高中语法_句法篇

目录

• 名词性从句_宾语从句
  • 一. that引导的宾语从句。
  • 二. if/whether引导的宾语从句。
  • 3、特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句。
  • 4、宾语从句的时态
• 名词性从句_主语从句&表语从句
  • 1、主语从句
  • 2、主语从句和宾语从句引导词的比较
  • 3、表语从句
  • 4、表语从句和宾语从句引导词的比较
• 名词性从句_同位语从句&定语从句区分
  • 1、同位语从句
• 直接引语与间接引语_句式的转换
  • 1、直接引语与间接引语概述
  • 2、直接引语如何变成间接引语
• 直接引语与间接引语_转换注意事项
  • 1、人称的变化
  • 2、时态的变化
  • 3、直接引语变为间接引语时时间状语、地点状语、指示代词及动词的变化。
• 定语从句_关系代词&关系副词
  • 1、定义
  • 2、关系词
• 定语从句_关系词的特殊用法
  • 1、定语从句关系词的省略问题
  • 2、定语从句关系词只用 that 的场合
  • 3、定语从句中关系词不能够用 that 的场合
• 定语从句_限定性与非限定性定语从句
  • 1、定义
  • 2、限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句的区分：
  • 3、which 和 as 引导的特殊的定语从句：
• 定语从句_介词+关系代词&定语从句与先行词的割裂
  • 1、“ 介词 + 关系代词 ” 的定语从句
  • 2、定语从句与先行词的割裂
• 状语从句
  • 1、时间状语从句
  • 2、地点状语从句
  • 3、条件状语从句
  • 4、缘由状语从句
  • 5、结果状语从句
  • 6、让步状语从句
  • 7、方式状语从句
  • 8、状语从句其余链接词
• 被动语态_使用场合&结构
  • 一，被动语态的概念。
  • 二，被动语态的使用场合。
  • 三，被动语态的结构。
  • 四，被动语态使用时的注意事项。
• 被动语态_主动与被动的转换
  • 一，主动语态变被动语态的方法。
  • 2、遇到下列状况时，表示动做执行者的“by+宾语”经常被省略。
  • 3、主动语态变被动语态须要注意的几个问题。
• 被动语态_特殊动词的被动语态
  • 一，双宾语动词的被动语态。
  • 二，主动形式表示被动意义的词。
• 虚拟语气_if型的虚拟语气
  • 1、if 引导的条件状语从句
  • 2、与如今事实相反的非真实条件句
  • 3、与过去事实相反的非真实条件句
  • 4、与将来趋势相反的非真实条件句
• 虚拟语气_其它形式的虚拟语气
  • 1、wish 型的虚拟语气
  • 2、should 型的虚拟语气
  • 3、as if/though 引导的虚拟语气
  • 4、If only 引导的虚拟语气
  • 5、It is (high / about) time (that) ··· 结构的虚拟语气
  • 6、would rather引导的虚拟语气
• 情态动词_常见用法
• 情态动词_特殊用法
• 主谓一致_基本用法
• 主谓一致_特殊用法
• it的用法
• 强调句
• 倒装句_彻底倒装
• 倒装句_部分倒装
• 省略
• 修辞

名词性从句_宾语从句

宾语从句即一句话作宾语，按引导词分为三大类：that引导的宾语从句;whether/if引导的宾语从句；特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句。

一. that引导的宾语从句。

陈述句充当宾语时，在陈述句以前加that，that无实际意义，在句中不做成分，可省略。

• I can study English well。 我能把英语学好。
  → I believe that I can study English well. 我 相信 我能把英语学好。

• I’ve come back. 我已经回来了。
  → She knows that I’ve come back. 她 知道 我已经回来了。

二. if/whether引导的宾语从句。

通常疑问句充当宾语时，须要在疑问句句首加 if 或者 whether，并把通常疑问句改成陈述句语序。

if 或 whether 意为 “是否” ，在句中不作成分，但不能够省略。

• Are you a doctor? 你是一名医生吗？
  → I want to know if you are a doctor. 我 想知道 你是不是一名医生。

• Have you finished your work? 你的工做作完了吗？
  → I want to know if you have finished you work. 我 想知道 你的工做是否作完了。

  对于这部分if或者whether引导的宾语从句关键就在于首先要加上一个词 if 或者whether 其次要把疑问句语序改成陈述句语序。

• Will you go abroad? 你会出国吗？
  → I want to know if you will go abroad. 我 想知道 你是否会出国。

• Are you listening to me? 你在听我说吗？
  → I want to know if you are listening to me? 我想知道你是否在听我说。

  在宾语从句中能用if的位置均可以用whether。

• Do you love me? 你 爱 我嘛？
  → I want to know if you love me. 我 想知道 你是否爱我。

  Do you love me? Do放在宾语从句里就没有do了,由于在宾语从句要陈述句语序。陈述句里 你爱我 就直接是You love me。 疑问句当中为了要构成一个疑问句的语序因此才给它凭空加了一个do。那么变成陈述句语序的时候就要把那个do去掉。

• Dose Mary need any help? Mary须要个人帮助吗？
  → I want to know if Mary needs any help. 我 想知道 Mary是否须要个人帮助。

  这句话中Dose没有了 ，但必须体现出来三单 那也就是needs。

注：一下状况宾语从句的引导词用whether而不用if：

1）在具备旋转意义，即有or或or not时，尤为是直接于or not连用时，每每用whether不用if。

Let me know whether he will come or not. 你让我知道他是否会来。

Let me know whether or not he will come.

2）在介词以后用whether。

I’m interested in介词 whether he likes English. 我感兴趣的是他是否喜欢英语。

I worry about介词 whether I hurt her feelings.

