点击进入项目python
这一次咱们尝试一下略微复杂的c程序。git
#ifndef __SAMPLE_H__ #define __SAMPLE_H__ #include <math.h> #ifdef __cplusplus extern "C" { #endif int gcd(int x, int y); int in_mandel(double x0, double y0, int n); int divide(int a, int b, int *remainder); double avg(double *a, int n); /* A C data structure */ typedef struct Point { double x,y; } Point; double distance(Point *p1, Point *p2); #ifdef __cplusplus } #endif #endif
divide()
函数是一个返回多个值的C函数例子,其中有一个是经过指针参数的方式。github
avg()
函数经过一个C数组执行数据汇集操做。数组
Point
和 distance()
函数涉及到了C结构体。ide
/* sample.c */ #include "sample.h" /* Compute the greatest common divisor */ int gcd(int x, int y) { int g = y; while (x > 0) { g = x; x = y % x; y = g; } return g; } /* Test if (x0,y0) is in the Mandelbrot set or not */ int in_mandel(double x0, double y0, int n) { double x=0,y=0,xtemp; while (n > 0) { xtemp = x*x - y*y + x0; y = 2*x*y + y0; x = xtemp; n -= 1; if (x*x + y*y > 4) return 0; } return 1; } /* Divide two numbers */ int divide(int a, int b, int *remainder) { int quot = a / b; *remainder = a % b; return quot; } /* Average values in an array */ double avg(double *a, int n) { int i; double total = 0.0; for (i = 0; i < n; i++) { total += a[i]; } return total / n; } /* Function involving a C data structure */ double distance(Point *p1, Point *p2) { return hypot(p1->x - p2->x, p1->y - p2->y); }
生成so文件后,咱们尝试调用这些方法。函数
.argtypes
属性是一个元组,包含了某个函数的输入按时, 而 .restype
就是相应的返回类型。spa
ctypes
定义了大量的类型对象(好比c_double, c_int, c_short, c_float等), 表明了对应的C数据类型。指针
若是你想让Python可以传递正确的参数类型而且正确的转换数据的话, 那么这些类型签名的绑定是很重要的一步。若是你没有这么作,不但代码不能正常运行, 还可能会致使整个解释器进程挂掉。rest
import os import ctypes _mod = ctypes.cdll.LoadLibrary('./libsample.so')
实际上因为这种函数的参数类型c语言和python语言中的类型是一一对应的,因此即便把.argtypes与
code.restype
注释掉也能够正常运行,但建议进行转换
gcd:
原函数
/* Compute the greatest common divisor */ int gcd(int x, int y) { int g = y; while (x > 0) { g = x; x = y % x; y = g; } return g; }
调用
# int gcd(int, int) gcd = _mod.gcd gcd.argtypes = (ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_int) gcd.restype = ctypes.c_int print(gcd(35, 42)) # 7
in_mandel:
原函数
/* Test if (x0,y0) is in the Mandelbrot set or not */ int in_mandel(double x0, double y0, int n) { double x=0,y=0,xtemp; while (n > 0) { xtemp = x*x - y*y + x0; y = 2*x*y + y0; x = xtemp; n -= 1; if (x*x + y*y > 4) return 0; } return 1; }
调用
# int in_mandel(double, double, int) in_mandel = _mod.in_mandel in_mandel.argtypes = (ctypes.c_double, ctypes.c_double, ctypes.c_int) in_mandel.restype = ctypes.c_int print(in_mandel(0,0,500)) # 1
divide()
函数经过一个参数除以另外一个参数返回一个结果值,可是指针是python中不支持的操做。
/* Divide two numbers */ int divide(int a, int b, int *remainder) { int quot = a / b; *remainder = a % b; return quot; }
对于涉及到指针的参数,你一般须要先构建一个相应的ctypes对象并像下面这样传进去:
divide = _mod.divide x = ctypes.c_int() divide.argtypes = (ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_int, ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_int)) print(divide(10,3,x)) print(x.value)
在这里,一个 ctypes.c_int
实例被建立并做为一个指针被传进去。 跟普通Python整形不一样的是,一个 c_int
