kubernetes和docker----2.学习Pod资源

时间 2021-02-24

标签 node nginx git docker shell centos api bash markdown 网络栏目 Docker 繁體版

原文原文链接

Pod--k8s最基础的资源

咱们想要的是单个容器只运行一个进程node

然而有时咱们须要多个进程协同工做，因此咱们须要另一种更加高级的结构将容器组合在一块儿---podnginx

Pod

咱们来看一个最基本的podgit

这个pod的image是我根据centos:7的镜像构建的，很简单，镜像的Dockerfile以下：docker

FROM 192.168.80.84:5000/centos:7
entrypoint ["sleep"]  
cmd ["999"]
# 一个容器必需要有一个守护进程才可以运行起来
# 换言之，把Dockerfile中的sleep命令去掉，单纯的一个centos是没法运行的

咱们将这个镜像做为pod的image运行起来:shell

kubectl run my-cmd --image=192.168.80.84:5000/centos_cmd:v1centos

使用-o yaml来看一下对应的yaml文件：api

[root@k8s-master01 centos]# kubectl get pod my-cmd -o yaml
apiVersion: v1   # 指定apiVersion版本
kind: Pod		# 对应的资源类型，这里为pod
metadata:		# 实例的元数据
  creationTimestamp: "2021-01-13T02:36:02Z"
  labels:		# 自动给实例打的标签
    run: my-cmd
  managedFields:  # 为了方便内部管理的一组字段
  - apiVersion: v1
    fieldsType: FieldsV1
    fieldsV1:
      f:metadata:
        f:labels:
          .: {}
          f:run: {}
      f:spec:
        f:containers:
          k:{"name":"my-cmd"}:
            .: {}
            f:image: {}
            f:imagePullPolicy: {}
            f:name: {}
            f:resources: {}
            f:terminationMessagePath: {}
            f:terminationMessagePolicy: {}
        f:dnsPolicy: {}
        f:enableServiceLinks: {}
        f:restartPolicy: {}
        f:schedulerName: {}
        f:securityContext: {}
        f:terminationGracePeriodSeconds: {}
    manager: kubectl-run    # 写明该pod的启动方式
    operation: Update
    time: "2021-01-13T02:36:02Z"
  - apiVersion: v1
    fieldsType: FieldsV1
    fieldsV1:
      f:status:
        f:conditions:
          k:{"type":"ContainersReady"}:
            .: {}
            f:lastProbeTime: {}
            f:lastTransitionTime: {}
            f:status: {}
            f:type: {}
          k:{"type":"Initialized"}:
            .: {}
            f:lastProbeTime: {}
            f:lastTransitionTime: {}
            f:status: {}
            f:type: {}
          k:{"type":"Ready"}:
            .: {}
            f:lastProbeTime: {}
            f:lastTransitionTime: {}
            f:status: {}
            f:type: {}
        f:containerStatuses: {}
        f:hostIP: {}
        f:phase: {}
        f:podIP: {}
        f:podIPs:
          .: {}
          k:{"ip":"10.40.0.4"}:
            .: {}
            f:ip: {}
        f:startTime: {}
    manager: kubelet
    operation: Update
    time: "2021-01-13T02:36:11Z"
  name: my-cmd  # pod名
  namespace: default    # pod所处的命名空间
  resourceVersion: "418695"    # pod的版本数字，用于乐观并发控制的，详细信息请见以后的k8s核心原理