3）在不定式前用whether。

He hasn’t decided whether to visit the old man. 他尚未决定是否去拜访那位老人。

I don’t know whether to go. 我不知道是否要走。

4）从句置于句首表示强调时，用whether，而不用if。 #:宾语从句通常来说都是在动词的后面，也就是说宾语从句一般状况下不放在句子的开头。可是，有时候咱们为了强调宾语从句的内容也会把它往前提，由于英文当中一句话越靠前的成分越重要，因此说，要强调宾语从句的内容，把它往前放了，这个时候也得用 whether 而不用 if 。由于用 if 的感受有点像条件状语从句。

Whether this is true or not , I can’t say. 这是不是真的？我可说很差。

Whether it is a mistake , I don’t quite know. 这是不是一个错误，我并不彻底知道。

5）若用 if 会引发歧义时，则用whether。 #：歧义是指能够按照不一样方式理解。例如：

Please let me know if you like the book.

A. Please let me know whether you like the book. 让我知道，你是否喜欢这本书。

B. If you like the book , please let me know. 若是你喜欢这本书，请让我知道。

3、特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句。

特殊疑问词充当宾语时，由原来的特殊疑问词引导，把疑问句语序改成陈述句语序。#：能够这么记，英文中的宾语从句通通都是陈述句语序，不会用到疑问句语序。

特殊疑问词不能省略。 #：英文当中总共有九个特殊疑问词，每一个特殊疑问词都有本身的意思。

• What are you talking about? 大家在谈论什么呢？
  → I want to know what you are talking about. 我想知道大家在谈论什么呢。

  原来是 what 引导的特殊疑问句，放在宾语的位置，那就是由 what 引导的这样的宾语从句。

• Where have you been? 你去哪了？
  → I want to know where you have been. 我想知道你去哪了。

  原来就是 where 引导的特殊疑问句，如今仍然用 where 引导的宾语从句。必定要把 have 还原到主语 you 的后面。因此就是 where you have been.

• When did Tom leave? Tom何时离开的？
  → I want to know when Tom left. 我想知道Tom何时离开的？

  放在宾语的位置没有 did ，leave 要体现出来过去时的样子。那就是left , when Tom left。

• How did you get here? 你怎么到这的？
  → I want to know how you got here. 我想知道你怎么到这的？

  What does she like? 她喜欢什么？
  → I want to know what she likes. 我想知道她喜欢什么。

• Who told you that? 谁告诉你的那件事？
  → I want to know who told you that?

  这个宾语从句当中 who told you that 原本就是 who told you that 放在宾语的位置 语序没有变，由于如今的 who 这个特殊疑问词它当的是主语，特殊疑问词当主语原本这个特殊疑问词就没有助动词提到主语的前面，因此它原本用的也就不是疑问词的语序。放在宾语从句中语序不变。

注：特殊疑问词作主语时放在宾语从句中语序不变。

1. Who took my pen? 谁拿了个人钢笔呀？

   → I want to know who took my pen. 我 想知道 谁拿了个人钢笔。

2. How many people are waiting? 有多少人在等？ #：how不能单独作主语但 How many people 一块儿作的主语。因此放在宾语的位置语序不变。

   → I want to know how many people are waiting. 我 想知道 有多少人在等。

4、宾语从句的时态

宾语从句的时态应与主句时态呼应，具体包括如下三点：

1）若是主句的谓语动词是通常如今时，从句的谓语动词可根据须要，选用相应的任什么时候态。

I don’t know when he will come back. 我 不知道 他何时会回来。

He tells me that his sister came back yesterday. 他 告诉 我说 他的妹妹昨天回来了。

2）若是主句的谓语动词是过去时，宾语从句的谓语动词只可根据须要，选用过去时态，即通常过去时、过去未来时或过去完成时等中的某一种形式。

The children didn’t know who he was. 孩子们不知道他是谁。 #：主句 didn’t know 通常过去时态，那么从句也只能用 who he was，不用 who he is。

He asked his father how it happened. 他问他的爸爸这事怎么发生的。 #：因为主句是 asked 那么这是通常过去时态，宾语 how it happened 也是通常过去时态。

3）若是宾语从句所表示的是客观事实、广泛真理、或天然现象等，无论主句用什么时态，从句时态都用通常如今时。

The teacher said that the earth goes around the sun. 老师说 地球是围绕着太阳转的。

特别关注：宾语从句该用 what 仍是 that 来引导？

宾语从句中 that 不作成分，what 须要在从句中做主语、宾语或者表语。所以，若从句不缺成分则用 that ，若从句缺主语，宾语或表语则用 what。

I know that you did your best. 我知道你尽了本身最大的努力。 #：由于 you did your best.不缺成分。 you主语 did宾语 your best 宾语。这时候用 that 引导。

I don’t believe what you said. #：you said 你说，从句部分缺宾语。缺宾语，用 what 来引导。

He told me that he came back yesterday. 他告诉我说他昨天回来了。

He told me what he saw during the journey. 他告诉了我他在旅行期间所看到的事。

名词性从句_主语从句&表语从句

1、主语从句

主语从句即用一句话做主语，大多数主语从句均可以用 it 来代替，做形式主语，把主语从句后置，主语从句和宾语从句相似，都属于名词性从句。

1. 若原来是陈述句，用that引导。that在句首时不可省略。

   • That she will succeed is certain.

     It is certain that she will succeed.

2. 若原来是通常疑问句，用 whether/if 引导（不可省略）。若从句置于句首只能用 whether。从句中用陈述语序。

   • Whether she will come is not known.

     It is not known whether / if she will come.

3. 若原来是特殊疑问句，用原来的特殊疑问词引导（不可省略）。从句中用陈述语序。

   • How the prisoner escaped is a mystery.

     It is a mystery how the prisoner escaped.

