派生类指定多个基类,这样的继承结构被称作多重继承。 ios
举个例子,交通工具类能够派生出汽车和船连个子类,但拥有汽车和船共同特性水陆两用汽车就必须继承来自汽车类与船类的共同属性。
由此咱们不难想出以下的图例与代码:ide
当一个派生类要使用多重继承的时候,必须在派生类名和冒号以后列出全部基类的类名,并用逗号分隔。函数
//程序做者:管宁
//站点:www.cndev-lab.com
//全部稿件均有版权,如要转载,请务必著名出处和做者
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Vehicle
{
public:
Vehicle(int weight = 0)
{
Vehicle::weight = weight;
}
void SetWeight(int weight)
{
cout<<"从新设置重量"<<endl;
Vehicle::weight = weight;
}
virtual void ShowMe() = 0;
protected:
int weight;
};
class Car:public Vehicle//汽车
{
public:
Car(int weight=0,int aird=0):Vehicle(weight)
{
Car::aird = aird;
}
void ShowMe()
{
cout<<"我是汽车!"<<endl;
}
protected:
int aird;
};
class Boat:public Vehicle//船
{
public:
Boat(int weight=0,float tonnage=0):Vehicle(weight)
{
Boat::tonnage = tonnage;
}
void ShowMe()
{
cout<<"我是船!"<<endl;
}
protected:
float tonnage;
};
class AmphibianCar:public Car,public Boat//水陆两用汽车,多重继承的体现
{
public:
AmphibianCar(int weight,int aird,float tonnage)
:Vehicle(weight),Car(weight,aird),Boat(weight,tonnage)
//多重继承要注意调用基类构造函数
{
}
void ShowMe()
{
cout<<"我是水陆两用汽车!"<<endl;
}
};
int main()
{
AmphibianCar a(4,200,1.35f);//错误
a.SetWeight(3);//错误
system("pause");
}工具
上面的代码从表面看,看不出有明显的语发错误,可是它是不可以经过编译的。这有是为何呢?
这是因为多重继承带来的继承的模糊性带来的问题。this
先看以下的图示:spa
在图中深红色标记出来的地方正是主要问题所在,水陆两用汽车类继承了来自Car类与Boat类的属性与方法,Car类与Boat类同为AmphibianCar类的基类,在内存分配上AmphibianCar得到了来自两个类的SetWeight()成员函数,当咱们调用a.SetWeight(3)的时候计算机不知道如何选择分别属于两个基类的被重复拥有了的类成员函数SetWeight()。code
因为这种模糊问题的存在一样也致使了AmphibianCar a(4,200,1.35f);执行失败,系统会产生Vehicle”不是基或成员的错误。继承
以上面的代码为例,咱们要想让AmphibianCar类既得到一个Vehicle的拷贝,并且又同时共享用Car类与Boat类的数据成员与成员函数就必须经过C++所提供的虚拟继承技术来实现。内存
咱们在Car类和Boat类继承Vehicle类出,在前面加上virtual关键字就能够实现虚拟继承,使用虚拟继承后,当系统碰到多重继承的时候就会自动先加入一个Vehicle的拷贝,当再次请求一个Vehicle的拷贝的时候就会被忽略,保证继承类成员函数的惟一性。
修改后的代码以下,注意观察变化:it
//程序做者:管宁
//站点:www.cndev-lab.com
//全部稿件均有版权,如要转载,请务必著名出处和做者
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Vehicle
{
public:
Vehicle(int weight = 0)
{
Vehicle::weight = weight;
cout<<"载入Vehicle类构造函数"<<endl;
}
void SetWeight(int weight)
{
cout<<"从新设置重量"<<endl;
Vehicle::weight = weight;
}
virtual void ShowMe() = 0;
protected:
int weight;
};
class Car:virtual public Vehicle//汽车,这里是虚拟继承
{
public:
Car(int weight=0,int aird=0):Vehicle(weight)
{
Car::aird = aird;
cout<<"载入Car类构造函数"<<endl;
}
void ShowMe()
{
cout<<"我是汽车!"<<endl;
}
protected:
int aird;
};
class Boat:virtual public Vehicle//船,这里是虚拟继承
{
public:
Boat(int weight=0,float tonnage=0):Vehicle(weight)
{
Boat::tonnage = tonnage;
cout<<"载入Boat类构造函数"<<endl;
}
void ShowMe()
{
cout<<"我是船!"<<endl;
}
protected:
float tonnage;
};
class AmphibianCar:public Car,public Boat//水陆两用汽车,多重继承的体现
{
public:
AmphibianCar(int weight,int aird,float tonnage)
:Vehicle(weight),Car(weight,aird),Boat(weight,tonnage)
//多重继承要注意调用基类构造函数
{
cout<<"载入AmphibianCar类构造函数"<<endl;
}
void ShowMe()
{
cout<<"我是水陆两用汽车!"<<endl;
}
void ShowMembers()
{
cout<<"重量:"<<weight<<"顿,"<<"空气排量:"<<aird<<"CC,"<<"排水量:"<<tonnage<<"顿"<<endl;
}
};
int main()
{
AmphibianCar a(4,200,1.35f);
a.ShowMe();
a.ShowMembers();
a.SetWeight(3);
a.ShowMembers();
system("pause");
}
注意观察类构造函数的构造顺序。
虽说虚拟继承与虚函数有必定类似的地方,但读者务必要记住,他们之间是绝对没有任何联系的!