  uid: 12e3b858-f79f-4378-8ea0-1103ea120c34  # pod实例的uid
spec:    # pod的实际说明
  containers:   # 定义pod中的容器，这里只有一个
  - image: 192.168.80.84:5000/centos_cmd:v1    # 镜像地址
    imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent    # 镜像的pull规则，指的是是否在建立pod的时候要pull镜像，IdNotPresent表示本地不存在时才会去仓库pull
    name: my-cmd    # 容器名，即镜像转化为容器后的名字
    resources: {}
    terminationMessagePath: /dev/termination-log
    terminationMessagePolicy: File
    volumeMounts:    # 挂载卷
    - mountPath: /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount    # 挂载路径
      name: default-token-s9dfj    # 卷名，这里挂载的实际上是每一个pod都会挂载的secret卷，用来进行身份验证的
      readOnly: true   # 只读
  dnsPolicy: ClusterFirst
  enableServiceLinks: true
  nodeName: k8s-node02    # 分配到的节点，由调度器指定
  preemptionPolicy: PreemptLowerPriority
  priority: 0
  restartPolicy: Always    # 指定当pod重启时，该容器是否还会启动，其实也就是制定该容器随Pod的启动而启动
  schedulerName: default-scheduler    # 指定调度器，k8s中能够运行多个调度器实例，若是未指定则是默认调度器
  securityContext: {}
  serviceAccount: default    # 服务账号
  serviceAccountName: default
  terminationGracePeriodSeconds: 30
  tolerations:
  - effect: NoExecute
    key: node.kubernetes.io/not-ready
    operator: Exists
    tolerationSeconds: 300
  - effect: NoExecute
    key: node.kubernetes.io/unreachable
    operator: Exists
    tolerationSeconds: 300
  volumes:    # 卷
  - name: default-token-s9dfj
    secret:
      defaultMode: 420
      secretName: default-token-s9dfj
status:    # pod运行时的状态
  conditions:
  - lastProbeTime: null
    lastTransitionTime: "2021-01-13T02:36:02Z"
    status: "True"
    type: Initialized
  - lastProbeTime: null
    lastTransitionTime: "2021-01-13T02:36:10Z"
    status: "True"
    type: Ready
  - lastProbeTime: null
    lastTransitionTime: "2021-01-13T02:36:10Z"
    status: "True"
    type: ContainersReady
  - lastProbeTime: null
    lastTransitionTime: "2021-01-13T02:36:02Z"
    status: "True"
    type: PodScheduled
  containerStatuses:
  - containerID: docker://965a9b86cc334705d3fbaac15d28ef6b0a20de8f00915c1ffdf4c025b1c29206
    image: 192.168.80.84:5000/centos_cmd:v1
    imageID: docker-pullable://192.168.80.84:5000/centos_cmd@sha256:948479967390e7a98979d4b98beec6dfa3fc92c6ce832ece882e8b1843e0779f
    lastState: {}
    name: my-cmd
    ready: true
    restartCount: 0
    started: true
    state:
      running:
        startedAt: "2021-01-13T02:36:09Z"
  hostIP: 192.168.80.83
  phase: Running
  podIP: 10.40.0.4
  podIPs:
  - ip: 10.40.0.4
  qosClass: BestEffort
  startTime: "2021-01-13T02:36:02Z"