注：当what引导的主语从句表示 “...的东西时”，通常不用it做形式主语。

• What he needs is more experience. T

  It is more experience what he needs. F

• What I said is true. T

  It is true what I said. F

注：如下状况主语从句不可位于句首；

1. if引导主语从句时不可位于句首。

   • If he will come isn't known yet. F

     It isn't known yet if he will come. T

2. “It doesn't matter...” 结构中主语从句不可位于句首。

   • Whether he likes it or not. F

     It doesn't matter whether he likes it or not. T

3. "It is said / reported..." 结构中主语从句不可位于句首。

   • That three people were killed in the accident is reported. F

     It is reported that three people were killed in the accident. T

4. 含有主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可位于句首。

   • Is that it will snow this afternoon is likely? F

     Is it likely that is will snow this afternoon? T

2、主语从句和宾语从句引导词的比较

宾语从句：由陈述句转化由 that 引导常省略，由通常疑问句转化由 whether/if 引导个别状况只用 whether，由特殊疑问句转化由特殊疑问词引导。

主语从句：由陈述句转化由 that 引导句首不可省略，由通常疑问句由 whether/if 引导句首不用 if，由特殊疑问句转化由特殊疑问词引导。

3、表语从句

表语从句即一句话做表语，通常结构是“主语 + 系动词 + 表语从句”。常见的能够接表语的系动词由 be, look, remain, seem等，表语从句和宾语从句相似，都属于名词性从句。

• The fact is (that) I can't finish the job in two days. that 能够省略。
• The question is whether it is true or not.
• This is not what I meant.
• That is why Jack was criticized.
• This is how Jane lives.
• It seems that it's going to rain.
• The question remains whether we can win the game.
• The reason why he didn't come 定于从句 is that he was ill.

注：“The reason is that...”结构中that不能够用because，可是能够用"It(This/That) is because..."结构

• The reason why I was angry is that he didn't keep his promise.
• That is because he didn't keep hes promise.

4、表语从句和宾语从句引导词的比较

宾语从句：由陈述句转化由 that 引导常省略，由通常疑问句转化由 whether/if 引导个别状况只用 whether，由特殊疑问句转化由特殊疑问词引导。

表语从句：由陈述句转化由 that 引导常省略，由通常疑问句转化由 whether 引导，由特殊疑问句转化由特殊疑问词引导。

名词性从句_同位语从句&定语从句区分

1、同位语从句

若是一句话中两个句子成分所指内容相同，则后者称前者的同位语。

若同位语以句子形式出现则称为同位语从句，同位语从句用于对名词做进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容。同位语从句前面的那个名词也叫先行词，这点跟定语从句是相似的。

宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句统称名词性从句，他们的结构很是相似。

1. 同位语从句和宾语从句引导词的比较

   宾语从句：由陈述句转化而来由 that 做引导可省略，由通常疑问句转化而来由 whether/if 引导（个别状况只用 whether），由通常疑问句转化而来由特殊疑问词来引导。

   同位语从句：由陈述句转化而来由 that 引导（正式文体不可省略），由通常疑问句转化而来由 whether 来引导，由特殊疑问句转化而来由特殊疑问词来引导。

2. 同位语从句先行词多为fact, news, idea, thought, reply, answer, remark, plan, possibility, question, hope, doubt, mystery, information等。

   • No one could account for the fact that one of the boxes was extremely heavy陈述句
   • The question whether Tom will arrive on time同位语 is still unknown.
   • The child's question why the sky is blue同位语从句 is hard to answer

注：同位语从句有时能够不紧跟在他所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开，这样作每每是为了保持句子结构平衡。

• An idea came to her that she could do the experiment in another way. idae的具体内容 她想到了一个主意，她能够用另一种方法作这个实验。
• 若是放在idea的后面咱们应该说成：An idea that she could do the experiment in another way came to her.这样谓语部分到末尾就很短。致使头重脚轻句子会很是不协调。
• The news gave him a shock that his best friend committed suicide自杀的标准表达 in his five_bedroom house.

3. 同位语从句与定语从句的区分

   1）意义的不一样。

   同位语从句等同于先行词，用来讲明先行词的具体内容，对先行词做补充说明；而定于从句用来修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述它的性质或特征。

   定于从句咱们翻译的时候通常会翻译成什么什么的东西，直观上同位语从句就能够翻译成什么什么这个东西。

   2）先行词的不一样。

   定于从句的先行词是名称或者代词；而同位语从句的先行词只能是名词，并且仅限于fact，news，idea，though，reply，answer，remark，plan，possibility，，question，hope，doubt，mystery，information等少数词。

   3）引导词功能的不一样。

   1. 引导定语从句的that除了起链接做用，还在定语从句中充当必定成分，而且在乎义上表明先行词，在从句中做宾语且以前无介词时能够省略。引导同位语从句的that只起链接做用，在从句中不住任何成分，一般不能省略。#：定语从句中的that起链接做用，由于从句的引导出要起一个链接做用的。 定语从句中的that要作成分，同位语中的that不能够做成分。

   2. when、where、why引导的定语从句的先行词必定分别的表示时间、地点和缘由的名词，而三者引导的同位语从句的先行词则确定不是表示时间、地点和缘由的名词。

      引导定语从句时，它们在从句中充当状语，能够转换成”介词+关系代词“的形式；引导同位语从句时，它们在从句中仍然充当状语，但不能转换成”介词+关系代词“的形式。

   3. The reply that he gave me定语从句 hurt my feelings.
      The reply that he couldn't help me同位语从句 hurt my feelings.

   The news that you told me yesterday定语从句 was really exciting.

