mysql explain用法和结果的含义

时间 2019-11-07

原文原文链接

//正文开始mysql

重点是第二种用法，须要深刻的了解。sql

先看一个例子：express

mysql> explain select * from t_order; 
+----+-------------+---------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+-------+ 
| id | select_type | table   | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref  | rows   | Extra | 
+----+-------------+---------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+-------+ 
|  1 | SIMPLE      | t_order | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL | 100453 |       | 
+----+-------------+---------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+-------+ 
1 row in set (0.03 sec)

加上extended后以后：函数

mysql> explain extended select * from t_order; 
+----+-------------+---------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+----------+-------+ 
| id | select_type | table   | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref  | rows   | filtered | Extra | 
+----+-------------+---------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+----------+-------+ 
|  1 | SIMPLE      | t_order | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL | 100453 |   100.00 |       | 
+----+-------------+---------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+----------+-------+ 
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

有必要解释一下这个长长的表格里每一列的含义：性能

id	SELECT识别符。这是SELECT的查询序列号
select_type	SELECT类型,能够为如下任何一种:优化 SIMPLE:简单SELECT(不使用UNION或子查询) PRIMARY:最外面的SELECT UNION:UNION中的第二个或后面的SELECT语句 DEPENDENT UNION:UNION中的第二个或后面的SELECT语句,取决于外面的查询 UNION RESULT:UNION 的结果 SUBQUERY:子查询中的第一个SELECT DEPENDENT SUBQUERY:子查询中的第一个SELECT,取决于外面的查询 DERIVED:导出表的SELECT(FROM子句的子查询)
table	输出的行所引用的表spa
type	联接类型。下面给出各类联接类型,按照从最佳类型到最坏类型进行排序:设计 system:表仅有一行(=系统表)。这是const联接类型的一个特例。 const:表最多有一个匹配行,它将在查询开始时被读取。由于仅有一行,在这行的列值可被优化器剩余部分认为是常数。const表很快,由于它们只读取一次! eq_ref:对于每一个来自于前面的表的行组合,从该表中读取一行。这多是最好的联接类型,除了const类型。 ref:对于每一个来自于前面的表的行组合,全部有匹配索引值的行将从这张表中读取。 ref_or_null:该联接类型如同ref,可是添加了MySQL能够专门搜索包含NULL值的行。 index_merge:该联接类型表示使用了索引合并优化方法。 unique_subquery:该类型替换了下面形式的IN子查询的ref: value IN (SELECT primary_key FROM single_table WHERE some_expr) unique_subquery是一个索引查找函数,能够彻底替换子查询,效率更高。 index_subquery:该联接类型相似于unique_subquery。能够替换IN子查询,但只适合下列形式的子查询中的非惟一索引: value IN (SELECT key_column FROM single_table WHERE some_expr) range:只检索给定范围的行,使用一个索引来选择行。 index:该联接类型与ALL相同,除了只有索引树被扫描。这一般比ALL快,由于索引文件一般比数据文件小。 ALL:对于每一个来自于先前的表的行组合,进行完整的表扫描。
possible_keys	指出MySQL能使用哪一个索引在该表中找到行指针
key	显示MySQL实际决定使用的键(索引)。若是没有选择索引,键是NULL。
key_len	显示MySQL决定使用的键长度。若是键是NULL,则长度为NULL。
ref	显示使用哪一个列或常数与key一块儿从表中选择行。
rows	显示MySQL认为它执行查询时必须检查的行数。多行之间的数据相乘能够估算要处理的行数。
filtered	显示了经过条件过滤出的行数的百分比估计值。
Extra	该列包含MySQL解决查询的详细信息code Distinct:MySQL发现第1个匹配行后,中止为当前的行组合搜索更多的行。 Not exists:MySQL可以对查询进行LEFT JOIN优化,发现1个匹配LEFT JOIN标准的行后,再也不为前面的的行组合在该表内检查更多的行。 range checked for each record (index map: #):MySQL没有发现好的可使用的索引,但发现若是来自前面的表的列值已知,可能部分索引可使用。 Using filesort:MySQL须要额外的一次传递,以找出如何按排序顺序检索行。 Using index:从只使用索引树中的信息而不须要进一步搜索读取实际的行来检索表中的列信息。 Using temporary:为了解决查询,MySQL须要建立一个临时表来容纳结果。 Using where:WHERE 子句用于限制哪个行匹配下一个表或发送到客户。 Using sort_union(...), Using union(...), Using intersect(...):这些函数说明如何为index_merge联接类型合并索引扫描。 Using index for group-by:相似于访问表的Using index方式,Using index for group-by表示MySQL发现了一个索引,能够用来查询GROUP BY或DISTINCT查询的全部列,而不要额外搜索硬盘访问实际的表。

