTML或XML字符串，而后将其进行格式化，浏览器

以后遍可使用他提供的方法进行快速查找指定元素，从而使得在HTML或XML中查找指定元素变得简单。服务器

from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
 
html_doc = """
<html><head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head>
<body>
asdf
    <div class="title">
        <b>The Dormouse's story总共</b>
        <h1>f</h1>
    </div>
<div class="story">Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were
    <a  class="sister0" id="link1">Els<span>f</span>ie</a>,
    <a href="http://example.com/lacie" class="sister" id="link2">Lacie</a> and
    <a href="http://example.com/tillie" class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a>;
and they lived at the bottom of a well.</div>
ad<br/>sf
<p class="story">...</p>
</body>
</html>
"""
 
soup = BeautifulSoup(html_doc, features="lxml")
# 找到第一个a标签
tag1 = soup.find(name='a')
# 找到全部的a标签
tag2 = soup.find_all(name='a')
# 找到id＝link2的标签
tag3 = soup.select('#link2')

安装：

pip3 install beautifulsoup4

使用示例：

from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
 
html_doc = """
<html><head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head>
<body>
    ...
</body>
</html>
"""
 
soup = BeautifulSoup(html_doc, features="lxml")

　　1. name，标签名称

# tag = soup.find('a')
# name = tag.name # 获取
# print(name)
# tag.name = 'span' # 设置
# print(soup)

　　2. attr，标签属性

# tag = soup.find('a')
# attrs = tag.attrs    # 获取
# print(attrs)
# tag.attrs = {'ik':123} # 设置
# tag.attrs['id'] = 'iiiii' # 设置
# print(soup)

　　3. children,全部子标签

# body = soup.find('body')
# v = body.children

　　4. children,全部子子孙孙标签

# body = soup.find('body')
# v = body.descendants

　　5. clear,将标签的全部子标签所有清空（保留标签名）

# tag = soup.find('body')
# tag.clear()
# print(soup)

　　6. decompose,递归的删除全部的标签

# body = soup.find('body')
# body.decompose()
# print(soup)

　　7. extract,递归的删除全部的标签，并获取删除的标签

# body = soup.find('body')
# v = body.extract()
# print(soup)

　　8. decode,转换为字符串（含当前标签）；decode_contents（不含当前标签）

# body = soup.find('body')
# v = body.decode()
# v = body.decode_contents()
# print(v)

　　9. encode,转换为字节（含当前标签）；encode_contents（不含当前标签）

# body = soup.find('body')
# v = body.encode()
# v = body.encode_contents()
# print(v)

　　10. find,获取匹配的第一个标签

# tag = soup.find('a')
# print(tag)
# tag = soup.find(name='a', attrs={'class': 'sister'}, recursive=True, text='Lacie')
# tag = soup.find(name='a', class_='sister', recursive=True, text='Lacie')
# print(tag)

　　11. find_all,获取匹配的全部标签

# tags = soup.find_all('a')
# print(tags)
 
# tags = soup.find_all('a',limit=1)
# print(tags)
 
# tags = soup.find_all(name='a', attrs={'class': 'sister'}, recursive=True, text='Lacie')
# # tags = soup.find(name='a', class_='sister', recursive=True, text='Lacie')
# print(tags)
 
 
# ####### 列表 #######
# v = soup.find_all(name=['a','div'])
# print(v)
 
# v = soup.find_all(class_=['sister0', 'sister'])
# print(v)
 
# v = soup.find_all(text=['Tillie'])
# print(v, type(v[0]))
 
 
# v = soup.find_all(id=['link1','link2'])
# print(v)
 
# v = soup.find_all(href=['link1','link2'])
# print(v)
 
# ####### 正则 #######
import re
# rep = re.compile('p')
# rep = re.compile('^p')
# v = soup.find_all(name=rep)
# print(v)
 
# rep = re.compile('sister.*')
# v = soup.find_all(class_=rep)
# print(v)
 
# rep = re.compile('http://www.oldboy.com/static/.*')
# v = soup.find_all(href=rep)
# print(v)
 
# ####### 方法筛选 #######
# def func(tag):
# return tag.has_attr('class') and tag.has_attr('id')
# v = soup.find_all(name=func)
# print(v)
 
 
# ## get,获取标签属性
# tag = soup.find('a')
# v = tag.get('id')
# print(v)

　　12. has_attr,检查标签是否具备该属性

# tag = soup.find('a')
# v = tag.has_attr('id')
# print(v)

　　13. get_text,获取标签内部文本内容

# tag = soup.find('a')
# v = tag.get_text('id')
# print(v)

　　14. index,检查标签在某标签中的索引位置

# tag = soup.find('body')
# v = tag.index(tag.find('div'))
# print(v)
 
# tag = soup.find('body')
# for i,v in enumerate(tag):
# print(i,v)

　　15. is_empty_element,是不是空标签(是否能够是空)或者自闭合标签，

判断是不是以下标签：'br' , 'hr', 'input', 'img', 'meta','spacer', 'link', 'frame', 'base'