   We heard the news that our team had won.同位语从句

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直接引语与间接引语_句式的转换

陈述句，祈使句，通常疑问句和特殊疑问句由直接引语变间接引语。

1、直接引语与间接引语概述

直接引语间接引语都是宾语。

直接引语即一字不差地引用别人的话，需放在引号（单引号）内；间接引语则是用本身的话转述别人的话，不用引导，而以宾语从句的形式出现。

2、直接引语如何变成间接引语

1. 直接引语是陈述句时

   直接引语若是是陈述句，变为间接引语时，用连词 that 引导（that 在口语中常省去），that从句以前用say、tell 等动词，从句中的人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等要做相应的变化。

   • Sally says：”I'm sitting under the tree." → Sally says that she is sitting under the tree.
   • Sara says："I broke that plate." → Sara says that she broke that plate.
   • She said: "I'm hungry." → She said that she was hungry.
   • "'I am having breakfast,'he told me." → He told me that he was having breakfast.

2. 直接引语是疑问句时

   直接引语如为疑问句，改间接引语时，须将疑问句的语序改成陈述句的语序。

   1）直接引语是通常疑问句时

   直接引语如果通常疑问句，变为间接引语时，须用链接词 whether 或者 if 将其引出，使其成为间接引语的宾语从句。若是主句中的谓语动词为 said，则将其改成 asked。若是谓语动词后面没有间接宾语，能够加上一个间接宾语me, him, her, them, us等。

   • She said: "Is your father an engineer？" → She asked me whether my father was an engineer.
   • The teacher said to Li Ming: "Have you finished your homework?" → The teacher asked Li Ming whether he had finished his homework.
   • The boss asked him: "Has the work been finished?" → The boss asked him if the work had been finished.

   2）直接引语是特殊疑问句时

   若是直接引语为特殊疑问句，改成间接引语时，仍用特殊疑问句中的特殊疑问词做为链接词将其引出，构成间接引语中的宾语从句，但需将疑问句语序改成陈述句语序。若是主句中的谓语动词为 said，则将其改成 asked。

   • "What do you do every Sunday morning?" my friend said to me. → My friend asked me what I did every Sunday morning. #:直接引语，放在前面仍是后面均可以，可是转化成间接引语时候，咱们一般都放在后面。
   • “Where have you been, Lily?” her mom asked. → Her mom asked Lily where she had been.
   • I asked her: "How many English words have you learned?" → I asked her how many English words she had learned.
   • ‘When did you get home?' asked my father. → My father asked me when I had got home. #:在直接引语中谓语放在主语前，放在主语后都行，可是转化成间接引语的时候，只能主语在前，谓语在后。

3. 直接引语是祈使句时

   转述祈使句时，要使祈使句的动词原形变为带 to 的不定式，并在不定式的前面根据句子的意思加上tell, ask, order等动词；若是祈使句为否认式，在不定式的前面加 not。若是祈使句中有 please 一词，改成间接引语时，将 please 去掉。

   • He said: 'Sit down, please.' → He asked me to sit down.
   • The teacher said: 'Don't talk in class!' → The teacher told us not to talk in class.
   • The captain said to his men: 'Fire!' → The captain ordered his men to fire.

直接引语与间接引语_转换注意事项

1、人称的变化

直接引语变间接引语时，人称的变化遵循 “一主二宾三不变” 的原则

1. “一主”，即直接引语中的第一人称，转化为与主语相一致的人称。

   He said: 'I am very sorry.' → He said that he was very sorry.

   He said:'I like it very much' → He said that he liked it very much.

2. “二宾”，即把直接引语中的第二人称变为和主句的间接宾语（即听话人，如无听话人，可根据上下文的体会人为肯定一我的称）相一致的人称。

   'You should be more careful next time,' my father told me. → My father told me that I should be more careful the next time.

3. “三不变”，即直接引语中的第三人称变为间接引语时，人称不变。

   She said to her son:'I'll check your homework tonight. → She said to her son that she would check his homework that night.

   注：人称的转换包括人称代词、物主代词和名词性物主代词等。

   • He told me:'I'll go to the station to meet a friend of mine this afternoon.' → He told me that he would go to the station to meet a friend of his that afternoon.

2、时态的变化

1. 若立即转述别人的话，主句的谓语动词（如say，tell等）用通常如今时，则直接引语中的时态不用做任何改变放在间接引语中。

   • He says:'I am busy.' → He says that he is busy.
   • Mr. Jones says: 'I have just finished my work.' → Mr. Jones says that he has just finished his work.
   • Jack says: 'I'll go to England tomorrow.' → Jack says that he will go to England tomorrow.

2. 若过了一段时间再转述别人的话，主句的谓语动词用通常过去时态（said，told等），则直接引语的时态须要做变化。

   直接引语	间接引语
   通常如今时	通常过去时
   通常过去时	过去完成时
   如今进行时	过去进行时
   通常未来时	过去未来时
   如今完成时	过去完成时
   情态动词	对应的过去式

   • He said: 'I want to see you.' → He said that he wanted to see me.

   • She said : 'I've just made a new film' → She said that she had just made a new film.

   • She said : 'I am going to retire.' → She said that she was going to retire.

   • Tom said : 'I broke the cup.' → Tom said that he had broken the cup. #:过去的过去，过去完成时态。

   注：直接引语若是是客观真理、名人名言时，变为间接引语时，时态不变。

   • The teacher said:'The earth is round.' → The teacher said that the earth is round.

3、直接引语变为间接引语时时间状语、地点状语、指示代词及动词的变化。

1. 时间状语：

   直接引语	变间接引语
   now	then
   today	that day
   tonight	that night
   tomorrow	the next day
   yesterday	the before
   this week (month···)	that week (month···)
   last week (month···)	the week (month···) before
   next week (month···)	the next week (month···)
   two weeks (month···) ago	two weeks (month···) before

2. 地点状语：直接引用：here；变间接引用：there

3. 指示代词：直接引语：this/these；变间接引语：that/those

4. 动词：直接引语：come, bring；变间接引语：go, take

• Lily said : 'I will come back next month.' → Lily said that she would go back the next month.
• He said : 'It is nine o'clock now.' → He said that it was nine o'clock then.
• He said : 'I haven't seen her today.' → He said that he hadn't seen her that day.
• She said : 'I went there yesterday.' → She said that she had gone there the day before.