一.select_type的说明

1.UNION:

当经过union来链接多个查询结果时，第二个以后的select其select_type为UNION。

mysql> explain select * from t_order where order_id=100 union select * from t_order where order_id=200; 
+----+--------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+ 
| id | select_type  | table      | type  | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref   | rows | Extra | 
+----+--------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+ 
|  1 | PRIMARY      | t_order    | const | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | const |    1 |       | 
|  2 | UNION        | t_order    | const | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | const |    1 |       | 
| NULL | UNION RESULT | <union1,2> | ALL   | NULL          | NULL    | NULL    | NULL  | NULL |       | 
+----+--------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------+ 
3 rows in set (0.34 sec)

2.DEPENDENT UNION与DEPENDENT SUBQUERY:

当union做为子查询时，其中第二个union的select_type就是DEPENDENT UNION。
第一个子查询的select_type则是DEPENDENT SUBQUERY。

mysql> explain select * from t_order where order_id in (select order_id from t_order where order_id=100 union select order_id from t_order where order_id=200); 
+----+--------------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+--------+-------------+ 
| id | select_type        | table      | type  | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref   | rows   | Extra       | 
+----+--------------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+--------+-------------+ 
|  1 | PRIMARY            | t_order    | ALL   | NULL          | NULL    | NULL    | NULL  | 100453 | Using where | 
|  2 | DEPENDENT SUBQUERY | t_order    | const | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | const |      1 | Using index | 
|  3 | DEPENDENT UNION    | t_order    | const | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | const |      1 | Using index | 
| NULL | UNION RESULT       | <union2,3> | ALL   | NULL          | NULL    | NULL    | NULL  |   NULL |             | 
+----+--------------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+--------+-------------+ 
4 rows in set (0.03 sec)

3.SUBQUERY:

子查询中的第一个select其select_type为SUBQUERY。

mysql> explain select * from t_order where order_id=(select order_id from t_order where order_id=100); 
+----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+ 
| id | select_type | table   | type  | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref   | rows | Extra       | 
+----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+ 
|  1 | PRIMARY     | t_order | const | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | const |    1 |             | 
|  2 | SUBQUERY    | t_order | const | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       |       |    1 | Using index | 
+----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+ 
2 rows in set (0.03 sec)

4.DERIVED:

当子查询是from子句时，其select_type为DERIVED。

mysql> explain select * from (select order_id from t_order where order_id=100) a; 
+----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+ 
| id | select_type | table      | type   | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref  | rows | Extra       | 
+----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+ 
|  1 | PRIMARY     | <derived2> | system | NULL          | NULL    | NULL    | NULL |    1 |             | 
|  2 | DERIVED     | t_order    | const  | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       |      |    1 | Using index | 
+----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+ 
2 rows in set (0.03 sec)

二.type的说明

1.system，const

见上面4.DERIVED的例子。其中第一行的type就是为system，第二行是const，这两种联接类型是最快的。

2.eq_ref

在t_order表中的order_id是主键，t_order_ext表中的order_id也是主键，该表能够认为是订单表的补充信息表，他们的关系是1对1，在下面的例子中能够看到b表的链接类型是eq_ref，这是极快的联接类型。

mysql> explain select * from t_order a,t_order_ext b where a.order_id=b.order_id; 
+----+-------------+-------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-----------------+------+-------------+ 
| id | select_type | table | type   | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref             | rows | Extra       | 
+----+-------------+-------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-----------------+------+-------------+ 
|  1 | SIMPLE      | b     | ALL    | order_id      | NULL    | NULL    | NULL            |    1 |             | 
|  1 | SIMPLE      | a     | eq_ref | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | test.b.order_id |    1 | Using where | 
+----+-------------+-------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-----------------+------+-------------+ 
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