能够发现其中的东西有些多，然而咱们使用yaml文件建立pod时并不须要编写这么多的东西，由于API server会帮咱们添加其他的默认值bash

使用yaml文件手动建立一个pod:markdown

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
    name: my-cmd
spec:
    containers:
    - image: 192.168.80.84:5000/centos_cmd:v1
      name: centos-cmd
# 须要注意的是spec.containers中的name字段，这里的命名规则和pod的命名规则是同样的，也就是若是"my_cmd"则会报错
# 其次注意"Pod"的“P”要大写

咱们来看一下这样建立的pod的yaml文件：kubectl create -f my-cmd.yaml，咱们能够经过kubectl get pod my-cmd -o yaml来查看一下该pod网络

[root@k8s-master01 centos]# kubectl get pod my-cmd -o yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  creationTimestamp: "2021-01-13T03:32:42Z"
  managedFields:
  - apiVersion: v1
    fieldsType: FieldsV1
    fieldsV1:
      f:spec:
        f:containers:
          k:{"name":"my-cmd"}:
            .: {}
            f:image: {}
            f:imagePullPolicy: {}
            f:name: {}
            f:resources: {}
            f:terminationMessagePath: {}
            f:terminationMessagePolicy: {}
        f:dnsPolicy: {}
        f:enableServiceLinks: {}
        f:restartPolicy: {}
        f:schedulerName: {}
        f:securityContext: {}
        f:terminationGracePeriodSeconds: {}
    manager: kubectl-create    # 这里的启动方式有所不一样，由于咱们是经过create的方式建立的pod
    operation: Update
    time: "2021-01-13T03:32:42Z"
  - apiVersion: v1
    fieldsType: FieldsV1
    fieldsV1:
      f:status:
        f:conditions:
          k:{"type":"ContainersReady"}:
            .: {}
            f:lastProbeTime: {}
            f:lastTransitionTime: {}
            f:status: {}
            f:type: {}
          k:{"type":"Initialized"}:
            .: {}
            f:lastProbeTime: {}
            f:lastTransitionTime: {}
            f:status: {}
            f:type: {}
          k:{"type":"Ready"}:
            .: {}
            f:lastProbeTime: {}
            f:lastTransitionTime: {}
            f:status: {}
            f:type: {}
        f:containerStatuses: {}
        f:hostIP: {}
        f:phase: {}
        f:podIP: {}
        f:podIPs:
          .: {}
          k:{"ip":"10.40.0.4"}:
            .: {}
            f:ip: {}
        f:startTime: {}
    manager: kubelet
    operation: Update
    time: "2021-01-13T04:39:23Z"
  name: my-cmd
  namespace: default
  resourceVersion: "429073"
  uid: 15d9f4f2-1fc8-4595-a00e-f96f52038ef9
spec:
  containers:
  - image: 192.168.80.84:5000/centos_cmd:v1
    imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
    name: my-cmd
    resources: {}
    terminationMessagePath: /dev/termination-log
    terminationMessagePolicy: File
    volumeMounts:
    - mountPath: /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount
      name: default-token-s9dfj
      readOnly: true
  dnsPolicy: ClusterFirst
  enableServiceLinks: true
  nodeName: k8s-node02
  preemptionPolicy: PreemptLowerPriority
  priority: 0
  restartPolicy: Always
  schedulerName: default-scheduler
  securityContext: {}
  serviceAccount: default
  serviceAccountName: default
  terminationGracePeriodSeconds: 30
  tolerations:
  - effect: NoExecute
    key: node.kubernetes.io/not-ready
    operator: Exists
    tolerationSeconds: 300
  - effect: NoExecute
    key: node.kubernetes.io/unreachable
    operator: Exists
    tolerationSeconds: 300
  volumes:
  - name: default-token-s9dfj
    secret:
      defaultMode: 420
      secretName: default-token-s9dfj
status:
  conditions:
  - lastProbeTime: null
    lastTransitionTime: "2021-01-13T03:32:42Z"
    status: "True"
    type: Initialized
  - lastProbeTime: null
    lastTransitionTime: "2021-01-13T04:39:23Z"
    status: "True"
    type: Ready
  - lastProbeTime: null
    lastTransitionTime: "2021-01-13T04:39:23Z"
    status: "True"
    type: ContainersReady
  - lastProbeTime: null
    lastTransitionTime: "2021-01-13T03:32:42Z"
    status: "True"
    type: PodScheduled
  containerStatuses:
  - containerID: docker://d7fee9118b0d5d2ccaa346d4cd97130a9f744e9bf6ee1b1ae32dfa0e583c2b41
    image: 192.168.80.84:5000/centos_cmd:v1
    imageID: docker-pullable://192.168.80.84:5000/centos_cmd@sha256:948479967390e7a98979d4b98beec6dfa3fc92c6ce832ece882e8b1843e0779f
    lastState:
      terminated:
        containerID: docker://0e6a82fe9e50924b7254fe06f131e43f3f66d8007de5524e31af38c6abd05d51
        exitCode: 0
        finishedAt: "2021-01-13T04:39:21Z"
        reason: Completed
        startedAt: "2021-01-13T04:22:42Z"
    name: my-cmd
    ready: true
    restartCount: 4
    started: true
    state:
      running:
        startedAt: "2021-01-13T04:39:22Z"
  hostIP: 192.168.80.83
  phase: Running
  podIP: 10.40.0.4
  podIPs:
  - ip: 10.40.0.4
  qosClass: BestEffort
  startTime: "2021-01-13T03:32:42Z"