注：以上这些变化，要根听说话的具体时间和具体地点视状况而定。若是就在当地转述，here就没必要改成there，come也没必要改成go；若是就在当天转述，yesterday或tomorrow等时间状语从句也没必要改变。

定语从句_关系代词&关系副词

1、定义

定语从句即一句话做定语，多用来修饰句中的名词或代词，通常位于被修饰成分以后，被修饰的成分红为 “先行词” 。

Why 为何称为先行词呢？由于定语从句是放在所修饰的，那个成分的后面的，那么所修饰的成分是否是就在前，它在前就先行一步，因此咱们管它叫 先行词

2、关系词

分为关系代词（who, whom, whose, that, which）和关系副词（when, where, why）。引导词指代先行词，并必定在定语从句中一先行词的身份充当某个成分（主语、宾语、定语、表语或状语）。

1. 关系代词：

   who 先行词是人，在句中做主语或宾语。

   whom 先行词是人，在句中做宾语。

   which 先行词是物，在从句中做主语或宾语。

   that 先行词是人或物，在句中做主语或宾语。

   whose 先行词是人或物，在从句中做定语。

   Tips:

   • that/who以前不能要介词，如有介词需用which/whom。
   • 关系代词或关系副词在定语从句中已充当必定成分，所以从句中不能出现与它重复的成分。

• She is the girl. The girl lives next door. → She is the girl who lives next door.

• She is the girl. The girl's legs are broken. → She is the girl whose legs are broken.

• The house belongs to him. The house's windows face to the north. → The house whose windows face to the north belongs to him.

• This is the book. I want to read the book. → This is the book which I want to read.

• That was a mistake. The mistake couldn't be forgiven. → That was a mistake which couldn't be forgiven.

2. 关系副词：

   when 先行词须要表示时间的名词，在从句中做时间状语。

   where 先行词须要是表示地点的名词，在从句中做地点状语。

   why 先行词只能是 reason，在从句中做缘由状语。

• I will never forget the day, I came to Beijing on that day. → I will never forget the day when I came to Beijing.

• The police searched the house. He lived in the house. → The police searched the house where he lived.

• I don't know the reason. He is angry for that reason. → I don't know the reason why He is angry.

注1：这三个关系副词在乎义上都至关于”必定的介词 + which “结构。

• when = on (in, at, during...) + which

  • I will never forget the day when (on which) I came to Beijing.

• where = in(at, on...) + which

  • The police searched the house where (in which) he lived.

• why = for which

  • I don't know the reason why (for which) He is angry.

注2：当先行词是表示时间的time，day等和表示地点的place，house等以及表示缘由的reason时，必定要注意分析从句的结构；若是从句缺乏主语或宾语，关系词应该用which或that；若是缺乏时间状语或地点状语或缘由状语，才能用when、where或why。

• I'll never forget the day when we first met.
• I'll never forget the day which/that we spent together.
• This is the school which/that I visited.
• This is the school where I studied.
• The reason which/that you gave me is unacceptable.

定语从句_关系词的特殊用法

1、定语从句关系词的省略问题

• 限定性定语从句：关系代词做宾语（不能位于介词以后）或表语时能够省略，关系副词 when，why能够省略。

  • This is the book （which） I want to read. #：在从句中which 做动词read的宾语。
  • I don't know the man (who/whom) you are talking about.
  • I don’t know the man about whom you are taking. #: whom 不能够省掉 由于前面有介词。
  • This is the movie (that) I want to see.

• 非限定性定语从句：关系代词和关系副词都不可省略。

  • She is the girl who lives next door.
  • She is the girl whose legs are broken.
  • The house whose windows face to the north belongs to him.
  • That was a mistake which couldn't be forgiven.

注：定语从句关系代词做主语后又有be动词时常能够把关系代词和be一块儿省略。

• The man (who is) standing behind the counter served me. #: 不省就是定语从句省掉就是如今分词。
• Give me the book (which is) on the desk. #: 省掉就变成介词短语做定语。

2、定语从句关系词只用 that 的场合

在限定性定语从句中，下列状况下关系词只能用 that 不用 which 或 who(m)。

1. 先行词有形容词最高级修饰时。
   • Newton was one of the greatest men that ever lived.
   • This novel is the best one that I have ever read.
2. 先行词有序数词修饰时。
   • This is the first movie that I have ever seen.
3. 先行词有 the only, the very修饰时。
   • The only thing that he is interested in is eating.
   • He is the only person that can do this job well.
   • This is the very book that I am looking for.
4. 当先行词为 all, something, anything,everything,nothing等不定代词时。
   • All that can be done has been done.
   • I need to eat something that isn't so sweet.
5. 当先行词被 all, any, no, much, little, few, every 等限定词所修饰时。
   • I heard clearly every word that he said.
6. 当主句是以 which 或 who 开头的特殊疑问句时。
   • Which is the bike that you lost?
   • Who is the boy that won the gold medal?
7. 当先行词即含表人的名词又含表物的名词时。
   • The man in charge complained that the boss didn't send the men and money先行词 that he needed.
   • She described in her compositions the people an places that impressed her most.
8. 当先行词在主句中做表语，而关系代词在从句中也做表语时。
   • Shanghai is no longer the city表语、先行词 that it used to be.