3.ref

下面的例子在上面的例子上略做了修改，加上了条件。此时b表的联接类型变成了ref。由于全部与a表中order_id=100的匹配记录都将会从b表获取。这是比较常见的联接类型。

mysql> explain select * from t_order a,t_order_ext b where a.order_id=b.order_id and a.order_id=100; 
+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+-------+ 
| id | select_type | table | type  | possible_keys | key      | key_len | ref   | rows | Extra | 
+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+-------+ 
|  1 | SIMPLE      | a     | const | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY  | 4       | const |    1 |       | 
|  1 | SIMPLE      | b     | ref   | order_id      | order_id | 4       | const |    1 |       | 
+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+-------+------+-------+ 
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

4.ref_or_null

user_id字段是一个能够为空的字段，并对该字段建立了一个索引。在下面的查询中能够看到联接类型为ref_or_null，这是mysql为含有null的字段专门作的处理。在咱们的表设计中应当尽可能避免索引字段为NULL，由于这会额外的耗费mysql的处理时间来作优化。

mysql> explain select * from t_order where user_id=100 or user_id is null; 
+----+-------------+---------+-------------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+-------+-------------+ 
| id | select_type | table   | type        | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref   | rows  | Extra       | 
+----+-------------+---------+-------------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+-------+-------------+ 
|  1 | SIMPLE      | t_order | ref_or_null | user_id       | user_id | 5       | const | 50325 | Using where | 
+----+-------------+---------+-------------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+-------+-------------+ 
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

5.index_merge

常常出如今使用一张表中的多个索引时。mysql会将多个索引合并在一块儿，以下例:

mysql> explain select * from t_order where order_id=100 or user_id=10; 
+----+-------------+---------+-------------+-----------------+-----------------+---------+------+------+-------------------------------------------+ 
| id | select_type | table   | type        | possible_keys   | key             | key_len | ref  | rows | Extra                                     | 
+----+-------------+---------+-------------+-----------------+-----------------+---------+------+------+-------------------------------------------+ 
|  1 | SIMPLE      | t_order | index_merge | PRIMARY,user_id | PRIMARY,user_id | 4,5     | NULL |    2 | Using union(PRIMARY,user_id); Using where | 
+----+-------------+---------+-------------+-----------------+-----------------+---------+------+------+-------------------------------------------+ 
1 row in set (0.09 sec)

6.unique_subquery

该联接类型用于替换value IN (SELECT primary_key FROM single_table WHERE some_expr)这样的子查询的ref。注意ref列，其中第二行显示的是func，代表unique_subquery是一个函数，而不是一个普通的ref。

mysql> explain select * from t_order where order_id in (select order_id from t_order where user_id=10); 
+----+--------------------+---------+-----------------+-----------------+---------+---------+------+--------+-------------+ 
| id | select_type        | table   | type            | possible_keys   | key     | key_len | ref  | rows   | Extra       | 
+----+--------------------+---------+-----------------+-----------------+---------+---------+------+--------+-------------+ 
|  1 | PRIMARY            | t_order | ALL             | NULL            | NULL    | NULL    | NULL | 100649 | Using where | 
|  2 | DEPENDENT SUBQUERY | t_order | unique_subquery | PRIMARY,user_id | PRIMARY | 4       | func |      1 | Using where | 
+----+--------------------+---------+-----------------+-----------------+---------+---------+------+--------+-------------+ 
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