# tag = soup.find('br')
# v = tag.is_empty_element
# print(v)

　　16. 当前的关联标签

# soup.next
# soup.next_element
# soup.next_elements
# soup.next_sibling
# soup.next_siblings
 
#
# tag.previous
# tag.previous_element
# tag.previous_elements
# tag.previous_sibling
# tag.previous_siblings
 
#
# tag.parent
# tag.parents

　　17. 查找某标签的关联标签

# tag.find_next(...)
# tag.find_all_next(...)
# tag.find_next_sibling(...)
# tag.find_next_siblings(...)
 
# tag.find_previous(...)
# tag.find_all_previous(...)
# tag.find_previous_sibling(...)
# tag.find_previous_siblings(...)
 
# tag.find_parent(...)
# tag.find_parents(...)
 
# 参数同find_all

　　18. select,select_one, CSS选择器

soup.select("title")
 
soup.select("p nth-of-type(3)")
 
soup.select("body a")
 
soup.select("html head title")
 
tag = soup.select("span,a")
 
soup.select("head > title")
 
soup.select("p > a")
 
soup.select("p > a:nth-of-type(2)")
 
soup.select("p > #link1")
 
soup.select("body > a")
 
soup.select("#link1 ~ .sister")
 
soup.select("#link1 + .sister")
 
soup.select(".sister")
 
soup.select("[class~=sister]")
 
soup.select("#link1")
 
soup.select("a#link2")
 
soup.select('a[href]')
 
soup.select('a[href="http://example.com/elsie"]')
 
soup.select('a[href^="http://example.com/"]')
 
soup.select('a[href$="tillie"]')
 
soup.select('a[href*=".com/el"]')
 
 
from bs4.element import Tag
 
def default_candidate_generator(tag):
    for child in tag.descendants:
        if not isinstance(child, Tag):
            continue
        if not child.has_attr('href'):
            continue
        yield child
 
tags = soup.find('body').select("a", _candidate_generator=default_candidate_generator)
print(type(tags), tags)
 
from bs4.element import Tag
def default_candidate_generator(tag):
    for child in tag.descendants:
        if not isinstance(child, Tag):
            continue
        if not child.has_attr('href'):
            continue
        yield child
 
tags = soup.find('body').select("a", _candidate_generator=default_candidate_generator, limit=1)
print(type(tags), tags)

　　19. 标签的内容

# tag = soup.find('span')
# print(tag.string)          # 获取
# tag.string = 'new content' # 设置
# print(soup)
 
# tag = soup.find('body')
# print(tag.string)
# tag.string = 'xxx'
# print(soup)
 
# tag = soup.find('body')
# v = tag.stripped_strings  # 递归内部获取全部标签的文本
# print(v)

　　20.append在当前标签内部追加一个标签

# tag = soup.find('body')
# tag.append(soup.find('a'))
# print(soup)
#
# from bs4.element import Tag
# obj = Tag(name='i',attrs={'id': 'it'})
# obj.string = '我是一个新来的'
# tag = soup.find('body')
# tag.append(obj)
# print(soup)

　　21.insert在当前标签内部指定位置插入一个标签

# from bs4.element import Tag
# obj = Tag(name='i', attrs={'id': 'it'})
# obj.string = '我是一个新来的'
# tag = soup.find('body')
# tag.insert(2, obj)
# print(soup)

　　22. insert_after,insert_before 在当前标签后面或前面插入

# from bs4.element import Tag
# obj = Tag(name='i', attrs={'id': 'it'})
# obj.string = '我是一个新来的'
# tag = soup.find('body')
# # tag.insert_before(obj)
# tag.insert_after(obj)
# print(soup)

　　23. replace_with 在当前标签替换为指定标签

# from bs4.element import Tag
# obj = Tag(name='i', attrs={'id': 'it'})
# obj.string = '我是一个新来的'
# tag = soup.find('div')
# tag.replace_with(obj)
# print(soup)

　　24. 建立标签之间的关系

# tag = soup.find('div')
# a = soup.find('a')
# tag.setup(previous_sibling=a)
# print(tag.previous_sibling)

　　25. wrap，将指定标签把当前标签包裹起来

# from bs4.element import Tag
# obj1 = Tag(name='div', attrs={'id': 'it'})
# obj1.string = '我是一个新来的'
#
# tag = soup.find('a')
# v = tag.wrap(obj1)
# print(soup)
 