3、定语从句中关系词不能够用 that 的场合

1. 非限定性定语从句不能够用 that 来引导。
   • More and more people are beginning to learn English, which is becoming very popular in our country. #: which引导的这个定语从句前面有逗号引导，那你就不要用that了。
2. 介词后面不能够用 that。
   • Is this the room in which Mr. White lives?
   • 注：在一些固定搭配的动词短语中，因为动词和介词不可分割，所以不能把介词置于关系代词以前。
     • This is the pen (that/which) I am looking for. T
     • This is the pen for which I am looking. F
3. 当关系代词后面带有插入语时不能够用 that。
   • Here's the book which, as I have told you插入语, will help improve your English.
4. 先行词自己就是 that 时关系代词只用 which。
   • What's that which flashed in the shy just now?
5. 当定语从句的先行词是整个主句时，关系代词用 which 不能够用 that。
   • He went to work without breakfast, which was quite unusual.

定语从句_限定性与非限定性定语从句

1、定义

限定性定语从句与先行词有不可分割的关系，若去掉则先行词指代不明，整个句子不知所云；

非限定性定语从句仅对意义已很明确的先行词做补充说明，若去掉对整个句子意义没有明显影响，多用逗号与主句分开。

• Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.
• My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.
• This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.

2、限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句的区分：

1. 从意义上看，限定性定语从句起限定做用，不可省略，不然原句句意不完整；非限定性定语从句仅做补充或说明，若省略掉原句句意仍然完整。
2. 从结构上看，限定性定语从句紧跟先行词，同先行词之间通常不加逗号；非限定性定语从句用逗号与主句隔开。
3. 从功能上看，限定性定语从句修饰先行词；非限定性定语从句能够修饰先行词或整个主句。
4. 从引导词上看，非限定性定语从句不能够由 that 来引导。
5. 从翻译角度来看，限定性定语从句通常译为定语从句；非限定性定语从句通常译为并列分句。

• He has two sisters who are working in the city.他有两个在这个城市里工做的妹妹。

  He has two sisters, who are working in the city.他有两个妹妹，她们在这个城市里工做。

• The children who wanted to play football were disappointed because it rained.想踢足球的那部分孩子很失望。

  The children，who wanted to play football, were disappointed because it rained.这些孩子很失望，由于下雨了。

• He will wear no clothes先行词 that will make him look different.他不会穿那些让他看起来不同凡响的衣服。

  He will wear no clothes, which will make him look different.他不会穿任何衣服，这会让他看起来不同。

3、which 和 as 引导的特殊的定语从句：

which / as引导的非限定性定语从句能够修饰整个主句。

as多含有 ”正如“ 的意思，位于主句先后都可。which 含义没有限制，只能用于主句后，多数状况下意思同 and this类似。

• I said nothing, which made him more angry.

• He was a policeman in disguise which surprised me a lot.

• One of my high school classmates died a year ago, which I can't believe.

  常见的as引导的结构（多位于句首）

  • as is well known 众所周知
  • as may be imagined 能够想象得出
  • as has been said before 如前所述
  • as has been pointed out 正如已经指出的
  • as is expected/anticipated 正如预料到的

注1: as后若为"is/was + 过去分词"构成的被动语态，is或was 能够省去；which后的is或was在一样的状况下则不可省。

• She is absent again, as (is) expected.
• As (is) reported, a foreign delegation will visit our town.

注2: as 也能够引导限定性的定语从句，多和the same 或such连用，构成“the same ... as”和“such ... as” 结构，先行词是表示人或物的名词。

• This is the same book as I read last week.
• She told me the same story as she had told you.

定语从句_介词+关系代词&定语从句与先行词的割裂

1、“ 介词 + 关系代词 ” 的定语从句

1. 关系代词的选择，在介词后做宾语的关系代词通常只有哦 which 和 whom。如先行词是物，引导词用which；如先行词是人，则引导词用 whom。

   • The man to whom you spoke is a teacher.
   • The city in which she lives is far away. #:原来能够说The city which she lives in is far away.

2. 介词的选择

   “ 介词 + 关系代词 “ 中的介词主要经过如下三种方法肯定：

   1）根据定语从句中的谓语动词或形容词来选用介词。

   • This is the book for which you asked. #: 原句：This is the book which you asked for.常常会把for往前提。
   • This is the iPad on Which I spent 3000 yuan. #: spend on。
   • The West Lake, for which Hangzhou is famous, is a beautiful place. #: buy sth. for sb.

   2）根据先行词来肯定介词。

   • In his room, we saw a big bookcase in which there were all kinds of books. #: 在bookcase里面。
   • I won't forget the day on which he got married.
   • The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable.

   3）根据定语从句所表达的意义来肯定介词。

   • Air, without which man can't live, is rally important.
   • These are my glasses, without which I can't see clearly.
   • This is the book from which I got the story.

3. 介词的位置

   介词通常放在关系代词 which 和 whom 以前，但也可放在原来的位置上。

   • The house in which we live is not large. #: 放在前面比较有用的多。

     = The house which we live in is not large.

   • This is the man from whom I earned the news. = This is the man whom I learned the news from.

   注1：介词和谓语动词是固定词组时，介词通常不前置。

   This is the book (which/that) I am looking for. T

   This is the book for which I am looking. F

   常见的这样的搭配有：look for, look after, take care of, pay attention to等。

   注2：“介词 + 关系代词” 前可有some、any、both、all、neither、none、many、much、most、each、a few 、a litter、few、one等代词或者数词。

   • Last week, four people came to look at the house, each of whom wanted to buy it.
   • He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.

4. ” 介词 + 关系词 “ 结构同关系副词的互换

   在从句中充当时间，地点或缘由状语的 ” 介词 + 关系词 “ 结构每每能够同关系副词 when， where 和 why 互换。

   • Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? = Do you remember the day when you joined our club?
   • This is the house in which地点状语 I lived two years ago. = This is the house where I lived two years age.