7.index_subquery

该联接类型与上面的太像了，惟一的差异就是子查询查的不是主键而是非惟一索引。

mysql> explain select * from t_order where user_id in (select user_id from t_order where order_id>10); 
+----+--------------------+---------+----------------+-----------------+---------+---------+------+--------+--------------------------+ 
| id | select_type        | table   | type           | possible_keys   | key     | key_len | ref  | rows   | Extra                    | 
+----+--------------------+---------+----------------+-----------------+---------+---------+------+--------+--------------------------+ 
|  1 | PRIMARY            | t_order | ALL            | NULL            | NULL    | NULL    | NULL | 100649 | Using where              | 
|  2 | DEPENDENT SUBQUERY | t_order | index_subquery | PRIMARY,user_id | user_id | 5       | func |  50324 | Using index; Using where | 
+----+--------------------+---------+----------------+-----------------+---------+---------+------+--------+--------------------------+ 
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

8.range

按指定的范围进行检索，很常见。

mysql> explain select * from t_order where user_id in (100,200,300); 
+----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+ 
| id | select_type | table   | type  | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref  | rows | Extra       | 
+----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+ 
|  1 | SIMPLE      | t_order | range | user_id       | user_id | 5       | NULL |    3 | Using where | 
+----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+ 
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

9.index

在进行统计时很是常见，此联接类型实际上会扫描索引树，仅比ALL快些。

mysql> explain select count(*) from t_order; 
+----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+--------+-------------+ 
| id | select_type | table   | type  | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref  | rows   | Extra       | 
+----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+--------+-------------+ 
|  1 | SIMPLE      | t_order | index | NULL          | user_id | 5       | NULL | 100649 | Using index | 
+----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+--------+-------------+ 
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

10.ALL

完整的扫描全表，最慢的联接类型，尽量的避免。

mysql> explain select * from t_order; 
+----+-------------+---------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+-------+ 
| id | select_type | table   | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref  | rows   | Extra | 
+----+-------------+---------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+-------+ 
|  1 | SIMPLE      | t_order | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL | 100649 |       | 
+----+-------------+---------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+-------+ 
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

三.extra的说明

1.Distinct

MySQL发现第1个匹配行后,中止为当前的行组合搜索更多的行。对于此项没有找到合适的例子，求指点。

2.Not exists

由于b表中的order_id是主键，不可能为NULL，因此mysql在用a表的order_id扫描t_order表，并查找b表的行时，若是在b表发现一个匹配的行就再也不继续扫描b了，由于b表中的order_id字段不可能为NULL。这样避免了对b表的屡次扫描。

mysql> explain select count(1) from t_order a left join t_order_ext b on a.order_id=b.order_id where b.order_id is null;  
+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+--------------+---------+-----------------+--------+--------------------------------------+ 
| id | select_type | table | type  | possible_keys | key          | key_len | ref             | rows   | Extra                                | 
+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+--------------+---------+-----------------+--------+--------------------------------------+ 
|  1 | SIMPLE      | a     | index | NULL          | express_type | 1       | NULL            | 100395 | Using index                          | 
|  1 | SIMPLE      | b     | ref   | order_id      | order_id     | 4       | test.a.order_id |      1 | Using where; Using index; Not exists | 
+----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+--------------+---------+-----------------+--------+--------------------------------------+ 
2 rows in set (0.01 sec)

3.Range checked for each record

这种状况是mysql没有发现好的索引可用，速度比没有索引要快得多。

mysql> explain select * from t_order t, t_order_ext s where s.order_id>=t.order_id and s.order_id<=t.order_id and t.express_type>5; 
+----+-------------+-------+-------+----------------------+--------------+---------+------+------+------------------------------------------------+ 
| id | select_type | table | type  | possible_keys        | key          | key_len | ref  | rows | Extra                                          | 
+----+-------------+-------+-------+----------------------+--------------+---------+------+------+------------------------------------------------+ 
|  1 | SIMPLE      | t     | range | PRIMARY,express_type | express_type | 1       | NULL |    1 | Using where                                    | 
|  1 | SIMPLE      | s     | ALL   | order_id             | NULL         | NULL    | NULL |    1 | Range checked for each record (index map: 0x1) | 
+----+-------------+-------+-------+----------------------+--------------+---------+------+------+------------------------------------------------+ 
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