# 对一个字段的含义不清楚的话，可使用"kubectl explain"来查看某一字段的含义

将本地网络中的端口转发给pod中的端口

首先咱们可使用一个nginx镜像:

# 我已经先将nginx:alpine的镜像推到了本地仓库  

关于alpine版本
早先的alpine版本的镜像还有这段注释，可是后来大多数都给删掉了，特此记录
```
postgres:<version>-alpine
This image is based on the popular Alpine Linux project, available in the alpine official image. Alpine Linux is much smaller than most distribution base images (~5MB), and thus leads to much slimmer images in general.

This variant is highly recommended when final image size being as small as possible is desired. The main caveat to note is that it does use musl libc instead of glibc and friends, so certain software might run into issues depending on the depth of their libc requirements. However, most software doesn't have an issue with this, so this variant is usually a very safe choice. See this Hacker News comment thread for more discussion of the issues that might arise and some pro/con comparisons of using Alpine-based images.

To minimize image size, it's uncommon for additional related tools (such as git or bash) to be included in Alpine-based images. Using this image as a base, add the things you need in your own Dockerfile (see the alpine image description for examples of how to install packages if you are unfamiliar).
```

kubectl port-forward mynginx 8000:8080
这里设置的是端口转发，容许咱们不经过service的方式来和某个特定的pod进行通讯

3. 中止和移除Pod

```kubectl delete <podName>```



***

### 使用标签组织pod

> 标签一样是k8s资源中最重要的概念之一，不少功能的实现都须要依靠标签选择器

1. yaml文件中指定标签  

```yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
    name: mynginx
    labels:    # 一个资源能够分配多个标签
      app: nginx
      rel: alpine
spec: 
    ......

查看资源时显示标签

正常查看资源时是不显示标签的，经过-o wide咱们能够看到pod所在的节点和pod的ip，而经过“--show labels”参数，咱们能够看到资源的标签

[root@k8s-master01 centos]# kubectl get po --show-labels
NAME                              READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE     LABELS
getname-deploy-68bd4cc6b4-j7gxz   1/1     Running   4          6d21h   app=getname,pod-template-hash=68bd4cc6b4
getname-deploy-68bd4cc6b4-pt2cb   1/1     Running   4          6d21h   app=getname,pod-template-hash=68bd4cc6b4
getname-deploy-68bd4cc6b4-srqfn   1/1     Running   4          6d21h   app=getname,pod-template-hash=68bd4cc6b4
my-cmd-labels                     1/1     Running   0          11s     app=nginx,rel=alpine  # 这里是刚才我所打标签的pod

# 可能会发现我前面还有三个带标签的pod,这三个pod不是我使用这种方法建立的
# 实际上这三个pod是我建立的一个rs建立的
# 因此说标签在k8s管理资源中的用处很大

查看指定标签

咱们可能只对一些标签感兴趣，那么咱们能够经过“-L <标签键名>”来只显示指定标签

[root@k8s-master01 centos]# kubectl get po -L app
NAME                              READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE     APP
getname-deploy-68bd4cc6b4-j7gxz   1/1     Running   4          6d21h   getname
getname-deploy-68bd4cc6b4-pt2cb   1/1     Running   4          6d21h   getname
getname-deploy-68bd4cc6b4-srqfn   1/1     Running   4          6d21h   getname 
my-cmd-labels                     1/1     Running   0          6m46s   nginx

修改现有标签

# 使用 kubectl label <resourceName> <instanceName> <labelKey>=<labelValue>,<labelKey>=<labelValue>  来添加新的标签
[root@k8s-master01 centos]# kubectl label po my-cmd-labels node=node1
pod/my-cmd-labels labeled
[root@k8s-master01 centos]# kubectl get po --show-labels
NAME                              READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE     LABELS
my-cmd-labels                     1/1     Running   0          11m     app=nginx,node=node1,rel=alpine  # 发现已经增长了新标签