2、定语从句与先行词的割裂

1. 若是作主语的先行词跟有一个较长的定语从句和一个较短的谓语，为平衡句子结构，常把谓语动词放在先行词和定语从句之间。
   • A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you English.
   • The day is not fat off when I'll move to Australia.
   • A man can conquer the world who can conquer himself. #: 原本说成：A man who can conquer himself can conquer the world.
2. 若是做宾语的先行词跟有一个较长的定语从句和一个较短的宾语补足句（或定语、状语），为平衡句子结构，常把宾语补足句（或定语、状语）放在先行词和定语从句之间。
   • He asked the girl to stay at home who had been ill for along time.
   • Do you remember on afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace? #：英语上，咱们习惯把短的放前长的放后。

状语从句

1、时间状语从句

1. when, while, as和whenever，前三者都有” 当···的时候 “之意。when 既能够和短暂性动词连用，也能够和连续性动词连用；while和as每每和连续性动词连用；while 和 as 每每和连续性动词连用；whenever意味 ”不管什么时候，每次“。

   • He entered the room when (while/as) the meeting was going on.
   • When she comes, I'll tell her to wait for you.
   • Whenever I hear that tune, it makes me think of you.

   注：1. while能够做并列连词，引导并列分句，表示对比，可译为“而...”。

   ​ I am fond of English while he likes maths.

   注：2. while还能够表示“尽管”，至关于although。

   ​ While I admit that the problem is difficult, I don't think that it can't be solved.

2. before 和 after，before 和 after 表示的是两个时间或两个事件之间的前后关系。before 意为 ” 在···以前 “，after 意为 ” 在···以后 “。

   • They had got everything ready before I arrived.
   • After the game had started, he left.

3. as soon as，as soon as 意为” 一 ··· 就 ··· “，若表达过去的事，一般主句和从句都用通常过去时态；若表达未来的事，每每主句用通常未来时态，从句用通常如今时态。

   • He told me the news as soon as he got the message.
   • As soon as the bell rang, the students went out of the classroom. #:状语从句没有特殊的要求，每每放在主句前主句后都行。
   • I'll call you as soon as I finish dinner. #: 主将从现。

4. till 和 until，这两个词意思都是” 直到··· “，用法相近，但在句首只能用until。在确定句中，主句要用延续性动词；在否认句中，主句每每用短暂性动词。

   • He didn't leave until I came back.
   • You'd better wait until the rain stops.
   • Until they finished the work, they didn't go home.

2、地点状语从句

地点状语从句经常使用 where 和 wherever 来引导，能够放在主句前，也能够放在主句后。where指” 在某个地方 “，wherever指 ” 在任何一个地方 “。

• You should put the book where it was.
• You can sit wherever you like.

3、条件状语从句

最多见的状语从句有 if 引导，结构为：

1. if 从句：现代时态（通常如今，如今进行，如今完成）；

   主句：通常未来时或情态动词或祈使句；

   口诀：主将从现 主情从现 主祈从现

   • If you leave now, you will regret it.
   • If he is sleeping, don't wake him up.
   • If you've finished the housework, you can see the movie.

2. unless能够引导条件状语从句 ，表示反面的条件，意为“除非，若是不”；

   而 if 表示正面的条件，意为“若是”。unless = if···not

   • I can't help you unless you tell me what happened. 等价于 I can't help you if you don't tell me what happened.

4、缘由状语从句

because，science as和for

1. Because语气最强，可位于主句前或主句后；

   I didn't go to see him because it was raining hard.

2. since意为“既然”引导的从句常在句首；

   Since you say so, I suppose it's true.

3. as所表示的理由较弱，as从句常放在主句前；

   As I didn't see her, she probably didn't attend the meeting.

4. for语气最弱，位于主句后，且以前有逗号与主句隔开。

   There must be no one in the house, for the door is closed.

5、结果状语从句

So和so that均可以引导结果状语从句，放在主句后。需注意的是，so that引导结果状语从句时，从句中不可有情态动词，不然表示目的，翻译为“为了，以便于···”。

• He passed the exam, so he was very happy.
• I have many things to do, so that I am busy all day long.
• She left early, so that she caught the train.

6、让步状语从句

让步状语从句常由thought和although来引导，译为“虽然，尽管”。though比although通俗，但不如although正式。可位于主句前或主句后。

• Though I didn't know many people at the party, I had a very good time.

7、方式状语从句

最多见的方式状语从句的引导词为as, 表示"如··· , 像···“。

• Please do it as I told you.
• They watched her closely as a cat watches a rat.

8、状语从句其余链接词

1. once conj. 一旦。；

   • Once you get there. you'll love it.

2. now that 既然，因为；

   • Now that dinner is ready, let's eat first.

3. even though 尽管；

   • Even though you have no interest in art, the museum is worth visiting.尽管你对艺术没有兴趣，这个博物馆也值得参观。（即成事实，我知道你对艺术没有兴趣。）

4. even if 即便。

   • Even if you have no interest in art, the museum is worth visiting.即便你对艺术没有兴趣，这个博物馆也值得参观。（假设未来的事，我不知道你对艺术是否感兴趣。）

被动语态_使用场合&结构

一，被动语态的概念。

语态是动词的一种形式。用以表示主语和谓语之间的关系。语态分为两种。主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是谓语动词的执行者。被动语态表示主语是谓语动词的承受者。

二，被动语态的使用场合。

1 不知道动做的执行者或没必要要说出动做的执行者。
2 强调动做的承受者。
3 为了更好地安排句子。
4 在文章标题、广告、新闻中。

三，被动语态的结构。

理论上每一种时态都有主动语态和被动语态两种结构；被动语态，谓语动词结构。be + 动词的过去分词；不一样时态体如今be形式不一样。

1 通常如今时态。am/is/are + 动词的过去分词。
2 通常过去时态。was/were/ + 动词的过去分词。
3 如今进行时态。am/is/are + being + 动词的过去分词。
4 过去进行时态。was/were + being + 动词的过去分词。

