linux添加硬盘,分区并挂载

time: 2018.3.27

1. 虚拟机关机并添加10gSCSI硬盘

2. fdisk -l查看是否有未分区的硬盘, 有则说明硬盘添加成功

[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l

Disk /dev/sda: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x000b515e

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sda1   *        2048     2099199     1048576   83  Linux
/dev/sda2         2099200    41943039    19921920   8e  Linux LVM

Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
    ...

此处为未分区的/dev/sdb

在Linux系统中，管理硬盘设备最经常使用的方法就当属fdisk命令了。fdisk命令用于管理磁盘分区，格式为“fdisk [磁盘名称]”，它提供了集添加、删除、转换分区等功能于一身的“一站式分区服务”。不过与前面讲解的直接写到命令后面的参数不一样，这条命令的参数（见表6-5）是交互式的，所以在管理硬盘设备时特别方便，能够根据需求动态调整

fdisk经常使用参数:

参数	做用
m	查看所有可用的参数
n	添加新的分区
d	删除某个分区信息
l	列出全部可用的分区类型
t	改变某个分区的类型
p	查看分区表信息
w	保存并退出
q	不保存直接退出

3.fdisk /dev/sdb将硬盘分为2个分区:

[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).

Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.

# 查看分区表信息, 此时无分区
Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xe03a1b13

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
# 添加新分区
Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
   p   primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
   e   extended
Select (default p):   # 回车使用默认值, 建立主分区, e为扩展分区
Using default response p
Partition number (1-4, default 1):     # 回车默认分区编号为1
First sector (2048-20971519, default 2048):     # 起始扇区, 默认便可
Using default value 2048

无需计算扇区个数, 输入 +5G 建立容量5G的分区

# 无需计算扇区个数, 输入 +5G 建立容量5G的分区
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-20971519, default 20971519): +5G
Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 5 GiB is set

Command (m for help): p
# 查看分区表, 已经添加了一个分区
Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xe03a1b13

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1            2048    10487807     5242880   83  Linux

Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
   p   primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)
   e   extended
Select (default p):  # 主分区
Using default response p
Partition number (2-4, default 2):  # 分区编号2
First sector (10487808-20971519, default 10487808):  # 起始扇区默认
Using default value 10487808
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (10487808-20971519, default 20971519):  # 分配剩余容量
Using default value 20971519
Partition 2 of type Linux and of size 5 GiB is set

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xe03a1b13

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1            2048    10487807     5242880   83  Linux
/dev/sdb2        10487808    20971519     5241856   83  Linux
# 保存并退出
Command (m for help): w 
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l # 此时从新查看分区状况, 成功

Disk /dev/sda: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x000b515e

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sda1   *        2048     2099199     1048576   83  Linux
/dev/sda2         2099200    41943039    19921920   8e  Linux LVM

Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xe03a1b13

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1            2048    10487807     5242880   83  Linux
/dev/sdb2        10487808    20971519     5241856   83  Linux

4.格式化分区并自动挂载:

# 格式化为ext4
[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1; mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb2
 ...
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /mnt/sdb1 /mnt/sdb2
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/fstab 

#
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Thu Mar 22 12:44:05 2018
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
/dev/mapper/rhel-root   /                       xfs     defaults        0 0
UUID=db2c838d-1f2f-4b99-a3a2-191b81914b44 /boot                   xfs     defaults        0 0
/dev/mapper/rhel-swap   swap                    swap    defaults        0 0
[root@localhost ~]# echo '/dev/sdb1 /mnt/sdb1 ext4 defaults 0 0' >> /etc/fstab 
[root@localhost ~]# echo '/dev/sdb2 /mnt/sdb2 ext4 defaults 0 0' >> /etc/fstab 
[root@localhost ~]# mount -a # 自动挂载
[root@localhost ~]# df -h # 查看挂载状态和硬盘使用量信息
Filesystem             Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/rhel-root   17G  3.0G   15G  18% /
devtmpfs               897M     0  897M   0% /dev
tmpfs                  912M   84K  912M   1% /dev/shm
tmpfs                  912M  9.0M  903M   1% /run
tmpfs                  912M     0  912M   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1             1014M  173M  842M  18% /boot
tmpfs                  183M   16K  183M   1% /run/user/42
tmpfs                  183M     0  183M   0% /run/user/0
/dev/sdb1              4.8G   20M  4.6G   1% /mnt/sdb1
/dev/sdb2              4.8G   20M  4.6G   1% /mnt/sdb2
[root@localhost ~]#

5.手动挂载

mount -t auto <设备路径> <挂载点>

-t <文件系统类型> 指定设备的文件系统类型，常见的有：
ext2 linux目前经常使用的文件系统
msdos MS-DOS的fat，就是fat16
vfat windows98经常使用的fat32
nfs 网络文件系统
iso9660 CD-ROM光盘标准文件系统
ntfs windows NT/2000/XP的文件系统
auto 自动检测文件系统