# 须要修改旧标签，要添加“--overwrite”参数
[root@k8s-master01 centos]# kubectl label po my-cmd-labels rel=stable --overwrite
pod/my-cmd-labels labeled
[root@k8s-master01 centos]# kubectl get po --show-labels
NAME                              READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE     LABELS
fortune-env                       2/2     Running   8          7d4h    <none>
my-cmd-labels                     1/1     Running   0          13m     app=nginx,node=node1,rel=stable    # 发现rel标签已经重写完成

使用标签选择器列出指望Pod

咱们可不能够只显示特定标签的pod呢

# 咱们可使用"-l"参数，来使用标签选择器
[root@k8s-master01 centos]# kubectl get po -l rel=stable --show-labels
NAME            READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE   LABELS
my-cmd-labels   1/1     Running   1          20m   app=nginx,node=node1,rel=stable

标签选择器固然不会只能根据特定的标签对来筛选资源
# 咱们能够光指定标签的key,这样就会显示全部包含该标签的资源
[root@k8s-master01 centos]# kubectl get po -l app --show-labels 
NAME                              READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE     LABELS
getname-deploy-68bd4cc6b4-j7gxz   1/1     Running   4          6d21h   app=getname,pod-template-hash=68bd4cc6b4
getname-deploy-68bd4cc6b4-pt2cb   1/1     Running   4          6d21h   app=getname,pod-template-hash=68bd4cc6b4
getname-deploy-68bd4cc6b4-srqfn   1/1     Running   4          6d21h   app=getname,pod-template-hash=68bd4cc6b4
my-cmd-labels                     1/1     Running   1          24m     app=nginx,node=node1,rel=stable

# 咱们可使用!=或!来筛选不包含某标签或某标签对的资源
# 须要注意的是，当你在筛选器中使用符号时，你应该在两边加上引号，不然shell没法理解你想要作什么
[root@k8s-master01 centos]# kubectl get po -l '!node' --show-labels
NAME                              READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE     LABELS
fortune-env                       2/2     Running   8          7d4h    <none>
getname-deploy-68bd4cc6b4-j7gxz   1/1     Running   4          6d21h   app=getname,pod-template-hash=68bd4cc6b4
getname-deploy-68bd4cc6b4-pt2cb   1/1     Running   4          6d21h   app=getname,pod-template-hash=68bd4cc6b4
getname-deploy-68bd4cc6b4-srqfn   1/1     Running   4          6d21h   app=getname,pod-template-hash=68bd4cc6b4
[root@k8s-master01 centos]# kubectl get po -l "app!=getname" --show-labels
NAME              READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE     LABELS
my-cmd-labels     1/1     Running   1          27m     app=nginx,node=node1,rel=stable

# 咱们还可使用in ()和 notin()来对标签对进行更复杂的筛选
[root@k8s-master01 centos]# kubectl get po -l "app in (nginx)" --show-labels
NAME            READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE   LABELS
my-cmd-labels   1/1     Running   1          30m   app=nginx,node=node1,rel=stable
[root@k8s-master01 centos]# kubectl get po -l "app notin (getname)" --show-labels
NAME              READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE     LABELS
my-cmd-labels     1/1     Running   1          31m     app=nginx,node=node1,rel=stable

# 关于一次筛选多个条件，使用“,”分割
[root@k8s-master01 centos]# kubectl get po -l app=nginx,node=node1 --show-labels
NAME            READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE   LABELS
my-cmd-labels   1/1     Running   1          32m   app=nginx,node=node1,rel=stable

使用标签选择器将pod调度到指定node

上一节中写了能够给资源打标签，而k8s中节点一样也是一种资源，咱们能够经过给节点打标签的方式将pod运行到指定节点上

# 先给节点打上标签
[root@k8s-master01 centos]# kubectl label node k8s-node01 node=node1
node/k8s-node01 labeled
[root@k8s-master01 centos]# kubectl label node k8s-node02 node=node2
node/k8s-node02 labeled