5 通常未来时的被动语态。
1）will/shall + be + 动词的过去分词。
2）am/is/are + going to be + 动词的过去分词。

6 过去未来时态。
1）would/should +be + 动词的过去分词。
2）was/were + going to be+动词的过去分词。

7 如今完成时态。 Have / has + been + 动词的过去分词

8 过去完成时态。had + been + 动词的过去分词。

9 未来完成时态。will / shall have been + 动词的过去分词。

10 过去未来完成时态。would/ should have been + 动词的过去分词。

11 情态动词的被动语态：情态动词 + be + 动词的过去分词。

四，被动语态使用时的注意事项。

1 及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态。如 happen, die, disappear, take place 等。

2 系动词不能用于被动语态。如be , look, sound, appear 等。

3 表示状态的动词不能用于被动语态。如have, fit, suit, cost, suffer 等。

4 带有同源宾语、反身代词的及物动词不能用于被动语态。如dream a dream, live a···life, enjoy one self 等。

5 不及物动词构成的及物性短语动词能够用于被动语态如look, after, look into 等。

被动语态_主动与被动的转换

一，主动语态变被动语态的方法。

1. 把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。
2. 把谓语变成被动结构（be + 过去分词。）
3. 把主动语态中的主语放在介词by以后。将主格改成宾格。

2、遇到下列状况时，表示动做执行者的“by+宾语”经常被省略。

1. 动做执行者不肯定时，
2. 没必要代表动做的执行者时。
3. 动做执行者为通常大众时。

3、主动语态变被动语态须要注意的几个问题。

1. 时态保持一致。
2. 谓动为动词短语的被动语态不能丢掉动词短语的介词或副词。
3. 主动语态中如有双宾语。紧跟在动词以后的宾语变为被动语态的主语。另外一个宾语不变。
4. 主动语态如有复合宾语，将主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语，其他不变。

被动语态_特殊动词的被动语态

一，双宾语动词的被动语态。

含有双宾语的动词变为被动语态时，紧跟在动词以后的宾语变为被动语态的主语，另外一个宾语不变；若是主动语态中宾语以前有介词，变为被动语态时介词仍然保留。

二，主动形式表示被动意义的词。

1. 我先感官动词和系动词加形容词，能够表示被动意义，如look，smell，taste，fell，sound，prove等。

2. 要是开始，结束，运动等的动词每每用主动形式表示被动意义。如begin, start, end, open, close, shut, catch, move 等。

3. 某些表示主语的属性特征的动词能够表示被动意义。如read, write, eat, sell, wash, clean, dry, peel 等

4. want, need, require, worth 等词的后面可用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。

5. 某些做表语的形容词后，用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。

6. 有些“介词+名词”构成的介词短语表示被动意义。

虚拟语气_if型的虚拟语气

1、if 引导的条件状语从句

1. 真实条件句。
2. 非真实条件句。（即虚拟语气。）
   1）与如今事实相反。
   2）与过去事实相反。
   3）与将来趋势相反

2、与如今事实相反的非真实条件句

从句谓语：did（be 只用 were）；

主句谓语：would / should / could / might + do ；

3、与过去事实相反的非真实条件句

从句谓语：had done；

主句谓语：would / should / could / might + have done;

4、与将来趋势相反的非真实条件句

从句谓语：did（be 用 were），should + do, were to + do；

主句谓语：would / should / could / might + do

虚拟语气_其它形式的虚拟语气

1、wish 型的虚拟语气

wish 后的宾语从句用虚拟语气，表示不能实现的愿望。与如今事实相反，从句中的谓语动词用通常过去时（be的过去式只用were）；与过去事实相反，从句中的谓语动词用“had加过去分词”；表示未来不太可能实现的愿望，从句中的谓语动词用“would / could / should / might + 动词原形”。

2、should 型的虚拟语气

1. 在表示"建议“、”要求“、”命令“等的动词。好比suggest, advise, require, request, insist, order 等后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用“（should）+动词原形” 结构。
2. 表示"建议“、”要求“、”命令“等的名词是suggestion, advice, request, order 等的表语从句和同位语从句中，谓语动词用“（should）+ 动词原形 ” 结构。
3. 在形容词important, necessary, natural, strange, surprising等后的主语从句中用“（should）+动词原形”结构。

3、as if/though 引导的虚拟语气

在 as if/though引导的状语从句中，若从句与事实相反，则要用虚拟语气。结构以下：

1. 主句 + as if / though + 主句 + 通常过去时（从句的动做与主句同时发生）
2. 主句 + as if / though + 主语 + would /could + 动词原形（从句的动做相对于主句来讲，在未来发生）
3. 主句 + as if / though + 主语 + 过去完成时（从句的动做先发生于主句动做以前）

4、If only 引导的虚拟语气

If only后用的虚拟语气，常译为“ 要是 ··· 就行了 ”。表示如今没有实现的愿望，谓语动词用通常过去时；

表示过去没有实现的愿望，谓语动词用过去完成时；表示未来不太可能实现的愿望，从句中的谓语动词用“would / could / should / might + 动词原形”。

5、It is (high / about) time (that) ··· 结构的虚拟语气

在 “It is (high / about) time (that) ··· ” 结构中，从句的谓语动词用通常过去时（be的过去式用were），表示“早该干某事而已经有些晚了”。

6、would rather引导的虚拟语气

would rather意为“宁愿···”，以后接从句时从句应用虚拟语气；用通常过去时表示如今或未来的愿望，用过去完成时表示过去的愿望。

情态动词_常见用法

情态动词_特殊用法

主谓一致_基本用法

主谓一致_特殊用法

it的用法

强调句

倒装句_彻底倒装

倒装句_部分倒装

省略

修辞