# tag = soup.find('a')
# v = tag.wrap(soup.find('p'))
# print(soup)

　　26. unwrap，去掉当前标签，将保留其包裹的标签

# tag = soup.find('a')
# v = tag.unwrap()
# print(soup)

更多参数官方：http://beautifulsoup.readthedocs.io/zh_CN/v4.4.0/

自动登陆示例：

　　抽屉新热榜

import requests


# ############## 方式一 ##############
"""
# ## 一、首先登录任何页面，获取cookie
i1 = requests.get(url="http://dig.chouti.com/help/service")
i1_cookies = i1.cookies.get_dict()

# ## 二、用户登录，携带上一次的cookie，后台对cookie中的 gpsd 进行受权
i2 = requests.post(
    url="http://dig.chouti.com/login",
    data={
        'phone': "86178#########",
        'password': "xxooxxoo",
        'oneMonth': ""
    },
    cookies=i1_cookies
)

# ## 三、点赞（只须要携带已经被受权的gpsd便可）
gpsd = i1_cookies['gpsd']
i3 = requests.post(
    url="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=8589523",
    cookies={'gpsd': gpsd}
)

print(i3.text)
"""


# ############## 方式二 ##############
"""
import requests

session = requests.Session()
i1 = session.get(url="http://dig.chouti.com/help/service")
i2 = session.post(
    url="http://dig.chouti.com/login",
    data={
        'phone': "8615131255089",
        'password': "xxooxxoo",
        'oneMonth': ""
    }
)
i3 = session.post(
    url="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=8589523"
)
print(i3.text)

"""

　　GitHub

import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

# ############## 方式一 ##############
#
# # 1. 访问登录页面，获取 authenticity_token
# i1 = requests.get('https://github.com/login')
# soup1 = BeautifulSoup(i1.text, features='lxml')
# tag = soup1.find(name='input', attrs={'name': 'authenticity_token'})
# authenticity_token = tag.get('value')
# c1 = i1.cookies.get_dict()
# i1.close()
#
# # 1. 携带authenticity_token和用户名密码等信息，发送用户验证
# form_data = {
# "authenticity_token": authenticity_token,
#     "utf8": "",
#     "commit": "Sign in",
#     "login": "XXXXX@163.com",
#     'password': 'xxoo'
# }
#
# i2 = requests.post('https://github.com/session', data=form_data, cookies=c1)
# c2 = i2.cookies.get_dict()
# c1.update(c2)
# i3 = requests.get('https://github.com/settings/repositories', cookies=c1)
#
# soup3 = BeautifulSoup(i3.text, features='lxml')
# list_group = soup3.find(name='div', class_='listgroup')
#
# from bs4.element import Tag
#
# for child in list_group.children:
#     if isinstance(child, Tag):
#         project_tag = child.find(name='a', class_='mr-1')
#         size_tag = child.find(name='small')
#         temp = "项目:%s(%s); 项目路径:%s" % (project_tag.get('href'), size_tag.string, project_tag.string, )
#         print(temp)



# ############## 方式二 ##############
# session = requests.Session()
# # 1. 访问登录页面，获取 authenticity_token
# i1 = session.get('https://github.com/login')
# soup1 = BeautifulSoup(i1.text, features='lxml')
# tag = soup1.find(name='input', attrs={'name': 'authenticity_token'})
# authenticity_token = tag.get('value')
# c1 = i1.cookies.get_dict()
# i1.close()
#
# # 1. 携带authenticity_token和用户名密码等信息，发送用户验证
# form_data = {
#     "authenticity_token": authenticity_token,
#     "utf8": "",
#     "commit": "Sign in",
#     "login": "XXXXX@163.com",
#     'password': 'xxoo'
# }
#
# i2 = session.post('https://github.com/session', data=form_data)
# c2 = i2.cookies.get_dict()
# c1.update(c2)
# i3 = session.get('https://github.com/settings/repositories')
#
# soup3 = BeautifulSoup(i3.text, features='lxml')
# list_group = soup3.find(name='div', class_='listgroup')
#
# from bs4.element import Tag
#
# for child in list_group.children:
#     if isinstance(child, Tag):
#         project_tag = child.find(name='a', class_='mr-1')
#         size_tag = child.find(name='small')
#         temp = "项目:%s(%s); 项目路径:%s" % (project_tag.get('href'), size_tag.string, project_tag.string, )
#         print(temp)