对象是能够被修改的。 .value
属性可被用来获取或更改这个值。
更通常的,对于带指针的函数,咱们会将其加一层封装后调用,使得经过指针修改的变量经过return返回,这样去c style,使得代码更像python风格:
# int divide(int, int, int *) _divide = _mod.divide _divide.argtypes = (ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_int, ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_int)) _divide.restype = ctypes.c_int def divide(x, y): rem = ctypes.c_int() quot = _divide(x,y,rem) return quot, rem.value
avg()
函数又是一个新的挑战。C代码指望接受到一个指针和一个数组的长度值。 可是,在Python中,咱们必须考虑这个问题:数组是啥?它是一个列表?一个元组? 仍是 array
模块中的一个数组?仍是一个 numpy
数组?仍是说全部都是? 实际上,一个Python“数组”有多种形式,你可能想要支持多种可能性。
/* Average values in an array */ double avg(double *a, int n) { int i; double total = 0.0; for (i = 0; i < n; i++) { total += a[i]; } return total / n; }
python -> c数组
(ctypes.c_int * 数组长度)(数组元素)
内在逻辑是:对于列表和元组,from_list
方法将其转换为一个 ctypes
的数组对象
nums = [1, 2, 3] a = (ctypes.c_int * len(nums))(3,4,5) print(a) print(a[0], a[1], a[2]) # <__main__.c_int_Array_3 object at 0x7f2767d4fd08> # 3 4 5
array对象自己存储结构和c数组一致,直接提取内存地址传给c指针便可:
import array a = array.array('d',[1,2,3]) print(a) ptr = a.buffer_info() # 返回tuple:(地址, 长度) print(ptr[0]) print(ctypes.cast(ptr[0], ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_double))) # 目标地址存入指针
numpy数组自带ctypes.data_as(ctypes指针)方法,更为方便。
有如上基础,咱们能够作出将python序列转化为c数组指针的class(这个class我没有彻底弄懂其含义),并封装avg函数:
# void avg(double *, int n) # Define a special type for the 'double *' argument class DoubleArrayType: def from_param(self, param): typename = type(param).__name__ if hasattr(self, 'from_' + typename): return getattr(self, 'from_' + typename)(param) elif isinstance(param, ctypes.Array): return param else: raise TypeError("Can't convert %s" % typename) # Cast from array.array objects def from_array(self, param): if param.typecode != 'd': raise TypeError('must be an array of doubles') ptr, _ = param.buffer_info() return ctypes.cast(ptr, ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_double)) # Cast from lists/tuples def from_list(self, param): val = ((ctypes.c_double)*len(param))(*param) return val from_tuple = from_list # Cast from a numpy array def from_ndarray(self, param): return param.ctypes.data_as(ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_double)) DoubleArray = DoubleArrayType() _avg = _mod.avg _avg.argtypes = (DoubleArray, ctypes.c_int) _avg.restype = ctypes.c_double def avg(values): return _avg(values, len(values))
/* A C data structure */ typedef struct Point { double x,y; } Point; /* Function involving a C data structure */ double distance(Point *p1, Point *p2) { return hypot(p1->x - p2->x, p1->y - p2->y); }
继承ctypes.Structure,_fields_命名结构体内元素便可:
# struct Point { } class Point(ctypes.Structure): _fields_ = [('x', ctypes.c_double), ('y', ctypes.c_double)] # double distance(Point *, Point *) distance = _mod.distance distance.argtypes = (ctypes.POINTER(Point), ctypes.POINTER(Point)) distance.restype = ctypes.c_double
>>> p1 = Point(1,2) >>> p2 = Point(4,5) >>> p1.x 1.0 >>> p1.y 2.0 >>> distance(p1,p2) 4.242640687119285 >>>