# 来查看一下
[root@k8s-master01 centos]# kubectl get node -L node
NAME           STATUS   ROLES                  AGE   VERSION   NODE
k8s-master01   Ready    control-plane,master   18d   v1.20.1   
k8s-node01     Ready    <none>                 18d   v1.20.1   node1
k8s-node02     Ready    <none>                 18d   v1.20.1   node2

# 如今节点已经成功给两个node打上标签了

接下来咱们来编辑yaml文件，来将pod分配到指定节点上

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
    name: my-cmd-node1
spec:
    nodeSelector:    # 在这里设置一个节点选择器
      node: "node1"    # 只会被分配到节点标签含有“node=node1”的节点上
    containers:
    - name: my-cmd-node1
      image: 192.168.80.84:5000/centos_cmd:v1
---    # 在一个yaml文件中可使用“---”来一次建立多个资源
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
    name: my-cmd-node2
spec:
    nodeSelector:
      node: "node2"
    containers:
    - name: my-cmd-node2
      image: 192.168.80.84:5000/centos_cmd:v1

来看一下执行结果

[root@k8s-master01 centos]# kubectl get po -o wide
NAME                              READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE     IP          NODE         NOMINATED NODE   READINESS GATES
my-cmd-node1                      1/1     Running   0          12s     10.32.0.8   k8s-node01   <none>           <none>
my-cmd-node2                      1/1     Running   0          12s     10.40.0.6   k8s-node02   <none>           <none>

# 发现预设的pod确实分配到了指望的node上

关于命名空间

命名空间是一种在资源之上更高层面的做用域

这样能够容许咱们屡次使用相同的资源名称，也能够将一些系统层面的资源和用户层面的相隔离

查看命名空间

命名空间也是一种资源，咱们一样可使用get来查看

# 可使用ns来简写namespace
[root@k8s-master01 centos]# kubectl get ns
NAME              STATUS   AGE
default           Active   18d
kube-node-lease   Active   18d
kube-public       Active   18d
kube-system       Active   18d

# 可使用"-n <namespaceName>"来指定命名空间
[root@k8s-master01 centos]# kubectl get po -n kube-system
NAME                                   READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
coredns-7f89b7bc75-9z9g8               1/1     Running   13         18d
coredns-7f89b7bc75-dmhjl               1/1     Running   13         18d
etcd-k8s-master01                      1/1     Running   26         18d
kube-apiserver-k8s-master01            1/1     Running   26         18d
kube-controller-manager-k8s-master01   1/1     Running   30         18d
kube-proxy-s2rmh                       1/1     Running   13         18d
kube-proxy-wq2kz                       1/1     Running   13         18d
kube-proxy-wvcgk                       1/1     Running   24         18d
kube-scheduler-k8s-master01            1/1     Running   26         18d
weave-net-9lhgf                        2/2     Running   37         18d
weave-net-dhv26                        2/2     Running   36         18d
weave-net-q95gm                        2/2     Running   65         18d

# 这里其实也能够看出k8s原理中的一条，即：  
# k8s中只用node的kubelet以实际进程的方式存在，其余的都是以pod的形式存在
# 这里能够看到 etcd、apiserver、proxy、schedule、controller等

建立命名空间

既可使用命令kubectl create namespace <namespaceName>来建立一个命名空间

也能够经过编写yaml文件的方式
```
apiVersion: v1
kind: Namespace
metadata:
    name: custom-namespace
    
# 而后使用kubectl create -f 来建立
```
指定命名空间建立对象

默认状况下咱们是在default中建立资源的，经过“-n ”来指定命名空间

使用标签选择器删除pod

# 仍然是经过"-l"来指定标签选择器
kubectl delete pod -l "app=nginx"

删除整个命名空间

kubectl delete ns <namespaceName>

删除命名空间后，会删除其内的全部资源
删除全部pod，保留命名空间

kubectl delete po -all -ns <namespaceName>
删除命名空间内的全部资源，保留命名空间

kubectl delete all -all -ns <namespaceName>