　　知乎

import time

import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

session = requests.Session()

i1 = session.get(
    url='https://www.zhihu.com/#signin',
    headers={
        'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.98 Safari/537.36',
    }
)

soup1 = BeautifulSoup(i1.text, 'lxml')
xsrf_tag = soup1.find(name='input', attrs={'name': '_xsrf'})
xsrf = xsrf_tag.get('value')

current_time = time.time()
i2 = session.get(
    url='https://www.zhihu.com/captcha.gif',
    params={'r': current_time, 'type': 'login'},
    headers={
        'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.98 Safari/537.36',
    })

with open('zhihu.gif', 'wb') as f:
    f.write(i2.content)

captcha = input('请打开zhihu.gif文件，查看并输入验证码：')
form_data = {
    "_xsrf": xsrf,
    'password': 'xxooxxoo',
    "captcha": 'captcha',
    'email': '##########@163.com'
}
i3 = session.post(
    url='https://www.zhihu.com/login/email',
    data=form_data,
    headers={
        'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.98 Safari/537.36',
    }
)

i4 = session.get(
    url='https://www.zhihu.com/settings/profile',
    headers={
        'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.98 Safari/537.36',
    }
)

soup4 = BeautifulSoup(i4.text, 'lxml')
tag = soup4.find(id='rename-section')
nick_name = tag.find('span',class_='name').string
print(nick_name)

　　拉勾网：

import requests


# 第一步：访问登录页,拿到X_Anti_Forge_Token，X_Anti_Forge_Code
# 一、请求url:https://passport.lagou.com/login/login.html
# 二、请求方法:GET
# 三、请求头:
#    User-agent
r1 = requests.get('https://passport.lagou.com/login/login.html',
                 headers={
                     'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/63.0.3239.132 Safari/537.36',
                 },
                 )

X_Anti_Forge_Token = re.findall("X_Anti_Forge_Token = '(.*?)'", r1.text, re.S)[0]
X_Anti_Forge_Code = re.findall("X_Anti_Forge_Code = '(.*?)'", r1.text, re.S)[0]
print(X_Anti_Forge_Token, X_Anti_Forge_Code)
# print(r1.cookies.get_dict())
# 第二步：登录
# 一、请求url:https://passport.lagou.com/login/login.json
# 二、请求方法:POST
# 三、请求头:
#    cookie
#    User-agent
#    Referer:https://passport.lagou.com/login/login.html
#    X-Anit-Forge-Code:53165984
#    X-Anit-Forge-Token:3b6a2f62-80f0-428b-8efb-ef72fc100d78
#    X-Requested-With:XMLHttpRequest
# 四、请求体：
# isValidate:true
# username:17821281271
# password:ab18d270d7126ea65915c50288c22c0d
# request_form_verifyCode:''
# submit:''
r2 = requests.post(
    'https://passport.lagou.com/login/login.json',
    headers={
        'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/63.0.3239.132 Safari/537.36',
        'Referer': 'https://passport.lagou.com/login/login.html',
        'X-Anit-Forge-Code': X_Anti_Forge_Code,
        'X-Anit-Forge-Token': X_Anti_Forge_Token,
        'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest'
    },
    data={
        "isValidate": True,
        'username': '17821281271',
        'password': 'ab18d270d7126ea65915c50288c22c0d',
        'request_form_verifyCode': '',
        'submit': ''
    },
    cookies=r1.cookies.get_dict()
)
print(r2.text)

　　博客园

import re
import json
import base64

import rsa
import requests


def js_encrypt(text):
    b64der = 'MIGfMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4GNADCBiQKBgQCp0wHYbg/NOPO3nzMD3dndwS0MccuMeXCHgVlGOoYyFwLdS24Im2e7YyhB0wrUsyYf0/nhzCzBK8ZC9eCWqd0aHbdgOQT6CuFQBMjbyGYvlVYU2ZP7kG9Ft6YV6oc9ambuO7nPZh+bvXH0zDKfi02prknrScAKC0XhadTHT3Al0QIDAQAB'
    der = base64.standard_b64decode(b64der)

    pk = rsa.PublicKey.load_pkcs1_openssl_der(der)
    v1 = rsa.encrypt(bytes(text, 'utf8'), pk)
    value = base64.encodebytes(v1).replace(b'\n', b'')
    value = value.decode('utf8')

    return value


session = requests.Session()

i1 = session.get('https://passport.cnblogs.com/user/signin')
rep = re.compile("'VerificationToken': '(.*)'")
v = re.search(rep, i1.text)
verification_token = v.group(1)

form_data = {
    'input1': js_encrypt('wptawy'),
    'input2': js_encrypt('asdfasdf'),
    'remember': False
}

i2 = session.post(url='https://passport.cnblogs.com/user/signin',
                  data=json.dumps(form_data),
                  headers={
                      'Content-Type': 'application/json; charset=UTF-8',
                      'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest',
                      'VerificationToken': verification_token}
                  )

i3 = session.get(url='https://i.cnblogs.com/EditDiary.aspx')

print(i3.text)