4.Using filesort

在有排序子句的状况下很常见的一种状况。此时mysql会根据联接类型浏览全部符合条件的记录，并保存排序关键字和行指针，而后排序关键字并按顺序检索行。

mysql> explain select * from t_order order by express_type; 
+----+-------------+---------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+----------------+ 
| id | select_type | table   | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref  | rows   | Extra          | 
+----+-------------+---------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+----------------+ 
|  1 | SIMPLE      | t_order | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL | 100395 | Using filesort | 
+----+-------------+---------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+----------------+ 
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

5.Using index

这是性能很高的一种状况。当查询所需的数据能够直接从索引树中检索到时，就会出现。上面的例子中有不少这样的例子，再也不多举例了。

6.Using temporary

发生这种状况通常都是须要进行优化的。mysql须要建立一张临时表用来处理此类查询。

mysql> explain select * from t_order a left join t_order_ext b on a.order_id=b.order_id group by b.order_id; 
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+----------+---------+-----------------+--------+---------------------------------+ 
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key      | key_len | ref             | rows   | Extra                           | 
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+----------+---------+-----------------+--------+---------------------------------+ 
|  1 | SIMPLE      | a     | ALL  | NULL          | NULL     | NULL    | NULL            | 100395 | Using temporary; Using filesort | 
|  1 | SIMPLE      | b     | ref  | order_id      | order_id | 4       | test.a.order_id |      1 |                                 | 
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+----------+---------+-----------------+--------+---------------------------------+ 
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

7.Using where

当有where子句时，extra都会有说明。

8.Using sort_union(…)/Using union(…)/Using intersect(…)

下面的例子中user_id是一个检索范围，此时mysql会使用sort_union函数来进行索引的合并。而当user_id是一个固定值时，请参看上面type说明5.index_merge的例子，此时会使用union函数进行索引合并。

mysql> explain select * from t_order where order_id=100 or user_id>10; 
+----+-------------+---------+-------------+-----------------+-----------------+---------+------+------+------------------------------------------------+ 
| id | select_type | table   | type        | possible_keys   | key             | key_len | ref  | rows | Extra                                          | 
+----+-------------+---------+-------------+-----------------+-----------------+---------+------+------+------------------------------------------------+ 
|  1 | SIMPLE      | t_order | index_merge | PRIMARY,user_id | user_id,PRIMARY | 5,4     | NULL |    2 | Using sort_union(user_id,PRIMARY); Using where | 
+----+-------------+---------+-------------+-----------------+-----------------+---------+------+------+------------------------------------------------+ 
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

对于Using intersect的例子能够参看下例，user_id与express_type发生了索引交叉合并。

mysql> explain select * from t_order where express_type=1 and user_id=100; 
+----+-------------+---------+-------------+----------------------+----------------------+---------+------+------+----------------------------------------------------+ 
| id | select_type | table   | type        | possible_keys        | key                  | key_len | ref  | rows | Extra                                              | 
+----+-------------+---------+-------------+----------------------+----------------------+---------+------+------+----------------------------------------------------+ 
|  1 | SIMPLE      | t_order | index_merge | user_id,express_type | user_id,express_type | 5,1     | NULL |    1 | Using intersect(user_id,express_type); Using where | 
+----+-------------+---------+-------------+----------------------+----------------------+---------+------+------+----------------------------------------------------+ 
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

9.Using index for group-by

代表能够在索引中找到分组所需的全部数据，不须要查询实际的表。

mysql> explain select user_id from t_order group by user_id; 
+----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+--------------------------+ 
| id | select_type | table   | type  | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref  | rows | Extra                    | 
+----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+--------------------------+ 
|  1 | SIMPLE      | t_order | range | NULL          | user_id | 5       | NULL |    3 | Using index for group-by | 
+----+-------------+---------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+--------------------------+ 
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

除了上面的三个说明，还须要注意rows的数值，多行之间的数值是乘积的关系，能够估算大概要处理的行数，若是乘积很大，那就颇有优化的必要了。